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THE 

ANCIENT AND PRESENT 

S T A T E 

\ 

O F (T H E 

COUNTY AND CITY 

OF 

W A T E R F O R D. 

CONTAINING A 

NATURAL, CIVIL, ECCLESIASTICAL, HISTORICAL 
AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION THEREOF. 

BY 

CHARLES S^M I T H, M. D. 



Ui Totero Exflieahoy nee tamen ut Pythius Apollo, certa ut Jint & fixa qua 
dixero 3 jed ut bemunculus probabUia conje£iuraf;quens. 

Cicero Tufcul. quasft. Lib. I, 



THE SECOND EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. 




DUBLIN: 



PRINTED FOR W. WILSON, N". 6, DAME-STREET. 
M, D C C, LX XI V, 



• nD 



C i« ] 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



_j4^P^HER impnjfton of the Hiftory of 
_ fVaterford being fought for, thepuhli/her hy the 
indulgence ef a friend, to whom the late Br. Smith 
bequeathed all bis manufcripts, is enabled to prefent the 
public with a correUand much improved edition of 
that valuable work, as prepared for publication by the 
mgemous author; interfperfed with feveral obferva- 
tions relative to the advancement of arts and manufac- 
tures, either too much negleBed, or ill profecuted, in 
this county., and embellifhed with fome new plates, 
which he ts induced to hope will render it flill more 
acceptable to the purchafer, 



[ iy 3 



December 2d, 1745. 

At a meeting of the Physico-Historical 
Society, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop 
OF Meath in the chair. 



MR. Charles Smith prefented a propofal for 
printing the ancient and prefent State of 
the County and City of Waterford, the work 
(having been read over by a Committee of the So- 
ciety) was approved of, and he was defired to pro- 
ceed therein. 

Signed, 

James Ware, Secretary. 

Imprimatur 

Ed. Barry, M. D. Vice-Prefident. 



CONTENTS. 



^HE INTRODUCTION. Page xi. 

CHAP, i; 

of the ancient ISlfames and Inhabitants of the County 0/ W ate r- 
F ORD ; together 'voith thofe of the middle and prefent Age. i 

CHAP. II. 

Of the Bounds^ Extent^ Lengthy and Breadth of this County, 
its Middle Latitude and Longitude^ together "with the Cinjil 
and Ecclefiafiical Di'vifton thereof it 

CHAP. III. 

A Topographical Defcription of the Baronies, Parifhes, Toivhs^ 

Villages^ Churches y Seats y Religious Houfes^ ^c. of this 

County y 'with fame Hijiorical Obfer^ations relating to the 

fame,, 26 

CHAP. IV. 

Hijiorical Annals of thp City d/ W a t e r f oikD from the time of its 

building by the Ojimen, or Danes, to the landing of the 

Englijhy and from thence continued donjon to thg Re^volu- 

iion. 96 

CHAP. V. 

7be prefent State of the City 0/ W a t e r f o rd , its ancient and 
prefent Names, Situation, ancient and modern Extent, JVallsp 
Gates, To'wers, and Fort if cations, Churches, Abbeys, Hof-- 
fitalsy public Buildings y Schools, and Charity Foundations, 
^ay. Trade, Go'vernmenty Officers, Courts, Franchifes and 
Pri'vileges, Companies, Militia, Arms, ^c. 1 63 

C H A P. VL 

Of the Mountains and Bogs of this County i S,o6 

CHAP. VIL 

Some hints relating to Agriculture, 2iS 

CHAP. VIII. 

Of the Rivers of this County, their Ri/i, Pr0grefs arid NavL 
gat ion, 2^^ 

CHAP. IX. 

Of the Medicinal Waters hitherto difcovered in this County^ 
luith an Analyfs of them. 24* 

A CHAF 



VI 



CON T E NTS. 

CHAP. X. 

An Hydrographical Defer iption of the Harbours^ Creeks^ Bays., 
Roadsy Iflands, Foints, and Head-lands on the Coaji of this 
County J and other matters relati^je to the fame. 247 

CHAP. XI. 

Of the Fijh and Fijheries on the CoaJi of this County, and of 
/iff Nymph-Bank. 258 

CHAP. XTI. 

Ofthefrades, JrtSy and Manuf azures of this County, or 'which 
may he carried on in it. 278 

CHAP. XIII. 

S>ome curious Particulars and Phenomena relating to phe 
Air. 284 

CHAP. XIV. 

Of the mofl remarkable Foffils., ivhether Stones^ Earths, Claysy 
or Ot-v^t dife^-varsd in this County, -with ufeful Hints totvards 
the making offuch Difco'^oeries, 2^2 

C H A P. XV. 

Of Plants, frees, and other Matters relating to Vegetables. 308 

CHAP. XVI. 

A furprifing Account of a Rock, ivhich nvas thronvn up, at the 
Eaji Entrance of the Harbour of Dungarvan, ijoith ah 
attempt to account for its Eruption. 319 

CHAP. XVII. 

Of Ca'ves, Natural and Artifcial, 327 

CHAP. XVIII. 

A Defcription of the Birds ohfei'ved in this County, ivith fame 
curious Remarks upon Animals. 334 

CHAP. XIX, 

Offome Remarks on Infeds. 346 

C H A P. XX. 

Of ancient Monuments, DaniJJj Paths, circular Fortif cations, 
round 'To'wers, and other Antiquities in this County. 351 

CHAP. XXI. 
Ofpemarkable Perfons born in this County. 359 




TO HIS EXCELLENCY 

P H I L I 

Earl of Chesterfield, 

And Baron Stanhope of Shelford, one of His 
MAJESTY'S Privy Council, 

Knight of the Most Noble Order of the GARTER. 
AND 

Lord Lieutenant General, and 
General Governor of IRE LAN D. 



May it pleafe your Excellency, 

TpHE honour your excellency hath 
done the Physico-Historical- 
Society, by condefcending to be- 
come their prefident, has embold- 

^ 2 ened 



VIII DEDICATION. 

ened the author of the firft Essay 
that appears under their ianftioOj 
to lay it before your lordiliip, whofe 
tafle, judgment and abilities, in all 
the politer arts, are univerfally ac- 
knowledged. 

The important negotiations, where- 
in your excellency hath been lately 
employed, and in which you have fo 
highly diPcinguifhed yourfelf, in the 
fapport of th^ liberties of Europe, and 
the honour of the Britiih nation, 
have rendered your name eminently 
confpicuous to all the world. The 
choice of your excellency to be chief 
governor of this kingdom, gave a Cen- 
iible pleafiire t ) every lover of litera- 
ture, among v/liom the members of 
the Physico-Historical Society caft 
their eyes upon your lordfhip, as a 
moft proper patron to prote6t the fci- 
ences, and encourage arts among us. 

The Topography and Natural Hif- 
tciy of this kingdom, are fiibje£ls, 
which have yet been but flightly 

attempted 



DEDICATION. ix 

attempted, and that in fuch a mannsr, 
by foreign writers^ as rather to call an 
odium on the country, than to give a 
juft defcription of it. To remedy 
this evil, and to collect materials for a 
natural and civil hiftory of the le- 
veral counties of this kingdom, are 
the defigns of the fociety. As their 
labours tend to the making iiieful 
difcoveries, for the improYement of 
hufbandry, trade and manufadliires, 
which may, in time, employ our poor 
at home, and be an invitation to in- 
duftrious foreis:ners to fettle among* 
us; it is prefumed^ as your excel- 
lency has the true inte-reft of this 
kingdom at hearty the defign will 
meet with your favourable protec- 
tion. 

The tract now offered to your 
lordfhip, though but a defcription of 
a rem.ote corner of the kingdom, 
may afford fome idea of the country, 
which, under your excellency's pru- 
dent adminiftration, has the happi- 
nefs to enjoy a ferenity^ at prefent 
a 3 uiiknown 



DEDICATION. 

unknown to the greateft part of 
Europe; and it is not doubted, but 
that under your influence, flie will 
become every day, more and more, 
an additional increafe of ftrength and 
honour to that neighbouring king- 
dom, which has fo long nouriihed 
and prote£ied her; which, my lord, 
is the hearty with of him, who is, 
with the greateft refpe6l, your excel- 
lency's 

Moft obedient, 

Moft devoted, 
and mofc bumble Servant, 

Charles Smith. 



[ 3^1 ] 



INTRODUCTION. 



ENQUIRIES into the flate of the feveral 
counties of England, have been many years 
fet on foot with confiderable advantage to that 
kingdom. The v^^orks of the learned Camden 
in this way continue flill to be admired; and the 
fcheme for making thefe enquiries ftiil more exten- 
iive, as to natural hiftory, was originally formed 
by the great Mr. Boyle, and carried into execution 
by Dr. Plot and other writers. 

Little of this kind hath yet been attempted with 
any tolerable fuccefs in Ireland. Towards the end 
of the lafl century (a period fruitful in men of 
genius) a fociety of gentlemen in Dublin endeavoured 
by a correfpondence to make enquiries into the 
natural Hate of the kingdom. But whether it was, 
that this correfponding method was not univerfai 
enough to anfwer their purpofe, or that they began 
to cool in their enquiries for want of a proper fund, 
the fcheme dropped, with little more fruits than a 
few colledions, which are fiill preferved in MS. in 
the College library (i). 

The prefenc Phyfico-Hiflorical Society confids of 
a number of gentlemen, who about the 14th of 
J\pnl 1744, aflbciared themfelves for the above 
purpofes, and, in order to make their defigns pub- 
lic, fet forth tables of queries relating to the civil 
and natural hiftory of the feveral counties of 

Ireland^, 

(0 Dr. Gilb^n's Collea, 



XII INTRODUCTION. 

Ireland, and alfo raifed a fmall fund among them? 
felves by fubfcnption to employ proper perfons to 
travel through the kingdom, to make obfervations, 
and colledl proper materials for the purpofe ; of 
which the reader may find a fhort; account in a (heel 
written on the rife and progrefs of the fociety, pub- 
lifhed at the end of their firft year. The trad now 
offered to the public is a fpecimen of what they 
intend to publifh in like manner of other counties, 
provided the defign meets with a favourable recep- 
tion. 

it mull be a great pkafure to every well-wifher 
of his coqntry to obferve, that a fpirit of improve? 
ment begins to appear in it. 

The excellent laws relating to the linen- manufag- 
ture, the vigilance of that board, , and the noble 
defigns of the Dublin-Society, have in a great 
nieafure introduced in4uftry and the fciences into 
this kingdom. To promote the intention of the 
latter an enquiry into the natural hiftory of the coun- 
try is requifite ; by difcovering and recommending 
ufeful and proper materials for the improvement of 
agriculture, trade and manufadures. 

In alivvife iiates tillage was held in the highell 
eileem : in Egypt it was the particular objed of 
government and policy ; in Affyri^ and Perlia the 
Satraps were rewarded and punifhed according as 
the lands in their refpedive governments were well 
or ill tilled. Dion Halicarn informs us (2), that Numa 
Pompilius, one of tlie vs^ifeft kings antiquity men- 
tions, had an account rendered him in what manner 
the feveral cantons, in which he divided the Roman 
territories, were cultivated. What hiftory relates 
of the im men fe riches of the city of Syracufe, and 
the magnificence of its buildings, its powerful arma- 
ments by land and fea v/ould feem incredible, if 
* not 

(2) Antlq. Roni. Lib. z. p. 135. 



INTRODUCTION. xia 

not atteded by all antiquity ; and all this was raifed 
by their .wonderful induftry in agriculture. 

One of their wifeft monarchs, Hiero II. com- 
pofed a book upon the fubjedl, in which he gave 
excellent rules for the augmenting the fertility of 
his country. Happy was it for old Rome, when 
her confuls and dilators were taken from the 
plow. " In thofe times, fays Pliny (3), the earth, 
*' glorious in feeing herfelf cultivated by- the hands 
*Vof triumphant viftors, feem to make new efforts, 
*' and to produce her fruits in greater abundance" ; 
no doubt, becaufe thefe great men, equally capable 
of ^handling the plow, and their arms, of fowing, 
and of conquering lands, applied themfelves with 
more attention to their labour, and were alio more 
fuccefsFul in the efFeils of it. 

Every body will allow, that no countries in the 
world were richer and better peopkd than thofe, and 
muil acknowledge, that the flrength of a fbte, is 
not to be computed by extent of country, but by 
the number and labour of the inhabitants. 

That this kingdom is not above a fourth part 
peopled, may be fairly allowed; and if one faid, 
that it might maintain eight rimes its prefent number 
of inhabitants, it might be eafiiy made evident. The 
linen manufadlure employs great numbers in the 
north ; but how many more might it not find occu- 
pation for, if it were equally fpread through the 
other three provinces.? Had we a regular eflablilhed 
filhery, and other profitable branches of trade fet 
up among us, fuch numbers would find encourage- 
ment, that we lliould want hands to carry thera 
on. Were our foil iefs fruitful, or our climate 
more intemperate than they are, a prolpecl of 
riches would draw (Irangers hither; and a multi- 
tude of people (as Solomon faith) is the glory of a 

prince. 

(3) Lib. I S, Chap. 3, 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

prince. It is neither the unhealthfulnefs or burning 
heat of the Indies, the cold of Ruffia, northeinqui- 
fition of Spain, that hinder men from fettling in 
thefe countries to advance their fortunes ; Englifh, 
Dutch, and French fadors flock to all parts of 
the Turkifh dominions; intereft draws people to 
hazard their lives and fortunes, and to fettle 
among the plunderers of Arabia, and the pirates of 
Algiers. 

In Ireland, a flranger has neither the feveriry of 
the government, nor the intemperance of climate 
to fir uggle with ; the foil is fufficienrly fertile, where 
indufrry is ufed to make it fo; the air rem.perate 
and vi^holefome, and the country abounds with navi- 
gable rivers, large and commodious harbours, the 
mod ufeful vegetables, good profpeds of minerals, 
the various produce of animals, as, flefli, butter, 
hides, tallow, &c. — —To all which may be added, 
the wholefomenefs of the laws, and equity of the 
adminlflration, with a fecurity of every man's right. 
Thefe, with the civilized manners and hofpitality 
of the inhabitants, may be no fmall inducements to 
draw ftrangers hither. 

Before the reign of Edward III. the Englifh ex- 
ported their v/ool to Flanders and imported it back 
manufadured ; that prince, perceiving the vafl lofs 
fuch a trade was to England, invited over numbers 
of Flemings, giving them many privileges, which 
in a fhort time determined the balance of trade in 
favour of the Englifh ; but they foon loll: that advan- 
tage by the civil commotions which followed the 
death of that monarch. For want of proper encou- 
■ ragement little was exported till the reign of queen 
Elizabeth, who received and naturalized the poor dif- 
treiled Walloons, then perfecuted for their religion ; 
v/hom file further encouraged, by allowing them 
places of worfhip in different parts of England, that 
their trade might not be confined to one place. 
Thefe people by intermarriages with the Englifh, 

and 



INTRODUCTION. xv 

and by teaching their craft to apprentices, fo 
diffufed their art, that from that time the woollen 
iiianufadure flourifhed greatly. Divine providence 
amply rewarding the hofpitality of the Englifh, 
with the moft beneficial branch of commerce in 
the world, brought them by thefe poor diilrelled 
people. 

Lewis the XlVth of France, forced his proteflant 
fubjeds to abandon their country by repealing the 
edid of Nants. England received them with open 
arms, and collected fuch fums for their relief, as no 
other voluntary charity ever before this amounted 
to. Thefe people introduced the filken manufac- 
ture into England, which at prefent copies with, if 
not exceeds, that of France. By the fame means 
the Englifh paper rivals both the Dutch and French 
in colour ; and the manufadure of hats, which 
before 1688, the Englifh had from France is now 
brought to fuch perfedion, that the French gentry, 
though they run the rifque of forfeiture, import them 
from England : and it is faid, that hats have been 
made for the cardinals of Rome at the famous French 
manufadory at Wandfworth, 

To inflance in our own kingdom :, to what a 
noble pitch has our luien manufacture been raifed .? 
And for this we are in fome meafure indebted to 
foreigners. Witnefs the order of thanks of the 
houfe of Commons given to Mr. Cromlin, a French 
gentleman naturalized in this kingdom, then adually 
fitting in the houfe, and likewife the prefent of 
lOjOOol. as an acknowledgment for the great 
fervice he had done this country in eilabliOiiDg 
that manufacture here. Colour was indeed wanting 
to our linen i but by the care of the linen board, 
and the induftry of Dutch bleachers, we have 
at length furmounted that obftacle. Thefe are 
inilances more than fufficient to ibew the great 
benefits which have accrued to Great-Britain and 
Ireland from the refidence of foreigners among us. 

The " 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

The fmall extent of land in the United Provinces 
of Holland is rather an advantage than a iofs 
to the induftrious inhabitants, who not on!y fupply 
their own wants, but alfo many articles of luxury. 
By making all the world their forefls, their parks, 
and their gardens, they have in epitome become 
thofe of other countries, and furnifh in their turn 
much larger kingdoms with moft of the neceflaries 
of life. Other countries, depending upon their 
large domains, never feek further to fupply them- 
feives but from hand to mouth. Whereas the 
Dutch having no fuch depondance, import all 
from abroad at the btil hand, and for fear of mif- 
carriages- keep vaft (lores of every thing; by 
which they are able to ferve all the reft of Europe 
that are neceiiitous, and by m^aking them pay their 
own price have become the rich and flourifhing peo- 
ple we now fee them. Their happy liiuation on the 
Rhine, the Maes and the Scheld, and the naviga- 
ble canals from one river to another are certainly 
of great advantage to them. Germany, fiiuated 
behind them, not only furniflies them with con- 
veniencies for exportation, but alfo with foldiers, 
fervants, and other people at their pleafure, which, 
though wanted in a Im.all territory not able to feed 
them, obliged them to feek for food from the iea ; 
and this has raifed their mighty fidienes, by which 
they gain immenfe wealth. The fame neceflity 
taught them the invention of the quickeft engines 
for difpatch: from hence they contrived mills to do 
almoft every thing; to faw and bore timber; 
engines to drain and water their lands, and quench 
their fires ; looms to weave many pieces of ribbon 
and tape at once; and whilft other nations were 
canvafTing philofophy to gain applaufe, they, like 
Socrates, were flriving to reduce their philofophy 
into practice. 

To apply thefe things to our own advantage ; 
we ought to encourage fuch numbers of people as 

might 



INTRODUCTION. 

might confume our imported merchandife, and 
furniih iis with neccilaries for oiirfelves and expor- 
tation, both in the way oF agriculture and manufac- 
ture. Our fiOieries, that treafure which providence 
has throv/n at our doors, ought to be minded: 
and Jaflly, a public encouragement fhould be 
given to fuch as begin or fet up any new art or 
invention ufed in other more induflrious countries, 
for the procuring of wealth, and the employment 
of hands. 

The frequent fcarcity of bread-corn among us of 
late years has induced the author to fay fomething 
of agriculture in the following fheets, which may 
be equally ufeful to every part of the kingdom. 
Could we once be prevailed upon to provide fuffici- 
ently for our own confumption, we might in a fhort 
time be able to fupply others, and render the 
balance of trade, at prefenc much againft us, 
greatly in our favour. 

The generality of our farmers are apt to conceive 
that they have already brought the bufmefs of 
tillage to the greateft perfedion. But were they 
fo knowing as they imagine, or would put in prac- 
tice fuch hints as might be communicated, we 
fhould not have fuch frequent complaints of the mif« 
carriage of their experiments. But what can be 
expeded from a fet of people, who, out of an igno- 
rant obftinacy, will not be beaten out of their old 
tracks by the moft powerful arguments, founded 
upon reafon, and backed by the experience of wife 
and faithful perlons .? 

Though agriculture is in a manner the Prima 
Materia of all commerce, yet the* countryman will 
find a vent for his commodities to be as neceilary 
to his end, as his kf.owlcdge in the methods of 
raifmg them. For which reafon the intelligent 
farmer ought to inform himfelf hov/ his com.modities 
may be fold in the beft manner ; which he may 
do, by framing his notions according to a pad fcarcity 

of 



XVIII INTRODUCTION. 

of this or that commodity, or a probabih'ty of a 
future demand for it. As to what is pafl, he cannot 
be mifmformed ; and may make tolerable con- 
je6lures upon what is to happen, from the feafon of 
the year, flate of the weather, mortality of catde, 
and the like accidents. Yet he is not to confine his 
views in thefe particulars to his own neighbourhood, 
v/hich by fome accident may be attended either with 
fcarcity or plenty ; whilfl: the contrary may perhaps 
happen in the reft of the kingdom; but he is to 
enquire what probable lofs of each commodity the 
whole kingdom has fuftained, or whether the produce 
be greater or lefs than ufual. 

Befides, a little attention to the public papers will 
inform him what foreign demands may happen to 
be for his goods; fo that he need not fear being 
over reached by the merchant in felling them too 
cheap, nor keep them till they are damaged in ex- 
pedation of a better market. 

Before I conclude, I fhall take leave to fay fome- 
thing in relation to the prefent treatife. 

The county of Waterford, at firft fight, even to 
thofe who are bed acquainted with it, feems to be 
but an indifferent fubjed either for a natural or civil 
hiftory; the prefent figure it makes is inferior to 
that of mod others in the fouth part of the king- 
dom ; from whence I would infer, that if the natu- 
ral and civil hiftory of the other counties was in any 
tolerable degree of exadlnefs enquired into, this 
kingdom could not make that mean appearance it 
does among foreigners. 

We are apt to fail into that juft reproach given 
by one of the • philofophers, introduced by the 
orator, to thofe wlio flighted things they faw every 
day, becaufe they every day faw them ; Quafi 
novitas nos magis quam magnitudo rerum ad 
exquirendas caufas excitaret. As if novelty only 
fhould be of more force to engage our enquiries 
into the caufes of things, than the worth and 

greatnefs 



INTRODUCTION. xix 

greatnefs of them. If gentlemen would make proper 
fearches in their reipeCtive neighbourhoods into 
every thing curious, and tranfmit their remarks to 
the Society, tlie natural hiftory of this kingdom 
might be foon put into a proper light. The map 
prefixed to this work will be found more accurate 
than any hitherto publifhed of this county. The 
diftances and bearings of places are as true as the 
dodrine of triai:gles, and the bed information 
could direct me to put them. The fea-coaft is 
entirely new, as v/ill be feen by comparing this 
map with the Atlas Maritimus, and Petty 'sfurveys. 
Mr. Doyle's chart of Tramore bay, and the harbour 
of Waterford, being an exacfl furvey done with 
great nicety, is reduced into this map. The 
harbour of Dungarvan is alfo reduced from an 
adual furvey. The roads are laid down according 
to their true bearings. And here I muft acquaint 
the reader, that, properly fpeaking, there are three 
kinds of diftances between moft places, viz. the 
horizontal diftance, or the neareft line which may 
be drawn between two places, and this is the 
diftance meafured on the map by the fcales. The 
fecond is the meafured diftance, which is always 
more than the former, occafioned by the windings 
of the roads, and the inequalities of the ground ; 
and this diftance is generally expreiled by fetting 
down the number of miles on the roads themfelves. 
The laft is the repuied diftance, or number of 
miles commonly faid to be between any two places ; 
which may happen to fall fhort or exceed either of 
the former, and is very uncertain ; Lut for the moft 
part it fads fhort of the horizontal and meafured 
diftances in this country. The fcales confift of 
Englifh and Irifh miles, the firft containing 1760 
yards, and the latter 2240 yards. 

In the ancient ftate oT rhis county I have received 
confiderable affiftances from a gentleman in Dublin, 
member of the Society, who is well Ikilled in 

the 



XX INTRODUCTION. 

the antiquities of the kingdom, and who has lately 
give- tne public a prooF of his learning that way. 

The natural curiofities, as folTils, nainerals, vege* 
tables, and medicinal waters, have undergone the 
fcrunny of Tome fkiiful gendefnen of the Societv. 

To conclude, as to my own particular, I would 
have the reader take notice, tiiat I write nothing 
dogmatically, but (cam animo revocandi) when 
I (hall be better inftruded either by my own or 
the more accurate obfervations of others, and fhali 
always be ready, when the reafons I fhall offer to 
confirm any argument, be folidly anfwered, and 
more cogent ones urged to the contrary, to retradt 
them. 



THE 



T HE 
ANCIENT and PRESENT 

STATE 

O F T H E 

COUNTY and CITY 

O F 

WATERFORD. 

CHAP. L 

Of the ancient Names and Inhabitants of the County of 
Waterford^ together with thofe of the middle and 
prefent Age, 

APEOPLE, called the Menapii, inhabited 
the countries, fince called the counties of 
Waterford and Wexford, in the time of 
Ptolomy the geographer, whp fiouriilied about the 
year of Chrift 140. Strabo (i), a writer of the Au- 
guflan age, about the birth of Chrifl, places a people 
of the fame name in Belgic-Gaul, near the banks 
of the Rhine. Julius CaefarCz), who wrote before 
Strabo, makes thefe Menapii a part, or fub-divifion, 
of the Belg'ae, and adds (3), " that after the reft 
" of Gaul had fubmitted to peace, only the Mb- 
*' rini and the Menapii, flood out in arms 5 and 

(0 Geogr. lib. 4, (2) Comment, lib. 2. (3) lb. lib. 3. 
B " neither 



Natural and Civil Bijlory of 

" neither fent ambalTadors to him, nor otherwife 
" treated of a fubmiilion." He then defcribes their 
manner of making war, by retiring, with their fub- 
flance, into woods, bogs, and faftneiTes, (not un- 
like the pradlice of the IriCh, upon the early inva- 
fion of the EngHfh) and by making fudiien faUies 
and affaults upon the Romans. 

In order to fubdue them, he employed his army 
in cutting down the woods, and, by that means, 
made himfelf mafter of their goods and cattle, 
though they diemfelves efcaped into thicker woods. 
Thus, having wafted their country, and deftroyed 
their villages and houfes, he marched back his army 
into winter quarters. 

A few pages after (4) he relates, that the Ufi- 
pites, a German nation, pafled the Rhine, drove the 
Tvlenapii out of their territories, and fixed them- 
feives in their places. Thefe events happened 
about 52 years before the birth of Chrift; and it 
would feem probable, that from that period of de- 
iirudion, a colony of thefe Menapii, whom Ptolo- 
my placed here near 200 years after, firfl arrived 
and fettled in thefe parts. 

As the Menapii Vv'ere a part, or fubdivifion, of the 
Belgs of Gaul, it may be queftioned, whether they 
did not firft remove into Britain v/ith the Belgs, 
and from thence, a few years after, retire into Ire- 
land, Vv'hen Julius Caefar invaded Britain, for the 
ilike of preierving their ancient liberty, and of 
avoiding the infolence of the Romans, which they 
had feverely felt in their ov/n country. 

Thefe things are not obtruded upon the reader 
otherwife than as conjectures, that carry with them 
fome fliew of probability; and he is left to his 
own judgment on the matter. Mr. Cambden (5) in- 
deed thinks " that our Menapii were the offspring 
*' of the Menapii upon the fea-coafts of the lower 

(4) Comment, lib. 4. (5) Britan. p. 1359- Edit 1722. 

" Germany j'* 



V\r A T E R F O R D. 

^^ Germany i" and Sir James Ware (6) is of opinion, 
(though he is not pofitive in it) that Caraufius, who 
aiTiiraed the purple in Britain againfl: Dioclefian and 
Maxirainian, v/as of thefe Menapii in Ireland ; be- 
caufe Aureliits Vidor calls him a citizen of Menapia, 
Menapii civem, and that Ptolomy places the city 
of Menapia in Ireland, and not in Belgic-Gaul, tho' 
the Menapii are feated by him in both countries. 
It is doubted, whether the city of Wexford or Wa- 
terford be the Menapia of Ptolom.y ; but as fonae 
incline to one, and fome to the other opinion, with- 
out giving reafons for either, I fhall not take upon 
me to determine the point. 

We do not find thefe people mentioned in any 
hiftory after Ptolomy ; and therefore, it is probable, 
that, by incorporating with the more ancient Irifh, 
they loft their names, efpecially as they were only 
a flender colony, and not of figure enough to give 
a denomination to a people in a ftrange country. 
For Csefar (7) himfeif fays, that they furniilied only 
9000 men in the general' confederacy againil him.; 
whereas the Bellovaci fent 60.0005 and the Sueflbnes 
50,000. 

The next people we meet with in this country, 
v/ere a powerful clan, called the DeGi, from whom 
the barony of Defies is denominated ; for they 
fubfifted here till the time of the Englifn invaiion. 
The hiftory of this clan has fomething fnigular in 
it. They were originally planted in Meath (8), 
and poifefled a large trait of country near Taragh, 
called Defie-Temragh. From the remains of this 
family, the barony of Defie, in the county of Ivleath, 
took its name. They drew their deicent from 
Fiachadh Suidhe, eldeft fon to Fedlimid, the law- 
giver, who was fupreme monarch of Ireland, from 
the year of Chrift 164, to the year 174. But Fia- 

(6) Antiq. Lat. Ed. csp. lo. (7) Comment. lib. 2, 

(8) Flah. Ogygia, p. 339. 

B 2 chadh 



Natural and Civil Hijiory ^ 

chadh died in the life-time of his father ; and thougti 
he left iiTue, yet the crown defcended on the line 
of his younger brother, in the perfon of Cormac 
Mc Art, who began his reign in the year 2:54* 
Aongus, or i^neas, grand fon to Fiachadh-Suidhe, 
a prince of an high fpirit, refented his exclufion ; 
and, under pretext of fome injury offered him by 
the reigning monarch, raifed a body of forces, 
broke into the palace of Tarah, and not only flew 
Kellach, the king's fon, by his father's fide, but 
thrufl out the king's eye with his fpear. This 
event happened in 278. King Cormac quelled the 
rebellion in feven fuccefsful battles, and drove 
iEngus, with two of his brothers, and others of 
the Befii adhering to him, into Munfter ; where, 
either by force of arms or corxelllon, (for the flory 
is told both ways) they fettled themfelves, and 
became inhabitants of that tradl of country, which 
extended from the river Suire to the fea, and 
from Lifmore to Credan-head, comprehending, in a 
manner, all that territory, fmce called, the county 
of Waterford : And they gave it the name of Defie, 
in mem^ory of their former fettlements of the fame 
name in Meath. From this time, Defie in Meath, 
and Defie in Munfler, came to be called N. and S. 
Defie ; and the latter alfo bore the name, in Irifh, 
of Nan-Defie. 

Long after this period, iEngiis Mc. Nafrach, 
king of Munfter, who was converted to the chri- 
ftian faith, by the miniftry of St. Patrick, enlarg- 
ed the territory of the Defii (9), by annexing to it 
the lands of Magh-femin, which extended N. of the 
river Suire, as far as Corca-Eathrach, comprehend- 
ing the country about Clonmell, the barony of Mid- 
dlethird, and the large extended plains near Cafhell, 
called Gowlin-vale ; from which time, the name of 
N. Defie, i. e. thofe of Meath, became antiquated -^ 

(9) Flah.OgygIg, p, 339, 

the 



WATERFORD. 

the lands comprized in this grant of king ^ngus, 
werediftinguifhed by thelname of Defie-Thuafgeart, 
or N. Defie ; and the former territories in this county 
retained the nam.e of Defie-Deifgeart, or S. Defie. 

St. Declan, one of the precurfors of St, Patrick, 
was defcended from the family of thefe Defii ; was 
the firfl: who preached to them the chriftian rehgi- 
on ; and converted numbers of them in the year 
402, thirty years before St. Patrick came to Ireland^ 
on the like mifTion, 

In a M. S. hfe of St. Declan (out of which arch- 
bifhop Ufher (10) has publifhed fome extradls) king 
^ngus, St. Patrick, St. Ailbhe, and St. Declan, are 
introduced fitting in a fynod, in the year 448, and 
making conftitutions for the further propagation 
of the chrlftian faith ; upon which occafiODj the 
archbifhopric of Muniler was eltablifhed in the city 
and fee of St. Ailbhe, and the bounds were ap- 
pointed to St. Declan, where he fhould employ his 
miniflerial labours, i. e. among the people of the 
Nan-Defii, fo that they (hould be within the parifh 
of his epifcopate • that the Irifh, in other places, 
(bould be fubjed to St. Patrick ; and that the na^ 
tion of the Nan-Defii fhould pay all obedience, un- 
der God, to their patron, St. Declan. Then St. 
Patrick is faidto have fung the following Irifh dif- 
tich, as it were an oracle, appointing St. Ailbhe to 
be the Patrick or patron of Muniler ; and St. De- 
elan to be the Patrick or patron of Nan-Defii, 

Ailbhe umal, Padruig Mumhan, mo gach rath : 
Declan Padruig Nan-defii, ag Declan go brat|i. 

Thus tranflated by Dr. Dunkin. 

Of humble mind, but fraught with ev'ry grace^ 
Great Aiibbe, the Patrick of Momonia's race^ 
Declan the mitred honour of divines, 
The deathlefs Patrick of his Dene fhines. 

(10) Pfimord. P, 856. 

B 3 About 



Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

About this time the bifhopric of Ardmore was 
eilabUfned. The fame M.S. life(ii) gives a cata- 
logue of the cbieftanes of the Defii, (12) not down 
from prince -^ngus, but from Eogan, one of his 
brothers (he and his eider brother Rofliis, probably, 
having died v/ithout ilTue male.) Thus, 

Eogan, fon of Fiachad-Suidhe, begot Carbry (13) 
Righ-ruadh, v/ho begot Conry-Belloviclor, or the 
Warlike, who begot Cuan-Cainbrethach, who be- 
got Mesfore, who begot Mofcegra, who begot Mof^ 
corb, who begot Art-corb, who begot Eogain IL 
who begot Brian, who begot Niath, who begot Lud- 
hoich, who begot Trene, who begot Ere, v/ho was 
father to St. Declan. Thefe were the chieftanes 
of the Defii, from the time they were driven out of 
Defie-Temrach, to the birth of this faint. Libanus 
fucceeded Ere in the chieftanry of the Defii ; and 
becaufe he continued an obftinate pagan, and could, 
by no means, be prevailed upon to embrace chri- 
{lianity, St. Declan perfuaded the fubjedts of Liba=- 
BUS, who had received baptifm, to forfake him, 
and follow himfelf ; for that, in confideration of his 
defcent, he had as good a right to rule them as 
the other ; upon which the multitude followed him, 
were bleiTed by St. Patrick, and then afked St, 
Declan, who fhould be their new chieftane ? He 
gave the government to Fergall Mc. Cormac, who 
was of the tribe of the Defii, and of the fame line 
with St. Declan 5 and they were all pleafed with the 
change. 

In other ancient writings (14) we meet with more 
chieftanes of the Defii, viz. Cobthaig, who begot 
Moelciride, from whom St. Carthag, who died in 
637, obtained the territories about Lifmore, as an 

(II ) Vit. M.S. St Declan. (12) Vid. the defcent of the 
Decyes of Munfter, or the O-Pheolans, in M. S. in the Li- 
brary of Trinity-College, Dublin. (13} i. c. Rufus, or Red» 
Vmg. ' (14) Vita Carthagi. 

endowment 



WATERFORD, 

endowment for a cathedral there to be eflablifhed ; 
and Branfinius, fon to Moelctride, and prince of the 
Defii of Munfler, who 13 faid, in the annals of the 
Four Maflers, to have died in the year 666 ; from 
which time, no other chieftane of this territory 
occurs, till Cormac Mac Culenan, who was bifhop 
of Lifmore, and prince of the Defii in Mu niter ^ and 
died, according to the above-mentioned annals, in 
918. This perfon mufl be diftinguifhed from 
another of the fame name and furname, who was 
king of Munfler, and archbifliop of Cafheli ; and 
died ten years earlier than our Cormac, Among 
other lay-princes who appeared in the fynod of 
Athboy, in 11 67, Dunchad O-Feolain, chieftane of 
the Defii, was one ; but whether he was chieftane 
of the Defii of Munfler, or thofe of the fame tribe, 
who remained in Meath, after iEngus and his faction 
were driven out of it as aforefaid, is uncertain. 

In 1 169, Melaghlin 6 Feoiain, prince of the Defii, 
was taken prifoner by earl Strongbow, when the 
city of Waterford (15) was ftormed ; but was 
faved from death, by the mediation of Dermod Mc. 
Murrough, king of Leinfler, In him ended the 
chieftanry of the Defii ; and nO traces of confequence 
remain of this territory, except in the large extend- 
ed barony of Defies in this county, v/hich was foon 
after eflablifhed. 

The abbot Benedidl, (16) a cotemporary writer 
with thefe tranfadlions, relates, " that after the fub» 
*' million of the Irifh to king Henry II. that mo- 
** narch, in the year 1177, granted, in cuftodium, 
^* to Robert le Puher (or le Poer) the city of Water- 
*' ford, with all the circumjacent province ; and 
*' appointed that the following lands fliould, for 
!^- the time to come, belong to the fervice of Wa- 

(15) Ware's Engl. Annals, P. 4. (16) In M. S. vid. 

Tyrrel's Gen. Hift. of Englafid, in the reign of king Henry il. 
Vol I P. 414. 

B 4 "terford, 



Natural and Ci-vil Hifiory of 

*^ terford, viz. all the lands which lie between Wa- 
^' terford and the water beyond Lifmore (which 
" comprehend the greateft part of this county) 
*' and alfo the lands of Offory." 

This Robert le Poer was marfhal to king Henry II. 
and from him, in a direct line, defcended fir Ri- 
chard le Poer, created baron le Poer and Curragh- 
more, on the 13th of September^ ^Si5-> whofe dc- 
Icendant, Richard le Poer, was created vifcount 
Defies, and earl of Tyrone, by patent, dated at 
Weflminiler the ninth of Odober, 1673. This 
earl was fucceeded by his fon John, who dying with- 
out iffue, in 1 693, the honours of the family devolved 
on his brother James, by whofe death, on the 19th of 
Auguil, 1704, without ifTue male, they ceafed ; and 
his only daughter, the lady Catherine Poer, being 
married to fir Marcus Beresford, bart, he was ere-, 
ated lord vifcount Tyrone, by king George I. 

Though the power of the Defii was aboliflied by 
the Englifn, and by the grant to fir Robert le Poer, 
as aforefaid j yet there remained of them people 
of fome account after that period, and fuch whom 
the Irifh hifborians call kings. Nor is the territory 
of the Defii left unmentioned. Thus, in the annals 
of Lelnfcer, under the year 1181, we find, " that 
*^ Cuilen O-Cuilen, and O-Feolain, king of the De^ 
*^ fii, marched to Lifmore, rafed that caftle, and 
" flew fixty or eighty men therein ;_ and further, 
*' that all the caftles of Defie and Oflbry were 
" taken." Again, in 1203, "Art Corb O-Feolain, 
^^ king of the Defie, died; the next year was a 
*' great plague through the Defie, which emptied 
" mod of the houfes in itj and in 1206, Daniel 
" O'Feolain, king of Defie, fucceflbr to Art Corb, 
'' died at Cork, in the lord jullice Fitz-Henry's 
*'' army." 

It cannot efcape obfervation, that the prince^ of 
tins fept of the Defii, took up the furname of 
0-^Feolain, and retained it in their families, from the 

year 



W A T E R F O R D. 

year 1167 (probably earlier) till after the EngIKh 
acquifition of their country. This happened by 
the decree of Brien Borunia, who mounted the 
throne of Ireland in the year 1002; for it v/as in 
his time, that th^ family furnames of the Iriih be- 
gan to be fixed, and handed down to poflerity with^ 
the particle (h)^-or the mionofy liable (va)\ prefixed, 
which was afterwards changed into the vov/el (0)^ 
and fignifies one defcended froni fome prime man 
or head of a principal family, as O-Bfien, O-Con- 
nor, 0-Neil, and, in this inflance, 0-Feolain, of 
which fee the Antiquities of Ireland, lately publifh- 
ed, chap. 8. Yet for feveral centuries after, many 
families did not conform to this cuflom., and it 
v/as generally taken up only by the prime men of 
the fept ; fo that the name of the Defii, or Defie, 
is, to this day, retained in the county of Meatb, 
who draw their pedigree from Rich of the Defii as 
were not driven into Munfler with i^ngus and 
his fadion, as is before related.' in the laft cen- 
tury, Thomas Defie was titular bifhop of Meatb, 
and Oliver Defie titular vicar-general of the fame ^ 
and both were born in the county of Meath (17)^ 

Befides the territories of the Defii, we read in 
our ancient hiftoriaps of two other fmall.trad?, one 
called Cofcradia, and the other Hy-Lyathain, on 
the S. about Ardmore, and • oppofite to Youghal. 
But as thefe were narrow trads, and the inhabitants 
of no great figure, they were'pTobably early iwaU 
lowed up by the encroachments of their more 
powerful neighbours, the Defii •, for we read no- 
thing of them after the feventh century. 

The names of the principal inhabitants of this 
^ounty, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, w^re theie, 
viz. the Ay 1 wards, Browns, 0-Briens, Bracks, Eourks, 
Condons, Creaghs, 0-Connerys, Daltons, Dobbins, 
pverards, Fitzgarrets or Fitzgeralds, 0-FeolaUif. 



(17) Pet^r Walfli's loyal Formal. P. 604. 

Fit/: 



lO Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

FJtz-Theobalds, Leas or Leaths, Maddens, Mati^ 
devils, Merryfeilds, Morgans, 0-Maghers, Mc. 
Henricks, Nugents, Ofbornes, Poers, Prendergafls, 
. Rochfords, Sherlocks, Tobins, Wails, Walfhes, 
Waddings, Wyfes, Whites, &c. 

At prefent, the names of the principal inhabit 
tants, which were moftly taken from the returns 
made by the fberiiTs at the affizes, are thus alpha- 
betically difpofed. 

A. 
Anthony of Carrick-caftle, Allen of Reifk, Al- 
cock in Waterford, Anneiley in ditto. 

B. 
Beresford, Ld. Vifc. Tyrone, Curraghmore. Bar- 
ker in Waterford, Bolton of ditto, &c. Baggs of 
Lifmore, gcc. Bird of Tramore, Boyd of Crook, 
Boat, Butler of Dungarvan, Barbon of ditto. 
C 
Chriflmafs of Whitfeild, &c. Cook of Bolendifert, 
Src. Coughlan of Arldigna, &c. Crotty of Ballyga- 
lane, &c. Carr of Stonehoule, Croker of Glanbee,, 
Clarke of Tallow. 

D. 
Difney of Church town. Ducket of Whiteflown, 
Dobbyn of Ballynakill, Drew of Baliymartin. 
E. 
Englifh of Monerlargy, 
F. 
Fitzgerald of Killcanevy, Foulks of Tallow, 
Freeflone of Kill-St.-Nicholas, Fling of Dungarvan. 
G. 
Green of Kilmanehin, &c. Greatrakes of New- 
AfFane, Gumbleton of Tallow, Guefl of Haifway- 
houfe, &c. Gamble of Culiinagh, Groves of Clonea. 
H. 
Hales of Cappoquln, Hearn of Shanaklll, &a 

Jackfon of Glanbeg, &c. Ivey of Killea. 

K. Kean 



W A T E R F O R a $1 

K. 

Kean of Cappoquin, Keyly of Carigleah, &c. 
King of Taiiovv, Keyes of Kiilmeaden. 
L„ 
Lee of Waterford, Lemery of Clonmell-bridge, 
Louiice of Tallov/, Lymbry of Killcop, Longan of 
Bally nacourty. 

M. 
May of Mayfield, Mafon of Nymph-ball and Dro- 
mana, Mufgrave of Bally-In and Little-bridge, Mor- 
gan of Ragbeens, Mons of Butlertlown, Murphy of 
Killmayenioge. 

N. 
Newport of Waterford, Nicholfon of Pafiage, 
Nettles of Tooreene. 

O. 
OfDorn (Sir William) of Tickencore, Odell of 
Mount-Odeil, ditto of Ardmore. 

P. 
X Power of Park, dittoof Garran-Morris, Gurteen, 
&:c. Porter of Ballindriftin, &;c. Penrofe of Waterford. 

Quarry of BallyRtavior. 

"r. 

Rawlins of Glin-Patrick, Rogers of Portlavv, 5ra 
Ratcliff of Ardmore, F^ylands of Dungarvan, Ro- 
derick of ditto, Roach of ditto. 
S. 
Smith of Ballynatra and Headborough, Sherlock 
of Butlerftown. 

T. 
Towell of Tallow. 

U 
Villiers E. Grandifon, Dromana, Ufner of Kil- 
meaden, Ballyntaylor and Cappagh. 
W, 
Worthevale of Newtown and Glanrouris, \¥iiron 
of Kilimayemoge, Wigmore of Lifmore, Walfh of 
Ccoleneaffj \¥all of Coolnemucky. 

CHAP. 



ti Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

C H A P. II 

Of the Bounds^ Ep^tent^ Lengthy and Breadth of 
this County-^ its middle Latitude and Longi- 
tude ; together with the Ci'vil and Ecclefiaftical 
Div'ifion thereof, 

pHIS county is bounded on the E. and S. by 
St. George's channel, and a part of the harbour 
of Waterford, which divides it from the county of 
Wexford ; on the W. by the counties of Tipperary 
and Cork ; and on the N. by the river Suire, which 
ieparates it from the counties of Kilkenny and Tip- 
perary. 

The oppofite land, on the Enghfh coafl, to the har-. 
bour of Waterford, is St. David's- Head in Wales, 
bearing about E. by S. from it 60 Engiifh miles. 

Its greatefl length, from E. to W. /. e. from 
Credan-head, to the weftern part of the barony of 
Cofhmore and Coflibride, is about 40 Irifh miles. 

The greateft breadth, from N. to S. viz. from the 
river Suire to Ardmore-head, in a meridian line, is 
about 20 Iriili miles : But, in fome places, it is not 
half; and in others, not above a quarter fo much. 

This county is fituated under the fame parallel of 
latitude as the counties of Gloucefter, Oxford, Buc- 
kingham, Bedford, Hereford, and Ellex in England, 
the 5z degree of N. latitude running through thefe 
and the middle of this county. A meridian line, 
running from Ardmore-head towards Clonmell, will 
be found to be about 8 degrees W. longitude from 
London, or about 296 miles due W. of that city, 
allowing 37 Englilh miles to a degree in this parallel 
of latitude. 

The capital of the county is fituated in the lati- 
tude of c^zk 10". N. and its longitude from London 
is 7". 25''. W. the difference of time between thefe 
two cities being 29 min. 40 fee. i. e. when it is 12 

o'clock^ 



W A T E R F O R D. 13 

o'clock, or any other hour by the fun in London, it 
wants fo many min. and fee. of that hour in Water- 
ford. I explain this, that the generality of readers 
may know what is meant by the difference of time. 
It is a general opinion, that counties were firft in- 
ftituted in Ireland by king John, about the year 12 lo; 
that they were twelve in number ; and, among the 
reft, this county of Water ford. Yet it feems pro- 
bable, that counties were ereded, and flieriffs and 
other minifters of juftice inftituted in Irelandj before 
the period here mentioned, and even in the reign of 
king Henry II. For by a patent granted by that mo- 
narch, to Nicholas de Benchij of lands in Ireland, 
(which is enrolled in the Chancery-office, in the ele- 
venth year of Edward III. among other grants, inti- 
tled, ' Antiquiffimse literae patentes, ei commiillones*) 
he, i. e. Henry II. direds it to all archbifhops, bifhops, 
fherifFs, minifters and juftices of Ireland, which he 
\A^ould not do if there were no fuch officers then efta- 
bliftied in this kingdom ; and if there were ftieriffs, 
they muft be fuch over counties or cities, or fome 
other diftrids. But by a patent, dated on the third 
of July, in the feventh year of king John, which is five 
years before the time mentioned by hiftorians for the 
diftributing Ireland into counties, the faid king 
grants feveral franchifes and privileges to the city of 
Waterford ; and, among others, that no itinerant juf- 
tices of affize in the county of Waterford, ftiould, for 
the future, vex or difturb the citizens, or oblige them 
to appear without the bounds of the city, either at 
the king's fuit, or at the fuit of any other complain- 
ant. By the whole tenor of this patent, it is manifeft, 
that it was only a recital and confirmation of for- 
mer liberties and franchifes granted to the citizens 
of Waterford, and the charter exprefsly mentions 
the county of Waterford, as a diftind diftrid from 
the city ; but this matter is more fully handled in 
the Antiquities of Ireland, chap. 5. to which I refer 
the reader; being defirous to fay no more than what 
relates to the matter in hand. The 



1 4. Natural and Civil Hij%ry of 

The civil divifion of this county is into the fol- 
lowing baronies, containing the towns of 

Barony of Decies \ ^'^'"'''^^ ^"*f "^'y ^ b''^l°P"<=' 
within Dmm. | "«* a rural deanery. 

?Diingarvan, a borough. 
\ Killma6thomas. 
-N Lifmore, a bifljop's fee, and bo- 
(^ rough. 

( Tallow, a borough. 
-^ Cappoquin. 
No town of note, except part of 
the fuburbs of Cionmell. 
•J Carrick-beg, anciently Carrick- 
i mac Griffin, part of the fub- 
) urbs of the town of Carrick. 

No town. 
") The town of Pailage, befides the 
city and liberties of Water- 
ford, or the county of the city 
of Waterford. 
This county, by computation, contains 259010 
Irifn plantation acres, which make 41 3016 Englidi 
acres; about 11323 houfes; and three borough 
towns, befides the city of Waterford. 

The eccleluilical divifion of it is into two bi- 
fl^Kjprics, viz. Waterford and Lifn:iorej and firil of 
tlic diocefe of Waterford, v/hich is fubdivided into 
the follow ing parifnes. 

This biibopric is valued in the king's books, by 
an extent taken ann. 29 Henry Vlll. at 72!. 8 s. id, 
irifh, amounting to 54 1. 6 s. ol d. Englifn. The 
modern valuations of the livings were returned to 
tlie late Dr. ERe, bifhop of this fee, by the feveral 
incumbents; and were communicated to me by 
his lordfhtip. 



Decies without 
Drum. 

Cofhmore and 
Cofhbride. 

Glanehiry. 

Upperthird. 
Middlethird. 

Gualtiere, 



I 



A State 



W A T E R F O R D. 15 

A State of the Diocese of Waterford," 
with refped to the feveral Parifhes, yearly Value, 
Taxation in the King's Books, Patrons, Houfes 
and Glebes, State of the Churches, &;c. 

Abbreviations. Par. for Parlfh ; Re£l. for Re£lory orRec-" 
torial ; Val. for Value ; Pat. for Patron -, Ch. for Church 5 
K. B. for King's Books -, Vic. for Vicarial or Vicarage ; Preb. 
for Prebend. 

DIGNITIES. 

^E A N E R y. Confifting of the par. of Trinity, St. Mi- 
chael's and St. Olave's, in Waterford ; and of the par. 
of Kilburne and Killcaragh, in the country ; of the lands of 
Ballycalheen about 250 acres ; of part of the reft tythes of 
the par. of Killmeaden and Reilk ; and one third of a dividend 
of an eflate of 360 1. per ann. common to the whole chapter. 
The val. between 300 1. and 400 1. Taxed in the K. B. 20 1. 
Irifli(i). Glebe, the deanery-houfe, and an houfe in St. 
Olave's par. a fpot of ground in Trinity par, and a fmall glebe 
in the par. of Killcaragh. Pat. the king. Churches, the cathe- 
dral and the par. ch. of St. Olave's ; the other churches in ruins. 

Chantorship. Confifting of the re<St. of Killbarimeaden 
par. in the diocefe of Lifmore ; of the tythes of Ballycafheen ; 
of the reft, tythes of the lands of Stone- houfe, in the par. of 
Killmeaden ; and one third of two thirds of the eftate common 
to the chapter. Val about .i7ol. . Taxed in the KB. 9I, 
Irilh. Glebe, a manfion-houfe at Waterford. Pat. the bifliop. 
Ch. A (tall in the cathedral. 

Treasurership. Confifting of the entire reel, of the par. 
of Lifnekill ; part of the reft, of Killmeaden ; and one third of 
two thirds of the eftate belonging to the chapter. Val. about 
170I. Taxed in the K. B, lol. Irifh. Glebe, a manfion- houfe 
in Waterford, and a fmall glebe in Lifnekill par. Pat. the biftiop. 
Churches, a ftall in the cathedral. Lifntkli! ch. in ruins. 

Archdeaconry. Confifting of St, Peter's par. in the city 
of Waterford. Val. about 3 1. 103. Taxed in the K. B. 6 U 
Irifii, No glebe. Pat. the bilhop, Ch. in ruins. 

(i) ao 1, Irilh, made but 15I. Sterling. 

PREBENDS> 



iS , Natural and Civil Bijlory of 

PREBENDS. 

pREB. of KiLLRONAN. Confifting of the tythes of the (zM 
par. Val. about ' 1. Taxed in the KB. lo s. Irilh. A fmall glebe. 
Pat. the bilhop. Ch. in ruins. 

Preb. of Ro5SDUf p. Confifting of the tythes of the lands 
ofRoffdufF Val. about 3 1. or 4!. Taxed in the K.B. 13 s. 4<i. 
No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. No ch. but a particle of Kill- 
macomb. Par. appropriate. 

Preb. of Corbally. Confifting of the tythes of the lands 
of Corbally. Val. about 3 1. Taxed in the KB. 18 s. Iriih. 
No glebe Pat. the bifliop. No ch. but as the former. 

Preb. of St. Patrick's, Waterford. Confifting of that 
par. Val. about lol. Taxed in the K. B. 8 1. Irilh. Glebe, 
a fmall houfe, and fpot of ground near the ch. yard. Pat. the 
bj/hop. The ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 

P A R I S H E S. 

KiLLMEADEN. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the re£t. fee- 
ing appropriate, and divided among the four dignitaries. Val. 
about 37 1. Taxed In the K.B. 5 1. A fmall glebe, and cabin near 
the ch. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 

LiSNEKiLL, belongs tO the treafurerfhip. 

KiLLBARRY, is an impropriate re6t. belonging to Ld. Vifc. 
Laneft)Orough. Ch. in ruins. 

IsLAND-IcANE (ancicntly Insula Brike) and Killbride 
red. belong to the chapter ; both worth about 55 1. The for- 
mer taxed in the K, B. 2 1. 6 s. Irifh. No glebe. The chapter 
nominates a curate. Ch. in ruins. 

Drumcannon. An entire re<St. Confifting of the tythes. 
Val. about 70 1. or 80 1. Under a cuftodium, and fubjed to 
yearly charges of about 38 1. No glebe. The bifhop has licenced 
thefe many years, and allocated for the fervice of the cure ; but 
Q. the right of patronage? Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 

Reisk. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the reft, being divided 
between the dean and chancellor. Val. about lol. or 12I. 
No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 

Killoteran. An entire re£t. Confifting of the tythes. Val. 
about 40 1. or 50I. A fmall glebe near the ch. Pat. the king. 
Ch. in repair, and a charter-fchool near it. 

KiLLURE, and Kill-St. Laurence. Entire reft. Confift- 
ing of the tythes. Val. about 9 1. SubjeO: to a yearly charge of 
3 I. crow.n-rent. No glebe. The bifhop licences and allocates 
as in Drumcannon, thefe being fubjeft to the fame cuftodium. 
The ch. in ruins. 

Killeurne re6l. belongs to the corps of the deanery. 

KiLLCARAGH red. belongs to che fame. 

Bally CASH ii%f tythes, beior.^ to the corps of thechantorfhip.^ 

MoNEMOYNTfiR 



WATERFORD. 

MoNEMOYNTER tythes belong Ic the corps of the chancel- 
lorlhip. Taxed in the K. B. i L 7 s. 4 d. Irifh. 

Ballynekill. Confifting of the vie tythes ; the appro- 
priate re6l. being the common ellate of the dean and chapter,. 
Vai. about 10!. Reft, taxed in theK.B. 2I. 4 s. 5 d. Irilh. No 
glebe. Pat. the bifliop. Ch. in ruins. 

Ballygunner. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the re6l. is 
part of the eftate of the dean and chapter. Val. about 9!. 
Taxed in the K. B. 1 3 s. 4 d. About four acres of Glebe. Pat. 
the bilhop. Ch. in ruins. 

Killmaclege. Confifting of the vie. tythes ; the re6l. is 
part of the corps of the chancellorihip, being appropriate. Val. 
b' 1. No glebe. Pat. the biCiop, Ch. in ruins, 

Killmacombe. Confifting of tlie vie. tythes 5 the re6t. be- 
ing part of the corps of the chanceiiorfhip. Val. about 8 1, 
No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 

Crook and Killcop, retl. Kill-St.-Nicholasj re6l. Faith- 
beg, re£t, Kiilea, vio red. impropriate. 

Rathmoylan, VIC reft, impropriate. Val. about 130 1, 
Tythe of fifli uncertain, but in ^ood herring feafons confiderable. 

Ratamoylan, vie. in the K. B. Val. 4I. Irifli. A fmall glebe 
upon Kiilea par. Pat. the king. Al; rhe churches in ruins, 
except a chapel of eafe in the iowo. of PaiTage, which has con- 
ftant ferviee in it. 

RossDUFF, is the corps of a preb. 

CoRBALLY, the fame. 

Trinity par. in Waterford, is part of the corps of the 
deanery. Taxed in the K. B. 14!. Irilh. 

St. Olave's par. in the city of Waterford, is part of the 
fame. 

St. MfCHAEL's par. the fame. 

St. Patrick's par. is the corps of a preb. 

St. Peter's par, is the corps of the archdeaconry. 

St. Stephen's par. in Waterford. Val. about » 1. Ch. 
in ruins. 

St. John's par. in Waterford. Val. about 3I. 10 s. Ch, 
in ruins. 

PRIORIES. 

Of St. John. Mr. Thomas Wife, impropriator. 
Of St. Catherine's. Alderman Thomas Weft, Impro- 
priator. 

HOSPITALS.' 

Of the Holy Ghost, ) Tt a/t r r «fl.«- 
UrEK-HousE. 'jHenryMaCon, efqimafter. 

C The 



1:7 



Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

The prefent State of the Diocefe of Lismore. 

The Parifhes marked thus * are fet down in the King's Books 
as in the Diocefe of Waterford. 

DIGNITIES. 

DEANERY. Confifting of part of the tythes of the par. 
of Lifmore; of the reS. tvthes of the par. of Tubrid ; 
of about 400 acres of land, near the town of TalJow ; and of 
a peculiar jurifdidtion over three parifnes, viz. Lifmore, Tallow 
andMacollop. Val. about 300I Taxed in the K.B. 13I. fterling. 
A raanfion-houfe at Lifmore. and ^o acres of glebe in Tubrid 
par. Ch. the cathedral. 

Chantorship. Confifting of the re£l. tythes of the par. of 
Ardmore; of about 30 acres of land, near Lifmore j and 80 
acres at Ardmore. Val. about Sol. Taxed In the K. B. lol. fieri. 
No glebe. Pat. the billiop. Ch. the cathedral. 

Chancellorship. Confifting of the re6t. tythes of the 
par. of Deregrethj worth about 60 1. per ann. Val. in the K.B. 
10 1. No glebe. Pat. the bifiiop. Ch. the cathedral. 

TREAsuREasHip. Confifting of the re6t. tythes of the par. 
cf Newcaftie and Tolloghmelan ; and about 30 acres of land, 
near Lifiiiore. Vai. about 90 1. or : 00 1. Taxed in the S. B. 6 1, 
fieri. No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. the cathedrr.l. 

Archdeaconry. Corjfift:ing of the intire reft, of Kilrufh ; 
the red. tythes of the par.of Bailybcacon and Killmolafh; and of 
about 30 acres of land, near Lifmore. Val. 160 1. or 170!. 
A nianfion-houfe at Lifmore, and two fmall glebes, of 10 acres 
of land each, at Kilrufh and Ballybeacon. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. 
a ftall in the cathedral, and a fmali chapel at Kiirufh, in ruins. 

-H^'-P R E B E N D S. 

Free, of Tolloghorton. Confifting of the re£t. tythes of 
the par. Val. about 80I. Taxed in the K.B, 5I, fterl. No glebe. 
Pat. the bifhop. A ftall in the cathedral. 

PrilB. of Donaghmore and KfLLTiGAN. Confifcingof the 
re£t. tythes of the faid par. Val. about 40 1. Taxed in the K. B. 
5 I. fLCrl. Pat, the bifiiop. A ila!l in the cathedral. 

Free, of Mora. Confifting of that intire par . Val. about 
50 1. Taxed in the K.B. 61. No giebe. Pat. the bifhop. A flail 
in the cathedral. 

Free, of Desert andKiLLMOLERAN. Confifting of the reft, 
tythes of the faid par. Val. about 55I. Taxed in the K B. 3I. 
A fmaii glebe in the par. of Defert, about 7 acres. Pat. the 
bifliop. A ft:al} in the cathedral. 

pREB. of KfLLROSANTY (anciently KiLL rossanct A.) Con- 
fifting of the reft, tythes of thatpar. Val. about 55 1. Taxed 



W A T E R F O R D, ^ 19 

in the K, B. 4 1. No glebe. Pat. the bifhop. A ftall in the cathe* 
dral. 

* Preb. ofMoDELLiGO (anciently MoDiLiRiGE.) Coniiil- 
ing of the re6t. tythes of the par. Val. about 6ol. Taxed in the 
K. B, 1 1. A fmall cabin and garden in Lifmore. Pat. the biihop. 
A ftall in the cathedral. 

Preb. of Killgobbonet. Confiding of the re6t. tythes. 
Val. about 60 1. A fmall cabin and garden iii Lifmore. Pat. 
the biihop. A ftall in the cathedral. 

Preb. of Seskinan (anciently Seskyunan) Confiftmg of 
the re6t. tythes. Val. about 60 1. Taxed by an old taxation in 
the college library, 4I. 10 s. No glebe. Pat. the biihop. A 
ftall in the cathedral. 

Preb. of Clashmore. Confiftin^ of the re6t. tythes of that 
par. Val. about 40 1. Taxed in theK. B. 10 1. No glebe* Pat. 
the bifhop. A ftall in the cathedral. 

* Preb. of Killbarmedaw. Confiftingof the re£t. tythes of 
the par. and is part of the corps of the chantorfhip of Water- 
ford. The vie. is taxed in the K. B, 7 1. 6 s, 8 d. Irlfh. 

Vicar Choralsh J PS, being five in number. Confiftingof 
part of the tythes of Lifinore par. and the intire tythes of the 
par. of Mocoliop. Val. about 30 1. a year each. Taxed in the 
K. B. 20 1. fteri. Pat. the dean of Lifmore. Ch. the cathedral. 

Parishes within the Deanery of Ardmore. 

ARDMORE red. is thecorps of thechantorfliip. Vic. 
confifts of the vie tythes of the par. Val about 40 L 
Taxed in theK.B. 61. fterl. An houfe and ten acres of glebe near 
the ch. Pat. the biihop. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice. 

Ballymacart, alias AoLisriVENAN, is a particle of Ard- 
more. 

* Dungarvan re6l. is improp. Vic confifts of the vie. 
tythes of the par. Val. about 120I. Taxed by order of the 
court of exchequer, in Hillary term, 1688, 22 1. 10 s. fterling. 
The re£l. taxed in the K. B.^ 60 I. Irifb, A houfe and garden in 
Dungaivan, and five or fix fpots of glebe. Pat. the earl of 
Cork. Ch. in repair. 

Killgobbonet re6t. is the corps of a preb. The vie, con- 
fifts of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 20 1, No glebe. 
Pat. the biihop. Ch. in ruins. 

PvInagonagh re£t. is improp. Vie. confifts of the vie. 
tythes of the par. Val. about 40I. Taxed in theK. B. 3I. About 
one acre of glebe. Pat. the biihop. Ch. in ruins. 

Colligan (anciently Gloge) re6l. is improp. The vie. 
confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about lol. or i ^ 1. Taxed in 
an old taxation in the college library, 2I. i6s. No glebe. Pat, 
the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins, 

C 2 White- 



so Natural and Civil Hijiory cf 

"White Church re6t. is improp. The Vic. confifts of tlie 
vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 40I. Taxed in the K. B. 
(by the name of Alba Capella) i ol. No glebe. Pat. the earl 
of Cork. Ch. in repair. 

Bally-Mc.Art, alias Cruparva, is a particle of WhHe 
Church. 

MoDELLioa reft, is the corps of a Preb. Vic. confifts of 
the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 35!. Pat. the bifiiop. 
Ch. in ruins. 

Lackowran, is a particle of Modelligo. 

Arthmean, alias Affane, reft, is improp. The vie. con- 
fifts of the vie. tythes, Val. about 25I. Taxed in the K. B. 
61. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in repair, and 
conftant fervice. 

Aglish re£l. is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
Val. about 25I. Taxed in the K. B. 61. Pat. the earl of Cork. 
No glebe. Ch. in ruins. 

KiLLMOLASH. tcft. is thc cotps of the archdeaconry. Vic. 
confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 12I. Taxed in an an- 
cient taxation in the college library, 9I. i6s. 3d. No glebe. Pat. 
the biihop. Ch. in ruins. 

Seskinan red. is the corps of a preb. Vic. confifts of the 
vie. tythes. Val about 20I. No glebe. Pat. the biihop. 
Ch. in ruins. 

Clonea (anciently Clonethe) refl, is improp. The 
Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about lol. Taxed in the 
K. B. 61. About one acre of glebe. Pat the earl of Cork. 
Ch. in ruins. 

Clashmore red!, is the corps of a preb. Vic. confifts of the 
vie. tythes. Val. about 20I. No glebe. Pat. the biihop. 
Ch. in ruins. 

Kill RUSH, an in tire re6l. is the corps of the archdeacon- 
ry. A glebe of about 10 acres. Val. about 60I. A fmall 
chapel in ruins. Taxed in the K. B. 4I, 4s. 6d, 

Kinsalebeg. redl improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes 
of the par. Val. about 20I. A fmall glebe, now fet at 503. 
yearly. Pat. the earl of Cork. A Ch built, but going to 
decay. 

Temple-Mihil, alias Rincrew, re6l. is improp. Vic. 
confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 15I. or 20I. No glebe. 
Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 

LisGENAN, the red. improp. Vie. confifts of the vie. 
tythes. Val. about 15I. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. 
Ch. in ruins. 

K1LC0KA.N red. is improp. Vie. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 

KiLLviTATERMOY, au Intlre red. improp. Val. about s^'. 
A fmall glebe, with a few cabbins, fet at 40 s. per ann. Pat. 
the earl of Cork. Ch, in rums. 

KiLLWORTH, 



W A T E R F O R D. ^i 

KiLLWORTH, a par. formerly in this diocefe, but now in 
that of Cloyne. Pat. the corporation of Waterford, 

LisMORE, an intire re6t. Appropriate, between the dean, 
the vicars, and the ceconomy. 

Tallow. Both the re6t. and vie. improp. but the third 
of the tythes given to the curate. Val. about i lol. About 
half an acre of glebe in the town of Tallow. Pat. the earl 
of Cork. Ch. in repair. 

Mo COLL OP, an intire re£t. the tythes divided among the 
Vicars choral. Val. about i6oi. Pat. the dean of Lifmore. 



Parishes within the Deanery of Killb a rmeden. 

*|y^ILLBARMEDEN reft, is the corps of the chantorfliip 
1^ of Waterford. Vic. coniifts of the vie. tythes. Val. 
about 30 1, Taxed in the K. B. 7 1. 6 s. 8 d, Irifh. No glebe. 
Pat. the biil)op. Ch. in ruins. 

* I^oNHiLi. re£l. is imprpp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
Val. about 25 1. Taxed in the K. B. 7 1. 6 s. 8 d. No glebe. 
Pat. the Corporation of Waterford. Ch. in ruins, 

* Newcastle re6t, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
tythes of the par. Taxed in the KB. 3 1. 13 s. Irifli. Pat. the 
corporation of Waterford. Ch. in ruins. 

* GiLLCAGHE redl. is improp. Vic. a particle of Newcaftle, 
coniifting of the vie. tythes of Gillcagbe. Val. about 6 1. or 
7 L Taxed in the K. B. 3 1. Iriih. No glebe. Pat. the cor- 
poration of Waterford. No ch. at all. 

* Fews. The reft, is improp. Vk. confifts of the vie; 
tythes of the par. Val. 10 1. Taxed in the K. B. 3 1, o s. 6f d.' 
Iriih. No glebe. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 

* Stradbally. The re6t. is improp. The vie. confifts 
of the vie. tythes. Val. about 20 1. or 30 1. Ta3?ed in the K. B. 
12I. 2s. 9d. Irl(h. Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 

* Moth I L. The reel, is improp. The vie. confifts of the 
vie. tythes. Val, about Sol. Taxed in the K. B. il. 133. 4d-' 
Irifii. About an acre and, a half of glebe. Pat. the earl of 
Cork. Ch. in repair, and conftant fervice in it. 

* KiLLRossANTY reft, is the corps of a preb. The vie; 
confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 3QI. Taxed in the K, B. 
9I. IS. 8d. Irifli. Par. the bilhop. Ch. in ruins. 

* RossEMYR reft, is improp. The vie, confifts of the vie, 
tythes. Va!. about 20I. Taxed in the K. B. S\, 9s. 9;d. Irifh; 
Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins, 

* Fennoagh (anciently FiNWAGHE.) An in tir^ reul, Con- 
fifts of the tythes of the par. Val. about 40). Taxed in th^ 
K. B. 2I. 9s. 8d. Pa:, the bifhop. Ch. in ruin?. 

C 3 * Desei-.t 



22 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

* Des'^rt and Killmolleran red. is the corps of a preb. 
The vic^ confifts of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 30I. 
Taxed in the K. B. 3I. Irilh each. An houfe, and four or five 
acres of glebe near the ch. Pat. the earl of Cork, Ch. in 



rums. 



Clonegam (anciently Clonegan) rect. is united to Car- 
rick. Taxed in the K. B. o^\. Irilh, The ch. lately rebuilt by 
lord Tyrone. 

The following Parishes, though in the Diocefe of 
LiSMORE, are in the County of Tipperary. 

CARRICK, (anciently C A RR I CKM A griffin) united by a£l of 
parliament, v/ith the par, of Killllielan, Killmurry, New- 
tovi^n-Lennan, Cionegam, Ardcullum, Tibragny and Traheny. 
Val. about 250I. Carrick taxed in the K. B. 5I 2s. Killihelan 
and Killmurry, lol. each. Tibragny, 61. A glebe of about 12 
acres at Newtown-Lennan. Pat. lord Arran. But qusery if 
the bilhop has not a turn ? Carrick ch. in repair, the others in 
ruins ; except that of Tibragny, vfhich is not to be found. 

Killcash re6t, is improp. Vic. coniifts of the vie. tythes 
of the par. Val. about 61. Taxed in the K. B. 61; Pat. the 
king. Ch. in ruins. 

Templethiry re£l. is improp. The vie. confifts of the 
vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 20I. A glebe of about feven 
acres. * Pat. the king. Ch. in ruins. 

Killaloan reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
Val about i©l. Taxed in the K. B. 81. Pat. the king. Ch. 
in ruins. 

LisRONAGH reft, is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
Val. about 70I. Taxed in the K. B. 5I. 2s. A glebe of about 
fourteen acres. Pat. lord Arran. Ch. in ruins. 

Rathronan redt. is improp. The vie. confifts of the vie. 
tythes of the par. Val. about 13I. Taxed in the K. B, loL 
Pat. the king. Ch. in repair. 

Clonmel re6l. and vie. Confifts of the tythes of the faid 
par. and incumbent money in the town of Clonmel. Val. about 
i2cl. Taxed in the K. B. 61. A fmall glebe of a garden near 
the ch. about an acre of ground in Clonmel, and fome other 
fpots, worth, in all, about 12I. Pal. the corporation t)f Clon- 
mel. Ch. in repair. 

Mora, an intire re(Sl. and is a prebend. Taxed in the 
K. B. 61. 

Grange, St. John Baptift, re6t. is improp. Vic. confifts of 
the vie. tythes. Val. about 20I. Pat. the king. Ch. in ruins. 

KiLRONAW 



WATERFORD. 23 

KiLRONAN re£t. is improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes 
of the par. Val. about 1 5I. or 20I. A fmall glebe, about an 
acre and an half Pat. the earl of Cork. Ch. in ruins. 

DoNAGHMORE and KiLTiGAN reft, is a preb. Vic. confifts 
of the vie. tythes of the par. Val, about 15I. Taxed in the 
K. B. 3 1. Pat. the bifhop. Ch, in ruins. 

Kill GRANT reft, is i;nprop. Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes. 
Val. lol. or i2l. Three acres of glebe. Pat. the king. Ch, 
in ruins. 

Grange Mocleer, reft, improp. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
tythes. Val. about 18I. Pat. the biihop. Ch. in ruins. 

Parishes wifhin the Deanery of Ardfinane. 

ARDFINANE, with its particle Ballydrenane ultra. 
The reft, is improp, Vic. confifts of the vie. tythes of 
the par. Val, about 15I, Taxed in the K.^B. 3I Pat. the bi- 
fliop. Ch, in repair. 

Neddan's reft, is improp. Vic. conftfts of the vie. tythes. 
Val. about 151. Taxed in the K. B. 51. 23. Pat. the biihop. 
Ch. in ruins. 

Newcastle, with its particle Tolloghmelan, reft, is 
the corps of the treafurerihip. Vic. confifts of the vie. 
tythes.Val. about 20I. or 25I. Taxed in the K. B. 3]. A fmall 
glebe of two or three acres. Pat. the biihop. Ch. in ruins. 

Shanrahan, and Templet£Nny, reft, improp. Vic. con- 
fifts of the vie. tythes. Taxed in the K. B. 3I. Pat. the king, 
Ch. in repair. 

Tub RID, with ifs particle Ballydrenan, Citra-Killmolafh, 
Tallogeth, White-church, Knockane, Baliyorane, and Burgage 
reft, is the corps of the deanery. Vic. conftfting of the vie. 
tythes of the par. Val about 40I. Tubrid taxed in the 
K. B. 5I. 3s. An houfe and glebe for the vicar near the 
Ch. with fome lands granted for the fame purpofe, by Mr. 
Pine, at a rent. Pat. the biiliop. Ch. in repair. 

DsREGRETH reft, is the corps of the chancellorflilp, Vic. 
confifts of the vie. tythes. Val. about 25I, Taxed in t' @ 
K. B. 61. About 14 acres of glebe. Pat. the biihop. Ci^. 
in ruins. 

Ballybeacon reft, is the corps of the archdeaconry. Vic 
conftfts of the vie. tythes of that par. Val. about 30!. Abouc 
5 acres of glebe. Pat. the bifhop. Ch. in ruins. 

Cahir reft, is improp. but demifed, by bifhop Gore, for 
repair, &e. of the churches. The Vic. confifts of the vie. 
tythes of the Par. 

C 4 OUGHYBRAQil 



^4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

OuGHTERAGH, an intirc re6t. Conilfts of the tythes of the 
par. Val. about 40 1. Taxed in the K.B. 5 I. 2 s. Pat. the bi- 
Ihop. Gh. in ruins. 

Innislounagh, an intire re£t. Confifting of the tythes of 
the par. Val. 120I. About two acres of glebe. Pat. the king, 
Ch. in ruins. 

TuLLOGHORTON re£t. is the corps of a preb. Vic. con- 
fifts of the vie. tythes of the par. Val. about 35 1. Taxed in 
the K. B. 5 1. 2 s. Pat. the bifliop. Ch. in ruins. 

MoRTLEsTOWN, IS an intire re6l. improp. 

THE conftitutlon of the chapter of Lifmore 
was anciently different from what it is at 
prefent, as appears from a regiftry of the fpirituaH- 
ties of the lee, among the M. S. of the biihop of 
Clogher, in the college library, numb, viii, page 
47, to which regiftry there is no date -, but it was 
compiled after the year 1467 ; for it recites an in- 
fpeximus of that year. This regiftry mentions twelve 
prebends, befides the principal dignities, viz. Tul- 
laghorton, Mora, Donaghmore, Kiltygan, Dyfert, 
Kilmoieran, Killrofintory, Killberinmelin, Modeligo, 
Kilgobonet, Seilcrenan, and Clafhmore or Clacknow, 
as in the M. S. 

The dean's prebend, called Grangia Decani, wa? 
Tubrld Burgage, and Ballydrinan, on the S. fide of 
the river. But when the regiftry was compiled, ha 
had only one town-land, called Ballydeacon, or 
Dean's-town. The chantor's prebend was the rec- 
tory of Ardmore, and he held a burgage in Lif^ 
more, called Favin ni Gaunter (2). The chancellor's 
prebend Vvas Newcaftle Prenergaft, and the rectory 
and chapel of Tullaghmore, and he held a particle 
of land in Lifmore, called Balynalogan. The arch- 
deacon's prebend v/as Killcokan and Killmolafh, 
and the intire chapel of Killrufh, near Dungarvan. 
Tlie parcels of land, called Killcurkine, Killomuan, 
Kilchrin and Knock moane, belonged to the cho- 

(2) Caunt^r, fignifics the chantor or finger, Quaer/ what 
Favifi infiports ? 

lifters. 



WATERFORD. 

riflers. There was alfo an ccconomifl in this church, 
Xo whom belonged the parfonages of Lifmore and 
Macollop, except the tythes of the lands of the 
prelates (the dignitaries being fo called) and the 
prebendaries. There were five vicars choral, who 
were prefentable by the five prelates, but admitted 
by the dean. The rule and order of this church 
agreed in all things with the church of Sarum, as 
appears by an infpeximus among the archives of 
it, dated 1467. The vicar's pofleflions were the 
vicarages of Lifmore and Tallow, and the intire 
fy thes of Aglis, the lands of Ballyfagar, Eallyfagar- 
beg, one meiluage and thirty acres of land in Aglis, 
with fome mefluages in Tallow, 

There was alfo an anchorite belonging to this 
church, whofe lands were called Ballyhaufy, or An- 
choret's-town ; and a burgage in Lifmore, with fix 
flangs of land, a field called Gortrimenyearty, and 
two fmall gardens in Lifmore, all about lol. per 
ann. There was alfo a lazaret or hofpital at Lif- 
more, to which feveral lands belonged, which W'cre 
unknown at the time of compiling the regiftry, to- 
gether with an annual rent payable to all the laza- 
rets in Ireland. 

The mailer of thi<5 lazaret was called the prior 
of Lifmore, who now (fays the regiftry) is 120 
years old, and fcarce in his fenfes. This regiftry 
feems to be the fame as that compiled by John 
Ruflel, oeconomift of this church, in i486, in the 
time, and by the care, of Thomas Purcell, then 
biftiop ^ and which was deftroyed, by an accidental 
fire, to the irreparable lofs of the fee, A. D. 161 7, 
while John Lancaftcr was biftiop. 



C H A P. 



s 



^G Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

CHAP. III. 

4 Topographical Defcription of the Baronies^ Pa- 
rlfbes, fcrwns^ Villages^ Churches^ Seats^ Reli- 
gions Houfes, ^c. of this County \, with fome Hi- 
Jlorical Ohfervatiom relating to the fame. 

THE reader is not to exped to be entertained 
here with the beauties of a more fouthern 
clime •, the agreeable villas of Italy are not to be 
met with in Ireland, efpecially in this part of the 
kingdom. The topography of this county, is a fub- 
•jedl not a little barren, and feem.s no eafy tafk to 
thofe who are befl acquainted with it ^ by itfelf it 
would not be of much ufe to the public, were it 
not for the intention of profecuting the defign thro* 
the other counties of the kingdom. 

The face of this county, in many places, is rude, 
and but little removed from the flate in which na- 
, ture originally formed it ; much thereof being rocky 
and mountainous, efpecially about the middle and 
N. W. parts •, yet it is very ufeful for the breed of 
young cattle, produces a confiderable quantity of 
butter, and fome kinds of grain, as barley, oats and 
rye. The E. S. and S. W. with the greateft part of 
the fea-coafl, is pleafant and fertile, and may well 
deferve Mr. Cambden's charader of it, that it is 
'' reglo Ria amaeaitate et fecunditate fane laeta (i). 
Coflimore ^^ defcribing this county, I fhall proceed by ba- 
andCofh- ronies, and fubdivide each barony into par iflies-^ 
bride. and firfh of that of Cofhmore (2) and Cofhbride, be- 
ing the moft wedern barony of this county. 

(') In Comit. Waterf. (2) Bounded on the N. by the 

county of Tipperary, on the W. by the county of Cork, on the 
E. by the barony of Decles, and on the S. E. by that of Imrao- 
kiily, in the county of Cork j and contains the parifties of Lif- 
more, Mocollop, Tallow, Killwatermoy, Killkockan, and 
Temple-Michael. 

That 



W A T E R FORD, 27 

That part which lies to the N. of the Black- 
water, is incumbered with mountains, being coarfe 
and rugged, except a narrow trad running along 
the river. 

On the S. fide of the river, is Lifmore (3), at pre- Ufmore. 
fent little better than a village, though formerly a 
city of confiderable note (4). Ptolomy takes notice 
of the river, and calls it Daurona ; and Necham, 
Avenmore, of which he fays, 

Urbem Lifmor, pertranfit flumen Avenmore, 
Ardmor cernit ubi concitus oequor adit. 

By Lifmore town, the Avenmore doth flow. 
And Ardmore fees it to the ocean go. 

The prefent name of this place feems to be taken 
from a Danifh fortification, now known by the name 
of the Round-hill^ (landing a little to the E. of the 
towrl ; Lif, in the Irifh language, fignifying a fort, 
and Mor, great : it had anciendy the name of 
Dun-fginne ; Dun alfo fignifying a fort or place 
fituated on an eminence, and Sgein a flight, which 
feems to allude to the flight of St. Carthagh to this 
place ; before which it was named Magh-fgiath, 
i. e. the field of the fhield. St. Carthagh was 
founder and abbot of the famous abbey of Ratheny 
in Weftmeath, where he is faid to have governed 

(3) Lifmore pariili has the fame extent as the barony on the 
N. and E. fides ; on the W. it is bounded by Mocoliop, and 
part of the county ofCork; and on the S, by the par. of Tallow. 

(4) Concerning the ancient fame of Lifmore, a writer of the 
life of St. Carthagh has thefe words, " Lifmore is a famous and 
" holy city, half of which is an afylum, into which no woman 
*' dares enter ; but it is full of cells and holy raonafteries, and 
^* religious men, in great numbers, abide there ; and thither 
*' holy men flock together from all parts of Ireland, and not 
^* only from Ireland, but alfo from E'ngland and Britain, being 
** defirous to move from thence to Chriil ; and now the city 
*' is built upon the banks of a river, formerly called Nera, but 
^' now Avonmore, that is, the great river, in the territory of 
^' the Nan-Defi, or Defies." 

867 



!^g Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

867 monks, for the fpace of forty years. Ann. 631 
(according to the annals of Innisfall) he was driven, 
by king Blathmac, out of Ratheny, and the fame 
year founded the abbey of Lifmore, as alfo a 
fchool (5) or univerfity, anciently famous for its nu- 
merous profeflTors of the true philofophy. 

Keating (6) imputes his expulfion to the invidi- 
ous jealoufy of the monks of a neighbouring abbey, 
who incenfed Blathmac againfl him ; and fays, that 
when he was expelled, he retired to the territory of 
Decies in Munfler, the prince of v/hich country 
gave him and his followers an honourable reception, 
and fettled him in a place called Dunfginne, fince 
Lifmore. He did not long furvive this event, but 
died on the 14th of May, 6^%-^ and v/as interred in 
his own cathedral. Upon his death, St. Cataldus, 
afterwards bifhop of Tarentum in Italy^ was regent 
of this fchool, to which prodigious numbers flock- 
ed, both from the neighbouring and more remote 
countries (7). 

A traveller, at prefent, would hardly take this 
town to have been an univerfity, bifnop^s fee (8), 
or much lefs a city. Inftead of its ancient luftre, 
the cathedral, the caille, and a few tolerable houfes, 
intermixed v/ith cabins, are all that now appear. 
It has the privilege of being a borough, and fends 
two mem.bers to parliament ; the electors, as in 
many other boroughs of this fort, are called Pot- 
wallopers. 



(5) In the time of St. Colmau, or Mocholmoc, Ton of Ffri- 
barr, the fchool of Lifmore ftood in a higher degree of repu- 
tation than any other femlnary in Ireland. He died on the 22d 
of January, 702. Aft. San£t. p. 154, 

(6) Lib. 2. p. 39. (7) Baith. Moronus in vita St. Cataldi. 
(8) It was made a bifliop's fee by St. Carthagh, ann. 636. 

About ihe year 1130, Aluretus, king of Muniler, repaired the 
cathedral. The inilitution and endowment of the vicars choral 
was made hy Grifiin Chriftopher, biOiop of Lifinorej about the 
year 1 230. Harris's Hift. of the bilhops, p. 547, 

The 



W A T E R F O R D. 

The nave of the prefent cathedral feems, by its 
flrudlure, to be of no great antiquity, having been 
built long fince the choir (9), which part appears 
to be very ancient. The S. and E. walls thereof 
are fupported by buttreffes ; the ftalls, feats, and 
galleries, are but of a late (landing ; as are the throne 
and pulpit, which are both well carved. In this 
church, there are no monunnents of antiquity, ex- 
cept the fides and cover of an ancient tomb, of one 
Magrath, buried here in the year 1557. 

Befides the cathedral, St. Carthagh founded here 
an abbey of canons regular. His rule is faid to be 
extant in ancient Irifb, and was very fevere and 
particular (10) J but was afterwards incorporated 
into that of the regular canons of St. Auguiline. 
Archbifhop Uflier (i i) had two M. S. topics of his 
life, in one of which, the number of his fcholars 
in Meath is faid to be 867, in the other 844 ; one 
ofthefe(i2) begins ' Gloriofus Chrifti miles,' &c. 
The abbey was eredled on the fame ground the 
caftle now ftands. 

Befides the cathedral, there were many other 
churches (13) in this place, at leaft twenty j and 

(9) Bifhop Gore, by his will, bequeathed 200 1, towards 
providing a ring of bells for this church, and beautifying the 
choir. 

(10) One cuftom praftifed by thefe religious men was, that 
when they had been fent out of the monaftery, at their return 
they kneeled down before the abbot, and acquainted him, 
that they had done their endeavours to fulfil his orders. Thefe 
monks lived after the fame manner as thofe of la Trappe in 
France do at prefent. For they confined themfelves to feed 
on vegetables, which they raifed and cultivated with their own 
hands. 

(ii)Anliq.Britan.p 471. ( 2) Bibl.Coil.Trin. Dubl. D. 37. 

(13) The church of St. John, in Lifmore, was given by 
Felix, biflhop of this fee, to the abbey of Thomas-court, near 
Dublin, as appears in the regiftry of that houfe. This Felix, 
in the year i 579, ailifted at the council of Lateran. According 
to the annals ot Inisfail, the city, with all its churches, was 
burnt down, ann. 120:. 

the 



a^ 



20 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

the ruins of feveral of them are remembered by- 
man}^ perfons now living. At prefent, except feme 
heaps of rubbifh, there are no other footfteps re- 
maining of them. 

The caftle of Lifmore was built by king John (14) 
in 1 1 85 ; andin 1 1 89, demolifhed by the Irifh, who 
took it by furprize. Being rebuilt, it was for many- 
years the refidence of the bifhops, till Miler Ma- 
grath, archbifhop of Cafhel, and biiliop of this 
fee, fome time before his reiignation in 1589, by 
the confent of the dean and chapter, granted to 
fir Walter Rawleigh the manor of Lifmore, and 
other lands, at the yearly rent of 13I. 6 s. 8d. 
This cadle foon after fell into the hands of fjr 
Richard Boyle, who purchafed all Sir Walter's 
lands ; he beautified the whole, and added many 
buildings to it, moil of which were burnt dov/n 
during the Irifh rebellion. At the breaking out 
whereof it was clofely befieged by 5000 Irifh, com- 
manded by fir Richard Beling, and was bravely de- 
fended by the young lord Broghil(i5), third fon to 

the 

(14) Ware's Engl. Annals, p. 26. 

(15) In a letter to his father, upon this occafion, which con- 
cludes in a manner peculiarly beautiful, he fays, *' 1 have fent 
*' out my quarter-mailer to know the pofture of the enemy j 
*' they were, as I am informed by thofe who were in the action, 
" 5000 ftrong, and well armed ; and that they intend to take 
*' Lifmore. When I have received certain intelligence, if I am 
" a third part of their number, I will meet them to-mofrow 
** morning, and give them one blow before they befiege us ; 
" if their numbers be fuch, that it will be more folly than va- 
*' lour, I will make good this place which I am in. 

** I tried one of the ordonances made at the forge, and it 
** held with 2 pound charge j fo that I will plant it upon the 
" terras over the river. My lord, fear nothing for Lifmore ; 
" for if it be loft, it Ihall be with the life of him, that begs 
" your lordflifp's bleffing, and^ftiles himfelf your lordfhip's moft 
" humble, moft dbliged, and moft dutiful fon and fervant, 

B R O G H I L L. 
See lord Orrery's State Letters, v. i. p. 5. 

In 



WATERFORD. 

the earl of Cork, who, by his condudl and bravery, 
obliged the Irirti to raife the fiege. This caftle iis 
boldly fituatedp upon the verge of a hill, upwards 
of fixty feet perpendicular over the Black-water. 

From the caftle E. you have a full profped of 
the river, gliding down a vale, fvveetly wooded on 
both fides to Cappoquin, about two miles from the 
caltle ; the caflle of which latter, feated alfo on an 
eminence, flands in view ^ and (together) with fe- 
veral good farm-houfes, varies the profpe6l in a 
moft agreeable manner. 

Oppofite to the great window of the caflle, built 
exadlly over the above-mentioned precipice, there 
opens a deep and wide glin, v/ooded on bodi fides, 
and pleafantly watered,.^ by a fmall river, called 
Oon a Shad, that, at about a mile's diflance, winds 
off to the weft fide of the great mountain of 
Knock-mele-down, four miles north •, and which, 
exadtly facing this windov/, appears like a vaft 
cone or fugar-loaf. 

To the W. is a full profped of the falmon fiihery, 
where the weirs are of a coiifiderable length, tra- 
verfing the river. The working, and the noife of 
the water through them, that here runs pretty 
rapid, forms a kind of an artificial catarad, arid 
refembles the found of fuch • which, though not 

In June 1642, one Roch, of Tooreen, at the Iiead of about 
fixty horfe, and one hundred foot, attempted to fet fire to Lif-, 
more ; but they were defcried by one Philip O-Cleary, who, 
with a loud voice, cried Corabo, mo(t of thefe men being raifed 
in Butler's country : him they killed, for giving the alarm to 
lord Broghill's troop, then in the caftle, who purfued the re- 
bels to the mountains, and killed numbers of them, v/hich fruf- 
trated theirdeiign, having only had time to burn a few cabins. 

M S. in the caflle. 

In the year 1645, it was taken by lord Cadlehaven. Major 
Power at that time defended it with one hundred of the earl 
of Cork's tenants, who, before they furrendered, killed five 
hundred of the befiegers, till all their powder being fpent, they 
capitulated upon honourable terms. Coxs Hid. v. z. p. 15S. 



2i 



0^2, Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

high, is of a confiderable extent, and adds a lulHng 
foftnefs to the beauty of the fcene. Above the 
weirs, the fides of the river are beautifully varie- 
gated with woods, lawns, and corn fields. 

The late king James, it is faid, dined in the great 
room of this caftle, and going to look out at the 
window, he flarted back in a furprize. One does 
not perceive at the entrance into the caftle, that the 
building is fituated on fuch an eminence, nor can a 
ftranger know it, till he looks out of the window, 
which, in refped to the caflle, is but a ground 
floor. 

The entrance is by an ancient and venerable ave- 
nue of {lately trees. Over the gate, are the arms 
of the firll great earl of Cork, with his humble mot- 
to, " God's Providence is our Inheritance." Moil 
of the buildings remain in ruins, fmce they were 
deftroyed by the fire in the Rebellion. The feveral 
offices, that make up two fides of the fquare, are 
kept in repair. At each angle is a tov/er, the chief 
remains of its ancient ftate. 

Oppofite to the entrance is a portico of Bath flon'fe, 
of the Doric order ; which, from its neatnefs and 
regularity, is judged to have been defigned by Ini- 
go Jones •, and it is not unlikely, but that the flones 
may have been fent over ready cut from England. 
A room in this caftle is celebrated for the birth of 
the great Mr. Robert Boyle, a name v/hich all the 
learned world is fufficiently acquainted with. 

There are, at prefent, in Lifmore, a free-fchool 
and an alms-houfe, founded by fir Walter Rawleigh, 
and afterwards augmented and confirmed by the 
firilearlofCork(i6) who rebuilt both. The mafler 
of the fchool, befides the houfe rent-free, and fome 

(i6) In 1698, Richaid earl of Cork, charges his eftate with 
120 I. per ann. for maintaining two fchool- mafler 3, in the hof- 
pitals and fchools, built by his father, at Lifmore and Youghall. 
Wills regiftred in the Prerogat, of Dublin, 

land, 



WATERFORD, 

land, has a faiary of 40 1. a yea?. On each fide the 
fchool, are apartments for {ix old men, who, befides 
a coat and firing, are allowed 5 1. each yearly. 

This noble earl, (as fir Richard Cox, in the pre- 
face to his 2d vol. remarks) " was one of the mofh 
" extraordinary perfons, either that, or any other 
" iage hath produced, with refped to the great 
^' and jufl acquifitions of eftate that he made, and 
*' the pubhc works that he began and finiCned, for 
•' the advancement of the Englifh interefl: and the 
*' proteflant religion in Ireland ^ as churches, alms- 
*' houfes, free-fchools, caflles, and towns ; info- 
" much, that when Cromwell faw thofe prodigious 
" improvements, which he little expeded to find 
*' in Ireland, he declared, that if there had been 
*^ an earl of Cork in every province, it would have 
*' been impoflible for the Irifh to have raifed a re- 
" bellion. And while he was carrying on thefe 
^" folid works, he lived in his family at a rate of 
*' plenty, that exceeded thofe who confumed great 
*' eftates. His motto, above-mentioned, fhews from 
*' whence he derived all his bleflings, the greatefl 
" of which was the numerous and noble pgilerity 
^' lie had to leave his eftate to (17)." 

Cappoquin 

(17) In the time of tlie Irifli rebellion, his lordflilp kept in 
pay about 200 Englifh, mofiiy his own tenants, who, with his 
fon Dungarvan, Ihut themfelves up in Youghall, by the lord 
prefident's diredllons ; that p!ace being the only refuge of the 
diftreffed Engliih in thofe parts. In his iordihip's letter to the 
lord Goring, dated Jan. 12, 1641, he fays, A great part of the 
wall being then fallen down, the place was weak and ruinous ; 
and that he was in great v/ant both of njoney and ammunition. 
At this time, he ftored all his caftles, both here and in the 
county of Cork, with fuch ftores as he could procure ; and 
fent 300I. to England, to purchafe ammunition. In Lifmore, 
he kept, at his own charge, a troop of horfe and 100 foot. 
He walled Bandon, which coft him 14000! and in which were no 
lefs than 7000 proteftants, under the lord Kinalm%ky, who 
was killed at the battle of Lifcarol, where were afib three 
more of his iordftip's fonar, who all^ even to the youngeft, 

D behaved 



Si 



^^ /\fatural and Civil Uiftory of 

Cappo- Cappoquin is pleafantly fituated, about tw(? 

quin. niiJesE. of Lifmore, on the Black-water, where it 
forms an elbow, winding from its eaflern to its 
fouthern courfe. In the i7rh and i8th of Charles 
II. an ad was palTed for the building a bridge here; 
but by the preamble to the a6t (i S), it appears, that 
there was one at this place before. 

The caftie was built by the family of the Fitz- 
geralds ; but, at what time, is uncertain. It com- 
mands a very extenfive profpect of the river, both 

V to the W. and S. and al fo, a great part of the plain 

between this and Dungarvan. In the time of the 
rebellion, this caille was moflly in the hands of the 
Engliib, being garrifoned for the earl of Cork, by 

behaved with an undaunted refoluclon, and who narrowly en- 
dangered his life, in attempting to recover his brothei's dead 
body and horfe, both which he brought oil Ths Bandon men, 
having no oiher 'aflifccnce but v hat they re< ^:ived from his lord- 
Ihip, made many falJies, gave the rebels fevera". great over- 
throws, and took from them many of their caitles. He alfo 
paid and maintained one hundred men in his caule of Afkeating, 
in the county of Limerick; r^nd his fon-in-ln."/. the lord Bar- 
limore, raifed and maintained a troop of hoi'e st his own ex- 
pence, as alfo tv/o hundred foot, which he kept \n the field : 
to him the irifn offered (as being of their Tclinicn! the com^ 
inand of their forces in Muniter, which he refufcd with fcorn* 

The earl of Cork, with the affiftance of lord Barrimore and 
his fons, the lords Dungarvan and Broghill, (by con^miffions 
granted them for the purpofe) he'd feillons in the counties of 
Cork and VVaterford, and indicted the lords vifc. Roch, Mount> 
garret, Ikerin, and Muikerry, the barons of Dunbcyne and 
CarLleconnel,with the fon and heir of the lord of Cahir,Theobald 
Butler, the baron of Loughmore, Richard Butler, of Kilcafh, 
etq; brother to the earl of Ormond, with feveral others, in 
number above i loo, that committed any rebellious act in thefe 
two counties, which indiftment he fent over to the houfe of 
commons in England. This manner of proceeding not only 
frightened the rebels, but alio heightned their refentment againft 
his lordfliip and his family. 

(i8) " And that the faid bridge, formerly at Cappoquin, be 
*' new built and repaired, berbre the 23d of Oftober 1666, to 
*' be built at the charge of the county of Waterford, county of 
*' the city of Waterford, county of Cork, county of the city of 
** Cork, Kerry and Tipperary, the fum not to exceed 600I. &c. 

one 



W A T E R F O R D. -,- 

One captain Hugh Croker and his company. In 1 642, 
lord Broghill, upon his return from the rehef of 
Knockmoane, with about fixty horfe and one hun- 
dred and forty foot, defeated a party of rebels, 
ftrongly pofled near this place, and killed two hun- 
dred men and two of their captains, with the iofs 
only of one Englifhman. It was taken, anno 1 645, 
by the lord Caftlehaven, after an obilinate refinance. 

Here is a barrack for one troop of horfe, which 
is plentifully fupplied with forage from the adj^xent 
country. Before the fettirg up of the turnpikes, 
this road was a confiderable thorough-fare between 
Cork and Dublin. 

Saltibrido-e, on the N. of the river, between this Salt!- 
tov/n and Lifmore, is only remarkable for fome iron- triage, 
works, formerly fupported here by the firfl earl of 
Cork ; and the pits, from whence the ore was dug, 
remain flill open. His lordfhip had feveral of thefe 
works in different parts of the county, of which he 
made a confiderable advantage. The deftrudtion 
of the woods was principally intended in the erect- 
ing them. The Englilfi formerly confidered this 
kingdom in much the fame light, as our planters 
do America at prefent, a place over-grown with 
woods, and thought all methods were to be taken 
to clear the country of tim.ber, to which thefe v/orks 
much contributed ; but if the woods were properly 
divided into different fhares, and cut down at dif- 
ferent times, which is the m.ethod pradlifed in 
Sweden, and in Bifcay in Spain, where large iron- 
works are carried on, we fhould not have that fear- 
city of timber in this kingdom at prefent •, it is well 
if our American planters will not, or have not al- 
ready run into the fame error. 

Balygallane is* pleafantly fituated on the river, Ballyga- 
about a fmall mile from Lifmore. Here the tide lane, 
commonly flows. A little above the cafcle of Lif- 
more, on the oppofite fide of the river, is Bally- inn^ Bally-inn. 
the feat of Richard Mufgrave, efq^ The foil here, 
D 2 though 



^g Natural and Civil Bijlory of 

though upon a very rifing ground, is remarkably 
Tandy, the gardens being fcarce any thing but fand ; 
yet they produce all forts of vegetables, in as much 
perfedion as a more promifing foil ; which is partly 
owing to an excellent expofure to the S. and being 
defended on ail fides from nipping winds. A mile 
W. of Lifmore, on the river, are the ruins of the 

Ballygar- caflle of Ballygarron, faid to be built by one Gay. 

<fon* It has no very ancient appearance, and feems to 
have been deftroyed in the late wars. A mile fur- 

G' bes ^^^^ ^^ Glanbeg, the houfe of Mr. John Jackfon, 
feated at no great diftancefrom the river, and adorn- 
ed vv'ith good plantations of fruit and timber-trees. 
Shian- Shian-callle lies about a mile to the S. of this place, 
eaftie. by v/hom built is uncertain; but, anno 28th Eliz. 
Maurice M'Gerrot M'en Eorla of Shian, was at- 
tainted, being concerned in the Defmond rebellion. 

Klllbree, Killbree lies alfo on this fide of the river, between 
Lifmore and Cappoquin, and is feated on a rifing 
ground^ which commands the river. A caftle here 
long fince ruined, is faid to have been built by 
king John, and an houfe has been fince ered^ed on 
its foundation. To the S. E. of Lifmore lies the 
deer-park, being a large tradt of 1192 acres, well 
inclofed. A vein of iron ore runs through the mid- 
dle of it, from W. to E. which makes the foil very 
fteril, being unlit for pafture or tillage, and pro- 
duces little naturally, except Irifh furze, which 
take root to a vafl depth, as I have had occafion to 
obferve, and may be the reafon of the difiicuity 
generally found, to extirpate them entirely. To 
the E. lies New-Atfane, remarkable for large or- 
chards, and coiifiderable plantations of fruit-trees ; 
between which and Tooreen, lies the caflle of Nor- 
rifland, which, though called a caflle, is no rnore 
than an houfe of defence, (aid to be built by one 
Greatrakes. 

Toorecn. Tooreen, the feat of John Reevs Nettles, efq; 
was formerly a cafcle, the proprietors of which 

were 



>W A T E R F O R D. 

were the Roches, perfons extremely adtlve in the 
Irifh rebellion, and for which they juftly forfeited this 
eftate. The houfe is fituated on the W. of the 
river, leading to which is a long and beautiful ave- 
nue of large elnas. No tree whatever becomes walks 
and avenues comparable to this majeftic plant (19). 
Mofl of the noble viftoes belonging to the king and 
grandees of Spain, are reported to be elms, carried 
out of England by Philip II. before which time, it 
does not appear there were any of thofe trees in 
Spain. At the Efcurial, double rows are planted, 
in many places, for a league together in length, 
and fome of them forty yards high, which are kept 
ftripped up to the very top branches, affording a 
moft glorious and agreeable fight. There are fome 
of thefe trees here of a confiderable height, and 
the avenue I mention is near a mile long. 

This gentleman has large trads of orcharding 
near his houfe, and makes yearly confiderable quan- 
tities of cyder, a liquor which this part of the 
country is famed for. The red-flreak (20) of He- 
refordiliire, brought over here by this gentleman's 
grandfather, thrives exceeding well in this foil ; fo 
that Mr. Philips is miflaken, when he fays, this 
apple thrives no where but in its own country. 

Let every tree in every garden own 
The red-flreak as fupream ; wbofe pulpous fruit 
With gold irradiate and vermilion fhines. 
Hail, Herefordian plant, that doth difdain 

(!9) Vide Evelyn's S\W. 

(20) Although red-ftreaks are of many kinds, the name, in 
Herefordfliire, is given to one fort, which is fair and large, of an 
high purple colour on the fun fide, and of an aromatic tafte ; 
the tree a very fhrub, foon bearing a full burden, and feldom or 
never failing till it decays, which is much fooner than other 
apple-trees. Mr. Evelyn fays, that one fhire alone in England 
(which I fuppofe is Herefordihire) makes yearly 50CQO hoglheads 
9/ cyder. Preface to Evelyn's Pomona^ 

D 3 All 



37 



3E Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

All other fields ! heaven's fweeteft blefling, hall ! 
Be thou the copious matter of my fong. 
And thy choice ne6lar, on which always waits 

Laughter, and fpoit, 

■■— or why, in quefl: 

Of foreign vintage, infincere, and mix'd, 
Traverfe th'extremefl world ? Why tempt the rage 
Of the rough ocean ? when our native glebe 
Imparts, from bounteous womb, annual recruits 
Of wine delegable, that far furmounts 
Gallic, or Latin grapes. Philips's Cider, B. I. 

The firfl plantations of fruit trees in this part of 
the country (2O v/ere, in a great meafure, owing to 
the induflry of the Englilli,' brought over and fet- 
tled hereabouts, by the firil earl of Cork ; which 
is not the only lafhing benefits this country enjoys 
by means of that truly great man ; and it is faid, 
that the firft cyder made in this country was at 
Aflfane, by one Greatrakesj who came over upon 
the fettlement of Munflen 
MocoIIop The next parifh to this of Lifmore, is MocoIIop 
Parifii.* (22), where there is little remarkable, the whole 
being rough and mountainous. On the verge of 
Araglin. this parifh, lies Araglin, noted for its iron-works. 
They are, at prefent, eredling forges for the making 
of bar- iron, having hitherto only carried on the 
manufadure of caft-iron, which will be of great 

(21) It was by the plain induftry of one Harris, a fruiterer 
to king Henry VIII, that the fields and environs of about thirty 
towns in Kent, were planted with fruit, to the univerfal benefit 
and general improvement of that country to this day. And it 
was by the noble example of the lord Scudamore, and other 
public fpirited gentlemen of that country, that all Hereford- 
ihire v/as, in a manner, become but one orchard. 

Preface to Evelyn's Pomona. 

(22.) The parifh of Mecollop bounds the county of Cork on 
t])e W. the ridges of the mountains divide it from the county 
of Tipperary on the N. on the E. it is bounded by Lifmore; and 
part of the county of Cork on the S, 

advantage 



W A T E R F O R D. 39 

advantage to this part of the country (23), The 
glin here is very pleafant and romantic ; and, near 
it, are the ruins of an ancient caflle, that, toge- 
ther with the iron-worics, contribute to the com- 
pofing fuch a fcene. 

The next parifh after thefe, is that of Tallow (24), Tallow 
which, lies to the S. of the former. The town ofparifh. 
Tallow was erected into a borough (25) at the re- 
queft of the firft earl of Cork ; and the charter of in- 
corporation bears date loth James I. by which the 
liberties of the borough were to extend a mile and a 
half round the church every way. The firfl fovereign 
and recorder were nominable by the earl of Cork 
{26), and the charter enabled them to eledt two bur- 

(23) It is altMoft incredible what a great number of artizans 
0re ennpioyed in many fhires of England, even in the fingle ar- 
ticle of hard-ware; it is fcarce four years ago, fince we had a 
blade-mili in this kingdom, for the grinding of fcythes, fheers, 
&c, and even that erefled by a public encouragement of the 
Dublin Society, given to one Mr. Benjamin Whitton, of Carlo w. 
Whereas in many (hires of England, they are fituated plenti- 
fully on every mill ilream, as Dr. Plot informs us ; who fays, 
that in his time, m the parifli of Sedley, there were no lefs 
than two thoufand of that trade, which is far fhort of wha£ 
there are at prefent in other places of that and Warv/icklhire. 
For thefe kind of manufactures, we fend abroad feme thou- 
fands of pounds yearly : this money might be kept at home, 
by fetting up fuch works among ourfelves ; and we might, ip 
time, as our American colonies increafe in their demands, pro- 
cure liberty to export thefe goods to foreign markets. 

(24) The parifli of Tallow is bounded on the W. by the 
barony of Killnataloon, in the county of Cork; on the E, by 
the parifh of Killwatermoy ; on the S. by the county of Cork| 
on the N. by the parifli of Lifmore. 

(2O Cox, Vol. II. p. 18. 

{26) The names of the firfl: twenty- four burgefl'es in the 
charter, were Tho. Ball, mcrch. Edw. Bethell, gent. Corn, 
Gaffney, gent. Rich. Power, gent. Leonard Knowles, gent. 
Roger Rofier, gent. Hugh Porter, gent. Hugh Roberts, gent. 
John Porter, Henry Wright, Chrifl:opher Berkhead, Thomas 
Condon, Maurice Silver, Thomas Clarke, the elder, Michael 
Burdon, Thomas Taylor, Henry Holton, Tho. Eilwit, Philip 
Clarke, George Dawfon, Chrift. Game> Tho. Lyne, the elder, 
Hich. Capp, and Walter Co!iin.s> 

D 4 geiles 



^r, Natural and Civil Hi/i^KV of 

gefles to ferve in parliament. The jCrrifdidlion of 
the fovereign and burgefTes is gone into difufe-, but 
the town as yet continues to return two members to 
parliament. The ele<Stors are called potwallopers ; 
and the fenefchal of the manor, who is appointed 
by the earl of Cork, is the returning officer. Tallow 
was never encompaiTed by a wall, nor was it a place 
of any defence ; but in the rebellion of 1641, an 
intrenchment was cafl up round it, having four* 
gates or entrances, all made at the expence of the faid 
earl, v/ho maintained in it a garrifon of one hundred 
/ foot. In this town, is nothing remarkable ♦, the church 
/ is low, and has but an indifferent afpe6t ; here is 

aifo a market-houfe and a manor-goal, both eredt- 
ed by the above-mentioned nobleman. 

The river Bride, not inferted in Petty's map of 
this county, runs about half a mile N. of this town, 
v/here it is paiTed by a flone bridge. From an ad-^ 
jacent hill, through which the road runs from Lif- 
more, it makes a moft beautiful appearance, wind- 
ing, in ferpentine meanders, as regular as if de- 
figned by art. This winding, in fome fort, ob- 
flrucls the navigation of the river ; neverthelefs^ 
flat-bottomed boats come up to the bridge, where- 
by the people of Tallow have an eafy water-carriage 
to and from YoughalL 

To the W. of Tallow-bridge, are the'^ruins of. 
the caftle of Lisfinny, which formerly belonged to 
the earl of Deflnond, whofe caftles, in this county^ 
were very numerous. Near the mouth of the Bride, 
in an angle formed by this river and the Black- 
water, is a place called Camphire ; the land of 
which lying low, feems to be excellent, both for 
arable and pafture. Near the bounds of the county, 
ftands Killmacow, the ruins of another caflle of. 
the above-mentioned earl The road, leading to- 
wards Youghall, runs through a mountainy, un- 
pleafant country, where little is to be feen, except 
daiiy-houfes, black cattle, and, here and there, 
fome cultivated land, ' The 



W A T E R F O R D. 41 

*rhe parifh of Killwatermoy (27) is coarfe and Klllwater- 
moiintainous, except the more northern parts, near'^^^^P^'^^^ 
the river Bride, and towards the Black-water. The; 
parifh-church, now in ruins, ftands about two miles 
to the S. E. of Tallow. About the fa^e diftance, 
to the E. is Headborough, the feat of William 
Smith, efq; pleafantly fituated near the Black- water. 
' The fmall pariOi of Killcockan (28) has little jr|j|^Qc^, 
in it remarkable. The Black-water being here an parilh. 
6f a confiderable breadth, makes a beautiful ap- 
pearance; its banks, on both fides, are fcarce any 
other than lofty hills, fhaded with woods, which, 
in fummer, afford very entertaining landfcapes. A , 
little lower, the river forms a confiderable bafon, 
called the broad of Clafhmore -, on either fide where- 
bf, low marfhy grounds, called Inches, jut out in 
fome places, which, being covered with grafs, feem, 
at a diftance from the adjacent high lands, to be 
ib many fmooth verdant iflands; Two miles below 
Headborough, is fituated the caflle of Strancal- 
ly (29), built upon a rock, diredly over the river. 
From the caille, through the rock to the river, a 
^aiTage was cut, of a confiderable length and 
breadth, and pretty deep. This kind of cave (as 
tradition fays) was formerly ufed by the tyrannical 

(27) The parifh of Killwatermoy, Is bounded by that of 
Tallow, on the N. on the S. by the county of Cork, and part 
of Rhincrew pariflij and on the E. by the parifli of Killcockan, 
and part of .the Black- water. 

(28) The parifli of Killcockan, is bounded, on the E. by the 
liver ; on the N.. and W. by Killwatermoy ^ and on the S. by 
the parifli of Temple-Michael. 

(29) Mary Saunders, of Strancally, made oath, before Wil- 
liam Smith, of Headborough, efq; in April 1747, That flie 
threw out of her ftomach, in confequence of fome remedies, 
particularly a vOm.it given her by Dominick S^rsfield, M. D. of 
Cork, a four-footed creature, refembling a frnall water-rat, or 
iveafel, almoft four inches long and one broad, of a black co- 
lour, which flie produced to that gentleman. The author of 
rhis work faw this animal, preferved in fpirits^ the following 
year, in the city of Cork. 

earls 



42 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

carls of Defmond, as a prifon for fuch perfons who 
had fortunes in this part of the country, whom they 
frequently invited to the caftle to make merry, and 
afterwards confined to this dungeon, where they 
fuffered them to perifh ; there is an hole cut 
through the rock, in the manner of a portcullis, 
down which the dead bodies were cafl into the 
river ; and this done, their lands and effedls were 
feized. One perfon, by good fortune, efcaped out 
cf this dungeon, who gave the government infor- 
mation of thefe horrid pradices ; and both the cave 
and caille were, by their orders, foon after demolifh- 
ed. The cave is entirely laid open, and half of 
the caille blown up, the powder having fplit it from 
top to bottom ; and large pieces of the wall were 
thrown at a confiderable diflance from the reft, by 
the force of the blaft (30). The firft introducer of 
coyn and livery (31) was Maurice Fitz-Thomas, 
(afterwards created earl of Defmond) in the year 
1315, at the time of Edward Bruce's invafion, which 
was not the only arbitrary proceedings of the heads 
of this family. 

The 

(30) See the reduction of this caftle, in the Hiftories of 
Cork and Kerry. 

B7 an ad pafled in the 28th EHz. for the attainder of 
feveral perfons, among the reft, James Fitzjohn Gerrot, of 
Strancaily, efq; Gerrot Fitz- James, his fon, Thomas Fitz- 
James, his brother, and John Firz-James, are mentioned iri 
the attainder. 

(31) In a book called, "A Breviate of Ireland, and of the 
*' Decay of the fame," written by Pat. Finglafs, lord chief 
baron of the exchequer, temp. Hen. VIII. the author fays, 
*' that James earl of Defmond, grandfather to the earl that 
*' now is, (and it is little above fitty-one winters fmce he died) 
** was Jthe hrft man that ever put coyn and livery upon the 
" king's fubjefts — There are the counties of Waterford, Cork, 
" Kerry and Limerick, wherein dwelled divers knights, lords, 
*' efquires, and gentlemen, who wore the Engliih habit, and 
*' kept good Englifn order and rule, and the king's laws were 
*' there v/ell obeyed, and they had in the faid four fhires then, 

above iwo hundred marks a year each, of lands,, rents, and 

*' cuftoms. 



WATERFORD- 43 

The parifli of Temple Michael (32) Is the mod Temple- 
fouthern of this barony ; great part of it is rough ^'chael. 
and mountainous, with a confiderabie quantity of 
bog ; the beft cultivated part lies along the river. Ballyna- 

Ballynatray (33), the feat of Richard Smith, efq; tray, 
is fituated on a part of the Black-v/ater, which is 
confiderably broad, and, by its winding courfe^ 
feems to form a capacious lake, when viewed from 
the houfe. On the W. fide, is a fmall ifland, an- 
ciehdy called Dar-Inis, or the ifland of St, Molan- 
fide, now Molana, in which are the remains of an 
abbey of regular canons, founded in the fixth cen- 
tury, by that faint, who was the lirfl abbot. In this 
abbey, Raymond le Grofs, the Englifh general, who, 
with Strongbow, contributed fo much to the re- 
du6lion of Ireland, is faid to be buried. 

Somewhat lower than Molana, are the ruins of 
the church and caftle of Temple-Michael, which 
feem to have been demolifhed by powder ; as does 

" cuftoms, and the faid earl had but one part of the faid four 
*' fhires, and before he died, he put by the faid extortion of 
" coyn and livery, the faid four fhires, under him and his 
" heirs ; fo as now the king's laws be not ufed, the king nor 
*' his deputy obeyed, the king hath loft his rents and revenues, 
^* the lords and gentlemen of the fame being in no better cafe 
** than the wild Irilh j for they ufe Irifh habit and Irifh tongue j 
" and where the faid earl had not of yearly rents, more than 
** 500]. a year, now his heirs may difpend locool. a year." 
There feems to be a miftake in this account of the firft origin 
of coyn and livery ; for this tradt was wrote in the year i ^20 ; 
fo that, taking fifty-one winters from thence, it brings us back 
to the year 1469. In a book, intitled, " Pandarus, five Salus 
" Populi," wrote about the time of Edward IV. the author fays, 
" that fir Garret of DefmQnd's fons, of the county of Waier- 
" ford, and the Powers of the fame county, at that time fol- 
^- lowed the Irifli order, rule, and habit ; and this county v/as 
" not amenable to the law, and had neither juftice or flieriff 
** under the king." 

(32) Temple-Michael is bounded on the E< by the Blacks- 
water, on the W. and S. by the county of Cork, and On the 
N. by Killcockan and Killwatermoy. 

(33) In the 28th of queen Eliz. Maurice Fitz- William Fitz- 
Pavid, of Ballyoatray, was attainted, with feveral others. 

another 



44 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

another building, a little more to the S. fituated 
pa an high point, now called Rhincrew, but, in 
fome old M. S. Kilcrew ; which place is faid, by 
tradition, to have been an houfe of the knights 
- templars. 

To the E. of the iiland of Mokna, runs a ledge 
of rocks, for a confiderable way into .the river ; 
which being covered at high-water, may, without 
care, prove dangerous to boats and other veiTels. 
The abbey-lands of Molana, or St. Molanhde, to- 
gether with thofe of Rhincrew, were granted to fir 
Walter Rawleigh in fee- farm ; and afterwards, 
v/ith the refl: of his eilate, were purchafed by the 
earl of Cork. By a claufe in the commilTion for 
the plantation of Munfler, it was provided, that 
none (hould be an undertaker for above 1 2000 acres, 
or thereabouts ; yet there iffued out a warrant (34), 
for granting to Sir Walter Rawleigh, three feigno- 
ries and a half in the counties of Cork and Water- 
ford, as near Youghall as might be ; each feignory 
to contain 12000 acres, and the half feignory 6000 ; 
yielding for the faid lands, 100 marks fieri, the 
fame to be tenantable lands, and no mountains, 
bogs, or heaths. 

The lands lying on the fides of the Black- water, 
are well cultivated, and afford lime-ftone in many 
places, as at Tooreen, New-AfFane, Cappoquittj^ 
Lifmore, &c. they have alfo another kind of ma- 

(34) The lands comprized in the warrant, dated the laft of 
Feb. 1586, vvere thefe, viz. the barony, caflle, and lands of 
inchiquin, in Imokilly ; the caftle and lands of Strancally, Bal- 
lynatray, Killnatora ; and the lands lying on the river Broad- 
water and Bride, late David Mac Shean Roches and others; 
with the decayed town of Tallow ; and the caftle and lands of 
Lisfinny, Mogiila, Kfllacarow and Shean : and if thefe were 
not fufficient, the deficiency was to be made up, out of the 
caftle and lands of Mocollop, the caftle and lands of 
Temple-Michael, the lands of Patrick Condon, next ad- 
joining unto the Shean, and of the lands called Ahavena, alias 
Whitefland. 



W A T E R F O R D. 45 

nnre, which the country people call trifkar, being 
a colledion of weeds, grafs, itraw, mud, and other 
matter, which forms itfelf, in the river, into a kind 
of dung •, this they bring up in boats, and with it 
manure their grounds. They ufe alfo feaTand, 
brought from Youghali for this purpofe. 

Having paffed through this barony, I fhall now 
crofs the Blackwater, and proceed to the barony 
of Decies within Drum (35). At what time theDedes 
barony of Decies was divided into two diftincl ba- within 
ronies is uncertain •, at prefent, it isdiflinguiilied^'^^'^* 
at the affizes and feilions into two parts, viz. Decies 
within, and Decies without Drum. 

This barony is divided by ridges of hills, called 
Drum-Fineen, which not only ftretch through this 
county, but alfo through thofe of Cork and Kerry. 
It comprehends the parifhes of Rineogonah, Ard- 
more, Kinfalebeg, Aglifh, and part of KilmolaQi. 

Part of the pariih of Rineogonah (^6) is well Rineo^^- 
cultivated, particularly that which lies contiguous nahpanili 
to the harbour of Dungarvan, the fides of the hills 
being tilled to the very top, efpeciaily on the north 
fide ; the fouth fide, being coarfe bog, is unfit for 
culture, only affording turf, except a few trafts 
near the fea, Vv'hich are moflly pafture. The fer- 
tility of this range of hills holds, on the north i\d€^ 
through their extent in this county, affording not 
only barley, cats and potatoes, but alfo wheat in 
confiderable quantities; which is, in a great mea- 
fure, ov/ing to the excellent manure of fea-fand> 
taken up in the harbour of Dungarvan. 

The parifli church is here, as in moft other 
places, in ruins ; it is, together with a well near it^ 

(35) Decies within Drum, is bounded on the S. and E. by 
the ocean ; on the W. by the BJack-water ; and on the N. b/ 
Decie~ without Drum. 

(36) Rineogonah parifh, is bounded with that of Diingarvan 
on ihe N. ana partly by the fea, which alio bounds it on the 
S. and £. on the S, W. it is bounded by i\rdmore parilli. 

dedicated 



4^ Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

dedicated to St, Nicholas ; and is much reforted to 
by thofe of the church of Roire (37) on the patron 
day of that faint. At Killunkart, are the remains 
of an old building, faid, by tradition, to have been 
an houfe of the knights templars ; though it feems 
not to have been any other than one of their manoF 
houfes, many of which they had difperfed up and 
down in divers parts of the kingdom'. 
Ardmore Ardmore parifh (38) is a confiderable trad. The 
pariih. name fignifies a great height or eminence. It was 
anciently an epifcopal fee, ereded by St. Declan, 
the firil bifhop of it, in the infancy of the Irifh 
church ; and confirmed by St. Patrick, in the fynod 
of Cafnel, held in 448. St Declan was born in 
this county, and was of the family of the Defii ; 
he travelled, for education, to Rome, where he 
lived for forae years, was ordained by the pope, 
and returned home about the year 402. 

That there w^ere fome chriflians here before his 
time, may be gathered from his life. For he is faid 
to have been baptized by one Colman, a priefl, 
when he was feven years old ^ to be put under the 
tuition of Bymma, a religious chriftian, to learn to 
read ; and that Cairbre was his fchooi-fellow. At 
his return, he alfo founded an abbey in this place, 
the rule of which was particular, and but of a fmall 
extent ^ but fiibmitted afterwards to that of the 
regular canons. See a further account of this faint^ 
and his family, in chap. I. 

(37) This cuflom of viliting reputed holy wells, was always 
prohibited in the more early times of the church, as may be 
feen in the canons of the Anglican councils (Tub Edgaro, can. 
60.) under liie name of Wilve-urthunga, truly tranilated, 
Well-worftiip, as is made appear by Dr, Hammond, out of an 
old ^axon penitential and homily of bifhop Lupus, Ham- 
mond's Annotations on the Epiftle to the Coloffians, Chap. if. 
V. 23. 

(38) The parifh of Ardmore, is bounded by that of White- 
church on the N. by Rineogonah on the E. by the ocean on 
the S. and by the pariih of Kinfalebeg and Agliih on the W. 

There 



WATERFORD. 47 

There are, at prefent, the remains of two ancient 
churches at Ardmore. One fituated on the edge 
of a clift, near the Tea, which is quite in ruins, 
and feenas to have been the firfl church built here- 
abouts ; near which, on the flrand, they fhew you 
St. Declan's flone, as it is called, being of a coarfe 
grit, like all the adjacent rocks. It lies fhelving 
upon the point of a rock, and on the patron-day 
of this faint, great numbers creep under the (lone 
three times, in order (as they pretend) to cure and 
prevent pains in the back. This ftone, they tell you, 
fwam miraculoufly from Rome, conveying upon it 
St. Declan's bell and veftments. Near this church, is 
a well, dedicated to the fame faint, to which, as 
well as to the flone, many miraculous virtues are 
attributed by the fuperftitious people. 

The other church (lands about a mile N. W. of 
the former, and, by its appearance, feems very 
ancient. There is flill remaining, a handfome Go- 
thic arch, which feparates the body of the church 
from the chancel. The pillars fupporting it, are 
fomewhat more mailive than thofe of the Tufcan 
order; their thicknefs denotes the antiquity of the 
building. For the edifices of the ancient Goths, 
were very mailive, heavy, and coarf? ; v/hereas 
later Gothic ftruclures are light, delicate, and rich. 
The firfl was introduced in the firth, and the latter 
in the thirteenth century. The chancel only of the 
church is roofed, and divine fervice u(ed therein. 
On the W. end of the church, are the rem,^ins of 
fome figures, venerable for their antiquity, done in 
alto relievo, in freeflone. Thofe which time has not 
defaced, are the reprefentations of Adam and Eve, 
with the tree and ferpent between them -, the judg- 
rnent of Solomon, between the tv/o harlots i a Jev/ifh 
facrifice ; and other figures, fo defaced, that it is im- 
poflible to diilinguifn what they were deJlgned for; 
but the whole appears to have been an epitome 
of the hiflory of the Old Teflament ; and feems to 

be 



48 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

be properly contrived, to inftruCt the ignorant 
natives, in thofe dark ages, in the principles of 
the true religion. 

A round tower fiands near this church, above lod 
feet high, excellently well built of hewn ftone, gra- 
dually leiTening towards the top, and the door is 
about fifteen feet from the ground. It has, no 
doubt, been ufed for a belfry or fteeple, there be- 
ing towards the top, not only four oppofite v/in- 
dows to let out the found, but alfo three pieces of 
oak flill remaining, on which the bell was hung: 
There are alfo two channels cut in the cill of the 
door, where the rope came out, the ringer land- 
ing below the door, without fide. The bafe of thi^ 
tower is forty-five feet in circumference, or about 
fifteen in diameter. The roof is pyramidal, being 
of flone, very well cut, and clofely jointed together- 
well plaflered, within-fide, from top to bottom ; and 
as white and frefh as if but nev/ly done. The 
whole is divided, by four beltings, into (lories, with 
a window to each. On the top, a kind of crofs, 
like a crutch, flill remains. This is, at prefent, 
one of the mofl intire of thefe kind of towers in 
the kingdom, and the only one of the fort in this 
county (39). See a further account of thefe ftruc- 
tures, in the Ancient and Prefent State of the 
County of Cork, Vol.11, pag. 408. edit. 1746. 

In the church-yard, is the dormitory of St. De- 
clan, being a fmall low houfe, not long fince roofed 
and flated, at the expence of the late bifhop Mills. 
In this place, they fhew a fkull, as they pretend, 
of this faint ; and another flcull is venerated here 
alfo, on the fame account ; though both of them 
feem much frefher and founder than any fkull could 
have been fuppofed to be, which was prefer ved for 
eight hundred years. A flory is related, that the 
real fkull of St. Declan was, fome years ago, fent 

(39) Vide Plate IV. Fig. i. 

to 



WATERFORD. 49 

to a filverfraith in Youglial, in order to have it 
bound together with hoops of filver ^ but it falling 
to pieces under the hammer, the heretical work- 
man threw it away, and fubftituted another found . 
one in its place. 

Ardmore was anciently a Danifh fettlement ; for 
liereabouts are feveral remains of this people, as 
circular intrenchments, and fuch works. 

I here met with an ancien^ deed, dated the 8th 
©f Richard I. anno 1197, fettling a fmall tradl of 
lands on the family of tne Mernins, by one Chrifli- 
ana Hy-Dorothy, a Dane. The deed is very fliort, 
but is much defaced by time ; however, it is re- 
markable, this fpot continued in the fame name and 
family to the year 1745, when they fold it. 

Ardmore is now no more than a village, where 
appears, at prefent, the ftump of a caflle ; and not 
long fince, was a much larger one there, which was 
taken down. . Near the fea-coafl", the land is tole- 
rably good, affording pailure and plentiful crops of 
corn. The parifh, being of a large extent, is di- 
vided into two ; where the village of Ardmore is 
feated, is the fmaller divifion ; the larger, which is 
commonly named the Oid-parifh, is mof[:ly an un- 
cultivated mountain, in which there is little re- 
markable, except fome large pits, on the fide of 
the road leading from Dungarvan to Youghal, out 
of which, iron ore v/as formerly dug. The higher 
ridges of thefe mountains, generally confifl: of a 
light gravelly foil ^ but the hollows are mofcly 
over-run with bog. In fome places of thefe moun- 
tains, there are large tratls fit for pafiure, which 
are generally well ftocked with black cattle ; and it . 
is remarkable in thefe uncultivated tra6ls, efpecially 
near the fea, where fnov/ feldom lafl:s forty-eight 
hours, that the flock bear the rigour of a fevere 
winter, better than fuch as are fed in richer lands, 
thofe lail commonly requiring much fodder to fup- 

E port 



50 Natural and Civil Hijtory of 

port them ; whereas here the tops of broom, furze, 
heath, &c. fupply that defedt. 

The church of Hacketftown v/as formerly a cha- 
pel of eafe to Ardmore, it being in the fame parifh. 
From Ardmore, one begins to defcend the hills 
Klnfale- i^to the parifh of Kinfalebeg, (40) which confifls 
beg par. of better land than the other ; the church ftands 
alnioljl oppofite to the town of Youghal, and though 
not46ng fince roofed, is going (for want of repair) 
into decay. In this parifh, fituated near the Black- 
water, is Loughtane, a pleafant feat of Mr. Ro- 
iiayne, with good improvements ; near which ftands 
an ancient caille, called Ballyheny ; by whom 
' erected i could not learn. 

Pilltown, not longfmce theeflateof the Walfhes, 
is a;i other place of fome note, where lived Judge 
Waifn, the fuppofed author of the forged commif- 
fion in favour of the Iriih rebels in king Charles Ifl's 
time. The particulars of this affair were not dif- 
covered till after the reftoration, when lord Muf- 
kerry confeiTed the whole to lord Orrery, at the 
duke of Ormond's caille of Kilkenny (41). Near 

the 



(40) Bounded on the E. by Ardmore, on the W. by Youghal 
bay, on the N. by the parifli of Claflimore, and on the S. by 
the fea. 

(41) Mr. Maurice, chaplain to lord Orrery, relates this 
affair as follows, 

" His lordihip waited on the duke of Ormond at Kilkenny, 
*^ duringf which time the lord Muflcerry, who had been In the 
*' rebellion of Munfter, came there alfo. Lord Orrery one day 
*' took an opportunity to afk him, hov/ the rebels obtained that 
** commiflion, which they ihewed to the lord prefident St. Le- 
*' ger, under the King*s great feai ? Lord Mufkerry anfwered, 
*' I. will be free and unreferved with you ; it was a forged com- 
" miffion,, drawn up by WaiOi and others, who having a wrlt- 
*' ing, to which the great feai was fixed, one of the company 
" very dexteroufly took off the fealed wax from the label 
** of the writing, and fixed it to the label of the forged com- 
" miHiion ; whilft this was doing, an odd accident happened, 
*' which flartled all prefent, and had almoft intirely difconcert- 
" ed the fcheiiie. The forged conmiiffion being finiflied, while 

" .he 



W A T E R F O R D, gt 

the ferry point of Youghal, is Profpect-hal], a hand- 
fome feat, with good improvements, made by the 
late Stephen Bernard, efq; From hence, one has 
a pleafant view of the ocean ; Cable-Iiland, on the 
W. fide of the bay ; the town and harbour of 
Youghal, vv'ith the fnipping in the river, and at the 
key. Youghal, from this fide of the water, makes 
an handfome appearance, lying N. and S. ranged 
along the oppofite ibore. Near the verge of the 
water, is a fort or block-houfe, on which fomiC can- 
non are mounted -, adjoining to which is a key, 
with a fecure mole for velTelstohe in. The church 
is built on a rifmg ground behind the town, at the 
back Vv'hereof, on the hill, runs the town wall, 
flanked by fome old towers. On the N. and S. of 
the place, are the ruins of two abbies. But m.ore 
of this town, with a perfpedlive view thereof, rr.ay 
be feen, in the ancient and prefent flate of the 
county of Cork, vol. I. 

Between Youghal and this barony, is a communi- 
cation by a ferry-boat, which, in bad weather, is 
hazardous and difficult to pafs. To the N. of this 
■parifn, on the Black- water, lies the parifh of Clafh- Clafli- 
more (42), the lands of which, near the river, are ^^^'^ F^*"- 
tolerably good, the eaftern parts miCuntainous, but 
profitable for the feeding of black cattle. At Clafh- 
more, was anciently an abbey of Canons Regular, 
founded in the feventh century, by St. Cronan 

" the parchment was handling and turning, in order to put 
" on the feal, a tame wolf, which lay afleep by the fire, awaked 
*' at the noife and crackling of the parchment, and running 
" to it, feized and tore it to pieces, notwithftanding all liafte 
"and (Irength to prevent him j fo that they were obliged to 
** begin anew, and write all over again. Mufkerry added, that 
** it would have been impoffible to have kept the people toge- 
*' ther without this device." 

(42) The parifn of Clafiimore, is bounded on the E. by that 
of Admore, on the W. by the Black-Vv'Rter, on the S. by 
Kinfalebeg parifh, and by that of Aglifli on the N. 

E z Mochua ; 



5 a Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Mochua; the lands whereof, on the diflblution, 
were granted to fir Walter Rawleigh in fee- 
farm. 

Clafhmore is the feat of Mr. Power ; is well 
fituated near the river, not far from the place where 
the river Licky emptiesitfelf into the Black- water; 
and round the houfe, are confiderable improve- 
ments. 

Ballynamultina is the feat of Mr. Mansfeild, 
near which is a good flate quarry. To the N. of 
Agllilipar. this parifh, lies that of Aglifli (43), in which are 
the remains of an ancient fquare building, called, 
by the Irifh, Clough, which inclofes half an acre of 
ground. It coxnfifts of a high wall, with a tower at 
each angle ; on the S. is a large gate-way formerly 
defended by a portcuUis; round the walls, are 
ranges of fpike-holes j and on the top, are the re- 
mains of battlements. The towers were the only 
parts of tins budding which have been roofed ; the 
. whole feerns to oe an ancient piece of regular for- 
tification, fuch a£ were ufed before the invention of 
fire-arms. Tradition fays, that this place was built 
by king John, as an half-way flage between Cork 
and Waterford. 
Kilmo- The parifh of Kilrrolafn (44) joins this, and is 
lafn. par. but of a fmall extent ; the foil of both is partly 
mountain, but towards the W. tolerably fertile. 
At a place called Bewley, a conception of Beau- 
Lieu, in this parifh, are the remains of a monaflick 
building, but to what order it belonged .is uncertain. 
Tradition will have it, to be one of the Templars 
houfes. 

(43) The parifh of Agllfh is bounded on the S. by Clafli- 
more ; on the N. by Affane ; part of Ardmore and Kilraolafli 
bound it on the E. and rhe Black water on the -V. 

(44.) The parifh of Kilmolafh is bounded on the N. and E. by 
that of White-church, on the S. by Aglilh, and on the W* by 
AfFane. 

• ' Having 



WATERFORD. 53 

Having gone through the feveral pariflies of this 
barony, I (hall proceed to that of Decies without Barony of 
Drum (45). This is the largeft barony in the^f^jj^^ 
county, and comprehends the parifhes of Affane, ^ru,^"^ 
White-church, Modelligo, Seikinan, Colligan, 
Dungarvan, Killrulh, Killgobonet, Cionea, Kill- 
rofTinta, Stradbally, Fews, and RofTmeer. 

The mod remarkable place in the parifh of Af- j^^^^^ 
fane (46) is Drumana, a noble feat of the earl of p^j.. 
Grandifon. The houfe is built on the foundation 
of an ancient caftle, that formerly was the chief ■ 
fe^t of the Fitzgeralds of the Defies, who were 
defcended from fir Gerald, fecond fon to James 
the feventh, earl of Defmond, whofe family have 
been a long time fettled here. John, earl of Gran- 
difon, enjoying this eftate in right of his mother 
Catherine Fitzgerald, the only remaining heir of 
the family. It is very boldly fituated on a rock^ 
over the Black-water ^ the cadle with all its furni- 
ture, being burnt down by the Irifli, the prefent 
houfe was ereded, to ferve till a more commodious 
one could be built. 

Befides feveral family portraits, here is a St 
Jerome, exquifitely well painted, as large as the 
life, by a mafterly hand. 

The gardens are fituated on the fide of a hillj 
which hangs over the river, where is a noble terras, 
affording a profpedt up to Cappoquin. To the 
S. the river is hemmed in with high hills, covered 
with wood ; at the foot of the garden is a neat 
bafbion, the vaults under which, ferve for a boat- 
houfe. The adjacent deer-park is a pleafant fpot 

(45) The barony of Decies without Drum, is bounded on 
the S. by Decies within Drum, on the S. E. by the ocean, 
on the W. by Coflimore and Colhbride, on the E. by Upper-= 
third and Middlethird, and on the N. by Upperthird and 
Glanehiry baronies. 

(46) Affane parifh is bounded on the E. by that of White- 
church, on the W. by the Black water, on the N. by Model- 
}igo^ and on the S. by the pariih of Aglilh. 

E 3 of 



Natural and Civil Wiory of 

of ground, lying almoft contiguous to the feat, at 
the N. end whereof, is an handfome lodge, erefted 
for the keeper. Through this park is a noble 
avenue, and round the feat, are abundance of 
other plantations, all in a fiourifhing way. His 
lordfliip obtained from the DubHn Society a pre- 
mium of fifty pounds, for planting out the greatefl 
number of timber trees, having between December 
1742, and the fifth of March 1744, planted out 
63480 trees of oak, afli, chefnut, elm and beech 5 
which premium his iordfhip generouily gave to 
the perfon employed by him in his plantations, 
No defi3;ns can be greater than thofe, which con- 
tribute to the ornamenting and enriching of one's 
country : Bcfides fupplying its defedts, thefe are 
folid and lafting advantages, and of more benefit 
to pofherity than the undertaker. Nothing feems 
rnore likely to induce a general improvement than 
the prevalency of good example ; and this is not 
the only one wherein this worthy nobleman has 
endeavoured to introduce a fpirit of induftry in 
this part of the country. An account of the neigh- 
bouring village of Drumana, and his lordfhip's 
encouragement to manufacturers, has been pub- 
lidied in an Irifh m.agazine, fmce the former edition 
of this work was printed, and fmce which time^ 
thefe improvements were made. Vide Lodge's 
Peerage, vol. I. p. 13, &c. 

Affane v/as formerly called Arthmean, or Agh- 
mean, from Agh a ford, the Black- water being 
fordable hereabouts. In the year 1564, onthefirft 
of February, was fought (47) a bloody conflid at 
this place, between the earls of Ormond and Def- 
mond, where the , latter had three hundred men 
killed. The caufe of this quarrel is not related by 
Cox ; but, by a privy feal of the 12th of March, 
IS^^ (48. )> it appears, that the difpute aroie upon 

(47) Cox, vcL I. p. 3t7, 

(/J.8) Irrot. in dorf. Rot, Sth of Elix. 

the 



W A T E R F O R D. S5 

the titles to fome lands in this county and that of 
Tipperary, in the poiTeiTion of the earl of Ormond, 
but claimed by the earl of Deimond ; the refult of 
which was, that the queen by the faid privy feal-, 
ordered the pofleffion to continue in the earl of 
Ormond, until the earl of Deimond fhould recover 
the fame by legal procefs. It is faid, that Defmond 
v/as wounded in the battle, and being taken up 
by one of Ormond's m.en, who carried him on his 
back, one of his people alked bim, how he found 
himfelf ? he anfwered, nothing could hurt him, 
fince he had the pleafure of riding the Butlers, aU 
luding to the man that carried him. 

Affane is famous for the bed cherries in this 
country (4.9) or perhaps in Ireland, being firfl 
planted here by fir Walter Rawieigh, who brought 
them from the Canary iflands. 

White-church parifh (50) is of a confiderable ex- wblte- 
lent, and gives title to the hon. William Mauie, chuich. 

par. 

(49) The city of Cerafus, in Cappadocia, was anciently fa- 
mous for the cberry-treies which Luculius, the Roman confuI» 
firft brought to Rome, being afterwards difperfed from Italy, ail 
over the Weftern world, as Pliny informs us. Lib. 55. ch. 2cj. 

The author of the hiilory of the Royal Society judicioufly 
obferves, that whatever attempts of this kind have fucceeded, 
they have been of the greateft advantage to the undertakers. 
He takes notice, that the orange of China, being brought into 
Portugal, has drawn a great revenue every year from London 
alone. The vine of the Rhine taking root in the Canaries, has 
produced a far more delicious juicv-^, and has made the rocks 
and fun-burnt plains of thefe iilaiids, one of the richeft: foots 
of ground in the world. He alfo infiances the filken manufac- 
ture in Virginia, originally brought from the Eaft-Indies. 

The firft orange-tree that came to L ibon, vi'as fent, as a 
prefent, to the old Conde Melor, then prime minifter to the king 
of Portugal, but one only plant efcaped being fpoiled, out of 
the whole cafe, which was hardly recovered, and became the 
parent of all thofe trees of the kind, fmce cultivated in Europe, 
This account Mr. Evelyn fay?;, he had from the Conde's fon, 
then an exile at London. Evelyn's Sylv B. 2. p. 14 . 

(50) White-church Par is bounded on the \¥. by the forego- 
ing, on the E by the Par. of Dungarvan, on theN. by Model- 
ligo, and on the S. by Kilmolafh and Ardmore. 

E 4 who 



Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

who was created baron Maule of White-church, 
and earl of Penmure of Forth, in the county of 
Wexford, by patent dated the fecond of May, 
1 743. Ballyntaylor, the feat of the family of Ufher, 
and foraierly that of the fannily of Ofborne, is fitu- 
ated on the S. of this pariili, about three miles S. 
W. of Dungarvan. The houfe was built by fir 
Richard Oiborne, in 1619, as appears by a coat 
of arms, cut In flione, fixed in an adjacent wall, 
with that date. Here are confiderable plantations 
of timber trees (befides large adjacent woods) as 
oak, elms, wallnut, &;c. as alfo the arbutus, a tree 
which grows naturally in this kingdom. This and 
the buckthorn, thrive here, becoming confiderable 
large trees, though accounted fhrubs in mod other 
places, which has been often known to happen 
through difference of foil, climate and culture. 
The fir alfo flouriilies in this place. The late mofl 
worthy poiTeilbr, John Ufher, efq; being curious in 
this way, alfo planted nurferies of different kinds 
of Newfoundland fpruce, a fpecies which well de- 
ferves our notice, as affording a cheap and excel- 
lent drink, well known in that country, by the 
Dame of fpruce beer ^ is wholefom.er, and far pre- 
ferable to mofl: kinds of weak malt liquors ; and 
would be of great fervice to the poor of this king- 
dom, was it known to them. The manner of 
making it may be feen in Prior's narrative of the 
-virtues of "lar- water, where its great virtues in cur- 
ing the fcurvy, and preventing that difeafe among 
our fifhermen in Nev/foundland, is amply related. 

A little above the houfe, is an extenfive profped 
of the adjacent country and fea-coafl. The gar- 
dens lie in Hopes, on the fide of the hill, and are 
capable of being much improved ; nor is water 
wanting to fupply any beauty of that kind. As 
the late worthy poiTeifor delighted in planting, and 
other ufeful improvements, no doubt, this feat 
would have been a confiderable ornament to this 

part 



W A T E R F R D. 57 

part of the country, had he lived a few years 
longer. 

About half a mile to the N. are the remains of 
the caflle of Knockmoan, faid to have been built 
by a woman, v/hofe tomb-ftone is fhev/n here, 
being very large, but without any infcription or 
fculpture, except a kind of crofs, circumfcribed in 
a circle in relievo, of very rude v^^orkmanfhip, 
which (hews its antiquity. Near the caftle, are the 
ruins of a little chapel, being the burying place 
of fir Richard Ofborne, above mentioned, near 
which, are the remains of a very ancient fig tree, 
long fince in a (late of decay. 

The caftle flood on an high limeftone rock, one 
fide of which was perpendicular, and more than 50 
feet above the plain. The mount was furrounded 
by a FofTe, filled with a running water, which had, 
not long fince, a draw-bridge over it. The whole 
is environed by a kind of miorafs or bog, through 
which a narrow caufe-way led to this pile ; fo that 
when the caftle was firft ereded, it was no very weak 
piece of fortification. Sir Richard Ofborne was 
clofely befieged here, during the rebellion of 1 641 ; 
and in April 1645, it was taken by the earl of 
Caftlehaven, v/ho, about the fam.e time, made 
himfelf mafter of Cappoquin, and the caftle of 
Drumana. 

It is obfervable, fays fir Richard Cox, (51) that fir 
Richard Ofborne, who owned Knockmoan, and was 
in it when it was taken, had all along obeyed the 
cefTation, and did not join with Inchiquin : Never- 
thelefs Caftlehaven denied him the benefit of the 
celTation, and took his caftle by force; therefore 
the lord lieutenant, by letters of the 25th of April, 
wrote to the lord Muikerry, and the reft of the 
fupreme council, for its reftitution. Caftlehaven 
marched from hence to Lifmore, where he re- 
ceived a repulfe, and from thence to Mitchelftown. 

in 
(51) Vol. II. P. 157. 



j§ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

In 1646, the lord Lifle (52), on the 20th of Fe- 
bruary^ arrived at Cork with fnpplies, for the En- 
giifh; and after vifiting many other places, had this 
caille of Knockmcan delivered up to him. 

Mount Odell, a feat a.:d improvement of the 
family of Odell, (lands about half a mile to the 
E. of the above caille ; near which a parcel of 
human bones, half burnt, were difcovered in heaps 
of Stones, called Kairns. Here is a vein of black 
marble, without the leail mixture of white. 

Cappa,'the eflate of John Ufher, efq; is fituated on 
the N. fide of the pariili, and near it, are the re- 
mains of an ancient building, faid to have belonged 
to the Knights-Templars. Excellent marie has 
been found here, lying deep in an adjacent bog ; 
but the place being fubject to be filled with water 
upon digging, makes it difficult to get any quan- 
tity of this ufeful manure. 

To the E. is Ballylemon, anciently an houfe of fir 
Richard Olborne, where, it is faid he kept a' 
feraglio of women, from whence this place had its 
name, Bally fignifying a town, and Loman a kept 
raiftrefs. Excellent raarle vv'as here alfo difcovered 
in an adjacent bog, upon fearching for which, the 
horns and fkeleton of a Moofe-deer were found, 
which are now in; the poilefllon of the earl of 
Grandifon. The horns of thofe huge creatures 
have been often met with in bogs, and other deep 
foils, but the bones are a rarity feldom feen. I 
may, perhaps, hereafter give a more particular ac- 
count of the fize, and ofleology of this animal. 

Some 3^ears ago was dug up, within a mile of 
Whitechurch, the rib of an elephant, which, 
no doubt, was fuch, [vid. Plate IV. Fig. 2.] 
it agreeing with the defcription of that animal 
in Dr. Moulings and Blair. Every body knows 
this creature. is a native of the warmer climates, 
far remote from this country. It is pretty certain, 

the 
(-Ti) Cox, Vol. II. p. 93, 



W A T E R F O R D. ^ 

the Romams never had any footing here, and it 
is doubtful v/hether they ever brought any of thefe 
animals even into Britain ; the only author that 
hints at their being brought thither, is Dion 
Caffius: But Suetonius, who alfo wrote the Hfe of 
the emperor Claudius, mentions nothing of the 
matter, nor does Dion fay, that he brought them 
with him, but that he gathered them together in 
order to it. Yet Mr. Cambden thinks, that ihe 
monflrous bones and teeth, which he takes notice 
to have been dug up in England, mufl have been 
the remains of elephants, brought over by the 
emperor Claudius, as Dion reports. 

Matthew Parris {^o,) fays, the firil elephant fcen 
on this fide the Alps, v/asonefent, as a prefent, by 
Lewis IX. king of France, to our king Henry III, 
An. 1255, and, perhaps, a few more fince might 
have been brought over for fhew or curiofity. 

Modelligo pariili (54) towards the N. is rough, Modelligo 
and confifts moilly of padure. In this paridi, are par. 
the remains of fom.e ancient cafl-les, belonging to 
the family of the Mac-Graths, who had formerly 
a large efcate in this part of the country. Moun- 
tain caftle, called alfo Fernane, v/as one of thefe, 
of which only the flum.p now remains. The caille 
of Sledy, or Curagh-na-fledy, is another, which was 
built in 1628, as appears from a date on a chim- 
ney-piece, with the words Fhilipus Mac-Grath. It 
is faid, the occafion of building this caille, was on 
a difpute between Magraih and his wife, who would 
not be reconciled to him, till he had built her a 
cafde on her own jointure, to do which he received 
fuch large contributions from his vailals, that when 
it Vv'as finifned, he was much richer than when he 
began his work. A great quantity of fine oak was 

(53) In Regn. Hen. III. Ann, 12^5. 

(54) Modelligo par. is bounded o,n the S. w'nn VVhitecliiirch, 
pn the I^I. with Selkinan, on the £. with Coliigan, and on the 
Yf' with the baronj of Colhmore apd Coilibride. 

employed 



Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

employed in this building, which is not much 
more than a century eredted. 

On the S. fide of the parifh, lies the church ; 
and near it, is a reputed holy well. 

Se&inan parifh {^z) is, for the mofl part, a 
mountainous and boggy tradt, with little in it re- 
markable. At Ballynan:iult, in this parifh, is a re- 
doubt for about 20 men. 

Adjoining to the former, is the fmall parifh of 
Cooligan, {c^6) not worthy of a particular defcrip- 
tion ; the land in it, is moftly arable and pafture, 
with fome bog. 
Bungar- The parifb of Dungarvan (57) is of a confider- 
Tan. par. ^\^ extent. The town of Dungarvan was anciently 
called Achad-Garbain, from St. Garbain, who 
founded an abbey of canons here, in the feventh 
century, of which there are now no remains. Sir 
Kichard Boyle, earl of Cork, v/as created vifcount 
of Dungarvan, by patent, dated the 26th of Odlober, 
1620, and this place fiili continues to give the 
title to the elded fon of the earl of Cork and Orrery, 
as it did alfo to the eldefl Ton of the earl of Bur- 
lington and Cork, vvhich lafl branch is now ex- 
tinct. 

By a flatute (58) made in 14S3, it was enaded, 
that this town and caflle, v\^ith feveral others 
named in the fl:atute, being in a flate of decay, 
fnould be feized into the King's hands, there to re- 
main for (io years, and the wardftiip of them to be 

(^5) Seficinan par. is bounded on the S. by Modelligo, on 
the N. by the bar. of Glanehery, on the W. by the fame, and 
on the E. by the par. of Killgoboner. 

(0) Cooh'gan is bounded on the N. by the foregoing par. 
on rue S. by Whitechurch, on the S. E. by Dungarvan, on the 
E. by Kiligobonet, and on the W. by Modelligo. 
r> (57) Dungarvan par. is bounded on the N by Kiligobonet, 
Ifei thf .S. by part of Ardraore and Rineogonagh, on the W. by 
Wlnfe'Si^h, on the E. by the ocean, and on the N. E, by 
Clcnea partfii. 

(58} Roll's office, 3d Edw. IV. No. 8. 

committed 



W A T E R F O R D. 6i 

committed to Thomas earl of Defmond, who fliould 
receive the cuftoms of the faid town, and expend 
them upon the reparation of the Walls. At the 
fam.e time, an a6t {^g) pafTed, for holding a com- 
mon market, every day, in this town, and that all 
goods therein fold, fhould pay reafonatle cuftoms, 
in the fame manner as v/as paid in Waterford and 
Dublin ; which cuftoms, were to be employed in 
making ditches, walls, &:c. about the faid town, 
according to the difcretion of Thomas, earl of 
Defmond. 

Another ftatute (60) of the fame parliament, 
grants the intire fee-farm of this town to the faid 
earl, during his hfe, without rendering any thing 
to the king or his heirs. 

Each angle of the town wall was defended with 
towers and baftions, and the gates with guard- 
houfes, many of which ftill remain. The caflle 
was originally built by king John, though afterwards 
repaired and pofTeffed by the earl of Defmond. In 
the 4th of Hen. VIII. an adl paiTed, (61) by which 
this caftle is confirmed to the kirig, together with 
all its fifhings, ilTues, cuftoms, &c. to be knit and 
united to his Majefty's Imperial Crown for ever. 

This town was incorporated about the year 
1463, by adl of parliament, ftiU preferved in the 
roils (62) king James I. for their fidelity to the Numb. 9. 

(59) Ibid. No. 10. (60) Ibid. No. i r. (61) Printed flat 
(62) This a£l recites, that *' as the Seignory of Dungarvan 
** was the moft great and ancient honour belonging to the king 
** in Ireland, which through war, &c. was, for the moft part, 
" deftroyed, it is provided, that the portrieve and coniinons of 
** the faid town, their heirs, &c may enjoy all mo.nner of free 
** gifts, cuftoms, &c. as the inhabi;:ants of the hon. manor of 
** * Clare, in England, have ufed a.nd enjoyed, and as the mayor 
" and commons of Briftol have done, the profits to go to the 
" reparation of the walls, &c. under the furvey of the earl of 
« Defmond." . y- 

* From this place, called Stoke-Ckre, the dukes of Clarence 
had their tides. 



St Natural and Civil Bifiory of 

erown, during the rebellion in queen Elizabeth*s 
time, renewed xhtxr priviledges, and changed the 
government of portrieve, into that of a fovereign, 
recorder, and 12 Brethren, who are to be yearly 
chofen, five days after the feafh of St. Peter. The 
admiralty of the harbour, was granted to the fove^ 
reign, with the fame extent of power as the mayors 
of Bfiflol had. 

This charter was renewed, by Richard Crom- 
well, in April 1659, at the requeft of Richard 
Harris, as is exprefs'd in the recital. By an inqui- 
fition {6^) taken 7th March, 1566, by Michael 
Fitzwilliams, the general furveyor of Ireland, there 
belonged to this borough feveral lands, houfes, &c, 
to the value of 203 1. per Ann. which ar^ now fet 
at five times as much. 

This manor v/as granted to (64) fir Pierce Buder, 
on the 26th of February, 26 Hen. VIII. who was 
alfo created earl of OfTory, and fenefchal, confla- 
ble and governor of this caflle and manor (into 
which the earl of Defmond had intruded forceably) 
with a fee of lool. fieri, out of the rents and 
profits of the faid caflle and manor, during his life ; 
remainder to James his fon and heir for life, re- 
mainder to his heir male -, then the faid office and 
fee to revert to the crown for ever {6 c), 

On the fifth of July, 36 of Hen. VIII. the king 
by privy feal, remitted to the earl of Orm.ond, ail 
arrears due out of this place from Michaelmas be- 
fore, and directed letters patent to be made cut, by 
the Chancellor, for his difcharge ; and for appoint- 
ing Robert St. Leger, brother to the Deputy, to 
be keeper and governor of the caflle, and granting 
to him all the rents, fifhings, and cufioms thereof; 
under condition that he fhould keep a convenient 

(63) Archives of the caftle of Lifmore. (64) Rot. 

cancel. 26 of Feb. 19 Hen. VIII. 

(65) Roll's office, Ann. 22. Hen. VIII. 

ward 



WATERFORD. 63 

ward in the faid caflle. I find that Robert St. 
Leger was alfo appointed, by king Edw. VL April 
7th 1547, to have the rule and fafe keeping of 
this caftle, honour and manor of Dungarvan, with 
all its appurtenances ; and to have to his own ufe, 
all and fingular the king's rents, farms, fifliing, 
cuftoms, profits and commodities thereof, from 
the feaft of St. Michael preceding. Rolls office. 

Auguft 7, 1550, the lords of the council of 
England, direded, by letter to the deputy, that 
James Walfh fhould be conflable of Dungarvan for 
life, and have a leafe of twenty-one years of the 
parfonage thereof. Rolls, Ann. 4. Edw. VI. Derfv. 

On the 27th of January, 1°. Elizab. 1558, a 
commiffion of martial law, was granted to Henry 
Stafford, conflable of this caftle, to exercife martial 
law, through the whole county of Waterford, on 
thofe, who had not inheritance above 20 s. pet Ann. 
nor goods or chattels to the value of lol. 

This manor, &c. was afterw^ards granted to fir 
George Thornton, by patent, dated the 8th of 
Nov. 2d of James' I. at 20I. per Ann. It at 
prefent belongs to the earl of Cork ; the caflle, &c. 
being granted to him by a6l of parliament. The 
corporation is now gone into difufe. 

Soon after the breaking out of the Irifh rebellion, 
the lord prefident of Munfter, (66) in March 1642, 
recovered this place, which had revolted but a few 
months before, with mofl of the towns in Munfter : 
He left one lieut. Roflington (67) governor of the 
caflle, from whom the Irifh, foon after, took it by 
furprife. The perfons who concerted the defign, 
were John Hore Fitz-Matthew, Matthew, his ion, 
and John Fitz-gerald, of Fernane, who, at the re- 
quefl of Richard Butler, efq- of Kilicafh, made 
the attempt. The caflle was taken with' the help 

(66) Cox, V. n. P. 94, 97. (67) M. S. E. of Cork, 

of 



6^ Natural and Civil Uijlory of 

of fcallng ladders, placed between the grate and 
the wall (68) ; and the fame night, all the EngliHi 
in. the town were plundered, by fir Nicholas Walfh, 
a 'i iiis followers After this furprifal, they fitted 
oiu a veilei for F; ance, and loaded her with feveral 
kinds of goods, and in return, brought over a 
" large quantity of powder, cannon, and other fire- 
arms, with which they fortified the caftle. The 
Irifh governor was one John Buder, who lived 
near Carrick, and had (as the M. S. fays) a little 
Sro'ch Engineer, who undertook to fupply the 
place with fre(h water, but could not efFe6t it. 
They held the town (69) till May 1647, ^^ which 
tinne, the lord prefident inchiquin, with 1500 horfe, 
and as many toot, made himfelf mailer of it ; hav- 
ing rn his march, reduced the caftles of Cappoquin 
and Drumana. 

The town continued two years in the hands of 
the royal party, till about the beginning of Decem- 
ber 1649. ^70) at which time Cromwellj having 
raifed tae fiege of Waterford, (the Marquis of 
Ormond not being to be drawn to a battle) march- 
ed this way ; on the 2d of December, the army 
arrived at Killmacthoma, on the next day, the 
water rofe fo high at that place, that the whole day 
was fpent m getting over the foot, fo that they 
marched only three miles, and then quartered at 
feveral villages. On the 4th, part of the army ad- 
vanced to Knockmoan, the remainder befieged 
Dungarvan, which furrendered, in a few days, at 
difcretion. Cromwell, haying ordered the inhabi- 
tants to be put to the fword, marched into the 
town on horfeback, at the head of his troop : At 
this jun6ti:re, a woman, whofe name was Nagle, 
(and who deferves to be remembered) boldly (lepped 
up, took his horfe by the bridle, and, with a flag- 



(68) M. S. In Lifmore. (69) Cox, V. 2. P. 196, 

(70) M. S. of Df, Henry Jones, in his own hand, 



g 



on 



W A T E R F O R D. 6$ 

gon of beer in her hand, drank to the general's 
health, who being warm, and thirfty, pledged her • 
at the fanae time, her fervants brought out fome 
barrels of beer, and began to diflribute it among 
the men. Cromwell, pleafed with the generofity 
of the woman, not only ordered the lives of the in- 
habitants to be fpared, but alfo faved the town 
from being pillaged. 

Two days after the furrender, lieut. gen. Jones 
(71) being feverifh, took to his bed, ianguifhed to 
the loth, then died of a peftilential fever, and 
was earned to Youghal ; where he was buried with 
great folemnity, in the chapel of the earl of 
Cork (72). 

In 

(71) Dr. Jones's journal. 

(72) The memoirs of lord Orrery fay, ** that colonel Jones, 

** who was difgufted at Cromwell and Ireton, fent a letter to 

" lord Broghiil from Dungarvan, preffing earneftly to fpeak with 

** him, of which he informed both Cromwell and Ireton, afking 

*• their leave to go to him j which they granted, but fent an 

** officer along with him, under pretence of attending on him, 

** but really as a fpy. With this companion, lord Broghiil went 

** to Jones, who was laid down upon his bed. Jones ^ feeing the 

*' captain with him, entered upon a general difcourfe. At laft, 

** telling my lord he was very ill, and not knowing but he nn'ght 

" die, he defired the captain to walk out of the room, for he 

** had fomething to fay to lord Broghiil in private. Trie cap- 

•' tain withdrew, and as foon as he was gone, Jones, after fome 

** paflionate inveflives againft Cromwell, told my lord, that his 

*' iordihip was but a young man, that Cromwell intended to ruin 

" them both, that they were fufpeded by him, as he might fee 

" by the fpy which he fent with him, that if he would join with 

** him, they would fet up for therafelves, and beat Cromwell out 

** of Ireland; and with thofe Englifli, who, he made no doubt 

*' would join with them, they might well enough fubdue the 

** rebels. Lord Broghiil replied, he was fenfible under what fuf- 

*' picion they lay, that he thought it was not at that time feafon- 

*' able to free themfelves from their yoke ; becaufe they Ihould 

** be then a divided party, and the Irifti would cherifh their divi- 

*' fions to deftroy both, and fo the redudion of the rebellion 

" would be hindered : that they had better wait till the rebellion 

" was intirely fuppreffed. and themfelves had got abetter intereft 

«« with the people, before they attempted the luin of Crotnwell. 

F ** Befides 



C6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

In 1689, king James granted a new charter to 
this tov/n, by which the corporation was to confift 
of a fovereign, 22 burgeifes, a recorder and town- 
clerk, (thefe laft to be appointed by the chief go- 
vernor of Ireland) as alfo three ferjeants and a Wa- 
ter-Bailiff. But thefe priviledges were not long en- 
joyed ; for upon the coming in of king William, 
the charters of king James, being granted after his 
abdication, became ufelefs. 

Formerly, the parifh church (73) was a large 
building, with an high fteeple, but the whole waa 
demoli(hed by Cromwell. It is, at prefent, rebuilt 
on the ground where the chancel of the old church 
flood. It is fituated oppofite to a large bafon, which 
was made by the fea's incroachment, as is evident 
from the flumps of trees ftill to be feen. The banks 

*• Befides he told Jones, he feared his paflion would increafe his 
*' diftemper, being as he thought in an high fever, anddefired 
*' him to lay afide the matter till he was recovered. Jones feem- 
** ed fatisfied with this anfwer, but grew worfe and worfe. A 
** phyfician being called for, who was in the houfe, after he had 
*' examined his pulfe, beckoned to lord Broghill, who fat by the 
** bed fide, to come to the window, when he affured him. that 
*' col. Jones was a dead man ; for he had the plague upon him, 
*' or fomething as bad ; and entreated him to come no more 
*' near him. Upon that he took his farewel of Jones, charging the 
*' phyfician to take care of him ; but he died the next day.* 
One Mrs. Chaplain, who lived in the houfe, and died about 16 
years ago, has often faid, that it was confidently believed, that 
Cromwell had found means to poifon Jones. She was daughter to 
Andrew Chaplain, minifter of this town *, who was employed 
under the ufurpation, and had Sol. per Ann. at the fame time, 
one Richard Fitz-Gerald had lool. per Ann. as minifl:er here 
in 1655. In 1658 John Dalton was miniflier here, and was paid 
100 1 per Ann by the ufurpation 7. In 1657, the ufurpers fet 
36 houfes in this town, with their appurtenances |j. 

(73) By an a6t made the 28th of Henry VIII, Anno 1537, 
the crown refumed to itfelf the prefentation of the vicarage of 
Dungarvan, which was ufurped by the earl of Defmond. ^y a 
provifion in this ad, fir Maurice Connel, then vicar, was to en- 
joy his vicarage during his life, though probably conferred on 
him by the faid earl. 

* Counc. off. A. 6. P. 367. f id, ibid. || id Ibid. 

of 



W A T E R F O R D. 67 

of the cburcb-yard are wafhed, by the ocean, at 
high water, the fame being handfomely laid out 
into gravel walks, and planted with trees ; from 
whence may be feen, a profped of the harbour, and 
the ruins of an oppofite abbey and caftle, which 
makes the place no unpleafant walk. 

This abbey of Auguflin eremites, fituated on the 
other fide of the water, oppofite to the town, was 
founded in the 1 3th century, and had the earls of 
Defmond as its patrons ; but the perfons who en- 
dowed it, are faid to have been the Magraths, by 
whom the adjacent caftle, with fome lands contigu- 
ous, were given. The 6-Briens, of Cummeragh, 
were alfo benefadors to it ; and it had befides, the 
redorial tythes of this parifh. The walls of the 
church and fteeple ftill remain, and (hew it to have 
been a neat, light Gothic building. The fteeple is 
about 60 feet high, and is fupported by a curious 
Gothic vault, fuftained by Ogives palling diagonally 
from one angle to another, forming a crofs, with 
four other arches, which make the fides of the 
fquare of the building. The key-ftone in the cen- 
tre of the vault, is very exadly cur, being fhaped 
into a union crofs of 8 branches, 4 of which being 
the diagonal ones, conftitute part of the Ogives ; 
the other 4 fend members to the key-ftones of the 
lateral arches, which are acute at the top. The 
key-ftone of each arch, fends members to the conti- 
guous arches in the fame manner, as do the impofts 
of the pilafters, which fupport the whole, each af- 
fording three branches from the fame ftone. The 
boards, on which the vault was turned, ftiU remain 
in tire, though much expofed to wet ; which fnews 
the durability of our Irifh oak, they being but half 
inch planks, and the building above 400 years 
ereded. On the north fide of the church, near the 
altar, is an ancient Tomb of one Donald Magrath,^ 
Vv/ho was interred here in the year 1400, as appears 
by the date. The refedory, and other parts of the 
F % buil4- 



68 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

building, are in ruins ; the cells took up a confi- 
derable fpace of ground, and may ftili be traced 
by the remains of the foundations. Over the door, 
at the W. entrance, is an Efcutcheon, charged with 
a Griffin between 3 efcailop fhells, cut in ftone, 
probably the arms of this abbey. 

Dungarvan is tolerably well built, with a decent 
feffion and market-houfe ; the fituation is not un- 
pleafant, the fea flowing up to the town walls ; on 
the N. fide, is a quay, fufficiently convenient for 
the loading and difcharging of fmall veflels. Forty 
or fifty coafting boats belong to the place, which 
are in the feafon employed in the fifhery. The 
barracks are fituated within the walls of the caftle, 
which ferved formerly as a citadel. This town 
fends two members to parliament, the fenefchal of 
the manor being the returning officer. The fea- 
water runs under ground for a confiderable way 
hereabouts, which prevents the finking of wells, ib 
that frefh water is not conveniently had. Some 
years ago, the earl of Burlington gave a confiderable 
fum towards the conveying of frefh water hither; 
but, to the great detriment of this town, the defign 
proved abortive. Such wells as have been dug 
here, are fait and brackifb ; but in the year 1755, 
the inhabitants petitioned the hon. houfe of com- 
mons, fetting forth, that the town of Dungarvan 
was very ill fupplied with frefh and wholefome 
water, which they were obliged to bring from a 
confiderable diflance, at a great expence; and 
prayed the houfe to grant them money, to enable 
them to carry on an aquedudl, for fome miles, 
from the river Phynifk to this place, whereby they 
might be the better fupplied with water : A fum 
being granted accordingly for this purpofe, the 
fcheme was carried into execution, and finifhed the 
fucceeding fummer, notwithilanding many difficul- 
ties that lay in the way, particularly the badnefs 
of the ground, in many places, into which the 

water 



WATERFORD. 

water funk. However, by the care and frugal man- 
agement of Mr. Thomas Barbon, fenefchal of this 
place, the work is, at length, finifhed ; and a con- 
flant flream of excellent water, continues to fupply 
all the ufes of the inhabitants, to their great benefit 
and emolument; and this is not the only inftance 
in which that gentleman has, with great difintereft- 
ednefs, been of fignal fervice to this town. 

This place is vifited, every fummer, by numbers 
of people from diflant parts of the inland country, 
in order to bathe in the fea-water, for rheumatic 
complaints, and other diforders, for which the cold 
bath is ufeful : Moft of them meet with good fuc- 
cefs, and many who were at firft obliged to be 
carried to the water, have, in five or fix weeks, 
returned home, flrong and healthy. Thefe good 
efTedts are juflly to be attributed to the faltnefs of 
the ocean hereabouts, and to its confiderabie weight 
above that of frelh water (74), nor are there any 

{74) The fpecific gravity of river v^rater, to that of fea 
water, is hereabouts, as 5. to 6. or more nicely, a cubic foot 
of feawater, according to Eifenchemidius *, = 1 1 1 Ife. 5 f . 
56 3, and that of river water = 93 fe, Nov^r, fuppofing a 
perfon to be immerged only 2 feet, and the area of his fKin to 
be 1 5 fquare feet, he will fuftain a weight of fait water =s 
3342 fe, 9 5, 4 3, added to that of the Airj whereas if he 
bathes in river water, and be immerged the fame depth, he will 
only fuftain a weight = 2790 jfe; for 2, the number of cubic 
feet of water, preffing upon a foot fquare of the fkin X by * S> 
the number of fq. feet, of which the body is fuppofed to confift, 
gives 3342 fb. 9 f, 4 3, ^he above number; and in the fame 
manner the other is had j fo that a perfon thus immerged, will 
bear an additional weight of 552 lb. more in fea than in river 
water. How this preffure is borne without inconvenience, vide 
Jo. Alph. Borellus de motib. Natur. in gravitate faftis. prop. 29, 
&c. and alfo Mr. Boyle's 2d Appendix to his 11 Hydroftat. 
Paradox, quoted in Clarke's rohault. phyf. v. i. p. 59, See 
alfo Dr. Floyer's and Dr. Baynard's •k|/y%^eXacr*a, or Hiil. of 
cold Bathing, where the rife and progrefs of this practice, and 
the cures effeded thereby, are defcribed at large. 

^ Joan. Cafp. Eifenchemid. Difq. nov. de Ponderibus. 

F 3 rivers 



yo Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

rivers of confequence near this place, which may, 
in any meafure, diminifh its weight or faltnels. ♦ 
For which reafon alfb, this might be a proper 
place for the making fait, of fea-water only. 

To the N. W. of the town, is Shandon, a feat 
belonging to the family of Hore, but now in a 
ftate of decay. 

Clonkoikeran, belonging to the Nngents, two 
miles to the E. of this place, has but little remarka- 
ble ; except the fhell of a large houfe, built on the 
remains of an old caftle, which was for many years, 
the refidence of this family. 
Kiicrufh The fmall parifh of Kilcrufh, which lies W. of 
par- Dungarvan, feems formerly to have been a particle 

of it, as it is almofl furrounded by it. The lands 
of both thefe parifhes, are well cultivated, and, be- 
fides confiderable quantities of corn, afford great 
plenty of potatoes, with which the markets of Dub- 
lin are yearly fupplied, upwards of 18000 barrels 
having been fent thither, in one feafon, from this 
place. 
Ktllgobo- Killgobonet parifh (75) is incumbered with 
net par. jnountains, which feed great numbers of black cat-^ 
tie; and towards the N. part, with large tradts of 
bog, affording excellent turf. The church is fitu- 
ated towards the S. of the parilli, on the fide of a 
rocky hill, and dedicated to a female faint, called 
Gobnata, who, in the fixth century, was abbefs of 
a nunnery, in a place called Borneagh, in the coun-. 
ty of Cork. On the nth of February, which is 
her patron day, the parifh pried here expofes to 
view, a wooden painted image of this faint ; great 
numbers flock together on this occafion, and every 
body pays fomething for being admitted tokifs and 

(75) The parifli of Killgobonet, is bounded on the S. by that 
of Dungarvan, on the N. by the mountains of Cummeragh, oii 
the W. hy the par of CoUigan aud SeikneaJl, ?ind on the E. by 
the par. of KiUroiEnta. 

handle 



WATER FORD. 71 

handle It. Thofe who have travelled through Italy, 

are not furprized at this kind of devotion. His 

grace Dr. Synge, by miftake, places this affair in 

the county of Cork, as I fuppofe, from this faint 

having been an abbefs in that county, which gave 

his antagonifl. Dr. Nary, a handle to deny the 

fa6t. But though his grace miflook the place, the 

thing is no lefs true. There is alfo fuch another 

image of St. Gobnata, in the county of Cork, near 

Macromp, in the diocefs of Cioyne, which was 

that meant by his grace Dr Synge. 

That part of the parilh of Cionea, (76) which is Clonea 

bounded by the fea, forms a (hallow bay of a con- P^^. 

fiderable length, being a fmooth and pleafant flrand, 

compofed of a fine hard firm fand, although it is 

only the covering of a turf-bog, for many ages 

overflown by the fea. In fome places, die turf 

rifes above the fand, and is of a clofer texture than 

mofl other kinds, having little of the molTy parts 

remaining. When dry, it is hard and black, and 

burns, with a crackling noife, like coal, but with 

a difagreeable fmell. However, little of this kind 

is made ufe of, as it is troublefome to cut and to 

remove off the ftrand, becaufe of its being daily 

overflown. The land, in this parifh, produces 

fome corn, but is mofl:ly pafl:ure. In cutting 

trenches for the draining of a bog, fome cannon 

ball were difcovered, they probably lay there fince 

Cromwell's time, who might have made ufe of them 

againfl: an old caille in the neighbourhood ^ which, 

together with the ruins of the church, are the only 

remarkable buildings in the parifli. 

Killroflinta paiifli (77) is, for the mofl: part, coarfe Killroffia- 
■ ta par. 

(76) Clonea par. is bounded on the S E. by the ocean, on 
the N. E. with the par. of Killioflinta and Stradbally, and on 
the W. by the par. of Dungarvan and Kiilgobonet. 

(77) Killroffinta par. is bounded on the S. by Clonea, on the 
N. by the par. of Fews, on the E, by Stradbaily, and on the 
W. by Kiilgobonet. 

F 4 and 



7 25 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

and rocky, interfperfed with bog ; yet it affords a 
confiderable quantity of paflure, and fome arable 
land. At a place called Barnakile, in this parifh, 
are the ruins of an ancient caftle, with a large 
trad of wood. At Ballycaroge, are the remains of 
another caftle, which formerly belonged to the fa- 
mily of the Walfhes (78). In an adjacent brook, to 
the W. the country people fhew a large rock, as 
big as an ordinary houfe, which they call Clough 
Lowrifh, i. e. the fpeaking ftone, and relate a fa- 
bulous account of its fpeaking, at a certain time, 
in contradiction to a perfon, who fwore by it in a 
lye. The ftone is remarkably fplit from top to 
bottom ; which, they tell you, was done at the time 
of taking the above-mentioned oath (79). 

Stradbally 

(78) Giraldus Cambrenfis fays, cap. 7. hib. expug. that 
David Walili was the firlt perfon who forded the river Shannon, 
when Limerick was befieged by Raymond le Grofsj that he 
was a lufty and valiant young foldier, wtry hot and impatient, 
and tailei than any in the army. He was coulin to Milerius, 
who was prefent at this attempt and Raymond's nephew. He 
had his firname, not from his country, 'tho he was a Welih- 
man bcrii, but from his family, who were fo named j and of 
his race, fays the commentator on Giraldus, there are yet re- 
maining many good and worthy gentlemen, who are chiefly 
abiding in the county and city of Waterford, for there they 
were hrft planted. 

(79) Giraldus Cambrenfis, in his conqueft of Ireland, cap. 
38, gives an account of a fpeaking ftone, at St. David's, in S. 
"Wales, called- In the Welfii tongue, Lechlanar, of which it was 
falfly prophefyed, that the king of England fhould, in his re- 
turn from Ireland, die thereon : and king Hen. II. he fays, 
was here met by a Welih-woman, who cried out to this ftone, 
to revenge her againil the king, becaufe he heeded not a com- 
plaint that /he had made to him againft the bifhop of that place. 
It was an old fable, he adds, among the Weilh, that a dead 
corps being carried once over this ftone, it fpoke and cleaved 

' afunder, which ch'ft remained to his time ; and the country 
people would never after carry a dead body over the fame, 
tho' it feived for a paflage over a brook, v/hich lay on the N. 
fide of the church-yard. Hooker (who has added fome notes 
to Cambrenfis) fays, that he went purpofely, in the year 1575. 
to fee this ftone 5 but a bridge being built on the fpot, the 

ftone 



WATERFORD. 73 

Stradbally parifh (80) is of a confiderable extent, Stradbally 
the lands of it arable and pafture, with a large ^^^* 
trad of bog towards the N. Wood-houfe, the eftate 
of Borr Uniake, efq; is the only remarkable feat in 
it. His brother, the late Mr. Maurice Uniake, 
obtained a premium in 1742, for having planted 
about this feat, the largeft quantity of trees that 
feafon, being, of all kinds, 152640 trees; which, 
were they properly taken care of, would, in time, 
make a mod noble plantation. Half a mile to the 
E. of this feat, {lands the parifh-church of Strad- 
bally, which was formerly a large building. The 
windows in it were few and very fmall, which muft 
have made the church, when roofed, exceeding 
dark ; but that inconveniency was, in fome mea- 
fure, remedied, by the ufe formerly of lamps and 
candles. Half a mile farther, at a place called 
Ballivony, are fome remains of a large building, 
150 feet long and 90 broad, thought to have been 
one of the knights-templars houfes. In a large 
court-yard facing the building, now almofl level 
with the ground, is an open well, that by a fub- 
terraneous paffage, of about 200 feet, communi- 
cates with another within the houfe, which latter 
is defcended to by ftone fteps. The water is 
brought to thefe wells by a fubterraneous aque- 
duct, near half a mile. There are here the remains 
of feveral large out-offices ; and by the ground- 
plan, it has much the appearance of a monailic 
edifice, though it is not mentioned as fuch by any 
writer on that head. 

ftone was taken away. It is probable, that our ftone being 
cleft in the fame manner, got the name of the fpeaking ftone, 
from fome Cambro.-BritaJn, who had feen the former one in 
Wales, and fettled in thofe parts. 

(80) Stradbally is bounded on the E. with the barony of Mid- 
dlethird, on the W. by the panfa of Cionea and Killrolfinta, 
which aUo bounds it on the N. and on the S. by the ocean. 

The 



<y4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Fews par. Tlieparifh of Fews (8i), being moflly mountain, 

has little remarkable, except that it affords,, from 

its lofty fituation, an extenfive and agreeable prof- 

pedl of the ocean, and inland parts of the country. 

RolTmeer Roffmeer pirifh (82) is' alfo exceeding coarfe, 

par. though fomewhat better than the former. The chief 

culture in this and the adjacent parifhes, befides 

oats, is rye. About an hundred years ago, one 

Greatrakes formed a defign of building a town, 

at a place in this parifh, which yet retains the name 

of Newtown ; the llreets were marked out and 

^ved, and feveral houfes built, which are fince 

gone to ruin. 

At Kilmadlhomas, is an ancient caftle, built, 
formerly by the Powers of this county -, where is 
alfo a fmall barrack for twenty men. The caftle 
of this place was, in 1643, taken by fir Charles 
Vavafor, who, at that time, reduced other caftles 
in the E. parts of this county. 

Having arrived at the eaftern extremity of De- 

cies, I fhall ftill proceed eafl wards, and defcribe 

thifdb'ar t^^^^^Q^y of Middlethird (83). The firft parifh 

Newcaftle ^^ "^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ barony, is that of Newcaftle (84), 

par. 

(81) The pariih of Fews, is bounded on the N. by the barony 
of Upperthird, on the E. by the parifh of RolTmeer, on the W. 
with the mountains of Cummeragh, and on the S. with the pa-? 
rifii of KillrofTinta. 

(82) Roffmeer is bounded on the W. by Fews, on the E. by 
the barony of Middlethird, aixl on the N. and S. by the barony 
of Upperthird. 

(83) The barony of Middlethird, is bounded on the E. by the 
barony of Gualtier, on the N. with the river Suir, on the W. 
with the barony of Upperthird, and on the S. with the ocean 
and bay of Tramore. It contains the pariihes of Newcaftle, 
Killmeaden, Don-Ifle, Reilk* Ifland-Icane. Killbride, Drum- 
cannon, Liftine, and Loughdahy, Killronan, K-iilburn, Bally^ 
calhen, and Kilioteran. 

(84) The parifh of Newcaftle, is bounded on the N. and E. 
by Killmeaden, on the S. E. and S. with Don-Ifle, and on the 
W. with the baronies of Decies and Upperthird. 

the 



W A T E R F O R D. 75 

the foil whereof is very poor, being, for the moft 
part, rock or bog, and has Httle remarkable in it. 
The high road leading to the city of Waterford 
from Dungarvan, runs through this parifh, which, 
to a traveller feems very uncomfortable, being ex- 
ceeding rugged in mod places; nor is the face of 
the country here more agreeable, little being to be 
feen but naked rocks, heath and furze. 

Next to this parifh, is that of Killmeaden (85) Killmea- 
which place gives title of baron to Arthur Mohun ^^^ P^r* 
St. Leger, lord vifcount Doneraile, whofe grand- 
father was fo created the 28th of January, 1703. 
The parifh-church is kept in repair -, in the church- 
yard, is a handfome tomb of John Ottrington, efq; 
grandfather to the right honourable Elizabeth, vif- 
countefs of Doneraile (by whofe care it was eredt- 
ed). Here is alfo interred Mrs. Mary Maitland, 
his wife, defcended (as the infcription fays) from 
the ancient family of the Maitlands in Scotland. 

Killmeaden-houfe is built upon the foundation of 
an ancient cadle, which was boldly ereded on the 
bank of the river Suir. In the gardens, are feve- 
ral pleafant canals, flored with fifh. Round the 
feat, are good plantations of timber-trees. The Suir 
is here of a confiderable breadth, and deep enough 
for vefTels of a large burden. 

To the fouth of this feat, lies the parifh of Don- 
Ifle (86), which being coarfe and rugged, affords Don-Ifle 
nothing worth obfervation : In the year 1 346, John par. 
lePoer, baron of Don-Ifle, and others of his name, 
gave fecurity to the lordjuilice Bermingham, at 
Waterford, for themfelves, and all others of their 
names in the counties of Waterford and Tipperary, 

(85) Killmeaden parlfli, is bounded on the W. by the barony 
of Upperthird, on the N. with the rirer Suir, on the E. with 
Liftine parifh, and on the S with the pariih of Don-Ifle. 

(86) Don-ifle is bounded on the N. by the foregoing parifh, 
on the E. with Reifk and Ifland-Icane, on the W. with a part 
qf Upperthird, and on the S. with the ocean. 

for 



76 Natural and Civil Hlfiory of 

for their peaceable behaviour to the king and his 
minifters. John Power, of Donhill, efq; and Pierce 
Power, of Monerlargy, efq^ were reftored to their 
eftates by the adt of fettlement. 

I pafs over the pari(hes of Reifk, Killbride, and 
Relfk, I{land-Icane(87), having nothing in them obferva- 
^^i'ln'^^J ble. Oppofite to the coaft of this latter, lie three 

kane par' ^"^^^^ ''^^""^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^C^"-' ^he Oiore 
' here, is bold and rocky, fo that boats may ap- 
proach near it, in calm weather, with fafety. 
Drumcan- Xhe parifh of Drumcannon (88) is one of the 
Tra ^^^ "^^^ extenfive in this barony ; the moft confiderable 
* place in which, is the village of Tramore, agreea- 
bly fituated, on the W. fide of a large open bay, 
which takes its name from the place. In Summer- 
time, it is a pleafant retreat for the citizens of Wa- 
terford and others, who aflemble here for the be- 
nefit of the fait- water. Although the air is fharp, 
yet, at this feafon, it is very cool and^refrefhing. 
To the N. of the Iflhmus of Tramore, is a large 
extended flrand, of above 2000 acres, which might 
eafily be made land,^ by running a bank from the 
E. of the cape to Corbally, not a quarter of a mile. 
Some have been not a little furprized at the roll- 
ing in of the waves, on the fllores of this bay, 
even when the weather feems calm. But this is 
frequent on all flat coafts, that form fuch deep bays, 
efpecially when the wind blows from the fea ; for 
there being little or no refiilance from the fmooth 
even flrand in the bottom of the bay, and the water 
alfo repelled from the deep rocky coaft on both 
fides, has here a free ingrefs, and each wave rolls 

(87) Relfk and KillbrlcJe parlflies bound that of Ifland-Icane 
on the N. Donlfle bounds it on the E. Drumcannon bounds it 
on the W. and the fea on the S. 

(88) The parilh ot Drumcannon, is bounded on the N. by 
the C. liberties, on the S. by the fea, on the E. by Gualtier, 
and on the W. by Killbride. 

ia 



W A T E R F OR D. 77 

in and out for a vaft way, which it could not do 
on a more (helving coafl. 

The bleaknefs of the fea-air fufFers no trees to 
grow hereabouts, except towards the bottom of the 
inner bay, near Corbally. The Iflhmus of Tra- 
more confifts of heaps of fand ; but, being never 
covered with the falt-water, is unfit for manure. 
The foil of this parifh, is but indifferent, and of 
no great depth, except in low marfhy places. Be- 
fides the parifh-church, and fome houfes at Tra- 
more, there are few other improvements in this 
parifh. 

In the fmall parifh of Liftine (89), is Whitfield's Liftine 
town, where was, at the time of Petty's furvey, par. 
an ancient caftle, William Dobbin proprietor. At 
prefent, it is an elegant feat, belonging to Thomas 
Chriftmas, efq-, and is fituated three miles S. W. of 
Waterford. In the houfe, which is well built, are 
fome well executed landfcapes of the late' Vander 
Egan, and other good pieces, particularly a pic- 
ture of St. John Baptift. The hall is painted in 
Chiara Ofcura, with feveral of the heathen deities, 
and in it flands two flatues of Neptune and Am- 
phitrite. The feveral apartments are elegantly fur- 
nifhed, and well difpofed. To the N. front of the 
houfe, is a large and beautiful canal, at the fur- 
ther end of which is, a Jet D'eau, that cafts up 
water to a confiderable height. To the W. are 
other bafons, cut in an oval form. The feveral 
(lopes, grafs -plots, parterres, &c. are laid out in 
the neweft tafle. In the garden, is a beautiful 
grotto, built of an hexagonal form, the infide be- 
ing finely incrufled with a great number of foreign 
and other fhells, which make a moil fple^jdid ap- 
pearance ; from the centre, hangs a glafs branch •, 

(89) Liftine, alias Lifnekill, parifli is bounded on the N. by 
the Suir ; on the E, with the parifhes of Killoteran, Killronan 
and Killbride ; on the S. with the parifli of Reifk ; and on the 
■yV. with Kiilmeaden. 

and 



^8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

and round the walls, are a variety of coral of dif- 
ferent colours, with a curious branch of the fea-fan 
taken up at Tramore. Oppofite to the door, and 
on each fide, are placed flatues in niches. The 
bottom of the walls, is made up of rough rocks, 
fui cable to a grotto. Several fhells here found on 
our own coafls, are beautiful in their kinds, as the 
vivid red of the Concha Corallina, the bright yel- 
low of the fmall wilk, and the fine azure of the 
common muffle, which add an agreeable contrail 
to the pearly brightnefs of the polifhed Indian 
fhells. The Jerfey oyfter, when polifhed, has alfo 
as bright a luftre as mother-of-pearl. The rang- 
ing, coiledting, and polifhing of fo many fhells, 
mufl have been very expenfive, and it is faid, 
this grotto coft upwards of 500I. On the other fide 
of the houfe, is a beautiful cafcade, of a confidera- 
ble fall. To the W. of the garden, is a wilder- 
nefs, and through it are cut feveral viflas, which, 
terminating in different regular views of the houfe, 
garden, &c. agreeably catch the eyes of a tra- 
veller. 

A few years ago, there was found, in a Danifh 
fort near this place, a rude earthen-v/are veffel, 
fhaped like an inverted cone, in which was con- 
tained a golden bracelet, much tarnifhed by time, 
with a kind of fcolloping on the rim, fo wide as 
to admit the arm of a man, almoft up to the el- 
bow ; the gold, upon cleanfmg, was found to be 
very pure, and worth about 20I. Another veffel, 
of the fame bignefs and fliape, was found at the 
fame place, but only filled with mould ; they each 
contain about two quarts, and open in the middle. 
Killburn, Failing by the fmall parifhes of Killbarn, Killro- 
Killronan, nan and Ballycafhen, we meet with that of Killote- 

Ballycafli- j,^j^ (go), where is a neat church, and charter- 
en par. ^:? ^9 ? 

Kiiloteran ^^^^ Killoteran pariHi, is bounded on the N. by the Suir, on 
P^''' the E with the parilh of Kilbarry, on the W. with Lilline, and 

on the S with Killronan and Ballycalhen. 

fchool. 



W A T E R F O R D. 79 

fchool. This charter-fchool confifts of thirty chil- 
dren, and is endowed by the corporation of Wa- 
terford, with 26 acres of land, for ggg years, at a 
pepper-corn per annum, which, at the opening of 
the fchool in 1744, were worth 20I. per annum ; 
but, by the labour and improvement of the boys, 
are now valued at 24I. per annum. 

Henry Mafon, efq; fed the children at his own. 
expence, fince the fchool was ereded, having pro- 
mifed the fociety to do fo for the firfl three years ; 
and it was by the care and application of that gen- 
tleman, that the fum of 248 1. was colleded from 
the gendemen of the country, which was expend- 
ed upon the building. 

Laft feafon, the boys cleared two acres of land 
of ftones, which are now a good kitchen-garden, 
and being well manured, yields a plentiful produce 
of all kinds of vegetables. Befides ditching and pre- 
paring the land for oats, flax, and potatoes, on 
wet days they were employed in drefling flax, &c. 
They alfo faved, laft feafon, five tons of hay. The 
girls are employed in all kinds of houfe-wifery and 
fpinning. Twenty-two children can now fay their 
catechifm perfectly well, though fome of them, 
when they came to the fchool, could not fpeak Eng- 
liih. 

Next to the refcuing the fouls of fuch numbers 
of poor children from the danger of popery, and 
their bodies from idlenefs and mifery, it was cer- 
tainly a great and wife defign in the inftitution of 
thefe fchools, to have the boys bred up in thofe 
labours, which, at prefent, feem to be the greateil 
benefit to this kingdom, in not only the linen ma- 
nufadture, but likewife in the knowledge of agri- 
culture. Moft other trades are over-ftocked, and 
fuch maftei s as are to be got, being often tempted 
with the fmall apprentice-fee, catch at it ; the re- 
fult frequently is, he either breaks for want of 
bufinefs, before the boy has learned his trade, 

which 



^O Natural and Civil Hljlory of 

which directly expofes him to ruin ; or elfe, if they 
difcharge their duty to each other, want of imploy- 
ment prefles hard on this new made journeyman, 
and he is forced to fome common labour to get a 
bare fupport. On the contrary, by breeding boys 
up to hulbandry, which can never be over-flock- 
ed, they will be made ufeful and profitable mem- 
bers to the public : and one would think that eve- 
ry gentleman, who has his own and his country's 
interefl at heart, would be glad to encourage fuch 
a one, by fetting him a fmall farm, at an eafy rate, 
and even giving him credit for a dock to manage 
it. Thus, true agriculture would foon flourifh, 
our wade and uncultivated lands would be peo- 
pled, and the proteftant interefl greatly flrengthen- 

€d. 

I fhall beg leave to add one hint towards this 
end, which, I hope, the gentlemen of the Incorpo- 
rated Society will excufe. If, befides the daily 
labour of the boys, they were given fome inflruc- 
tions in hufbandry, with the reafons of laying on 
this or that kind of manure, and made acquainted 
with what every farmer ought to know, viz. the 
nature of the foils, and the grain fit for them, the 
reafon for every plowing, the ufes of draining, 
ditching, &c. which might eafily be colledted from 
Bradley, Mortimer, &c. and put in a fhort method 
for their reading at fchool, or for the furnifhing ufe- 
ful hints to the mafler to inftrudt them by. Thefe 
methods (I conceive) would make them fitter for 
fervants in a country life. A feryant might then 
remind his mafier of an ufeful cut for his corn- 
land, which, forgetfulnefs might caufe him to 
overlook. Such a one might, perhaps, difcover to 
his mafter (probably unacquainted with the im- 
provement of foils by mixture) a ready manure for 
his llifFclay, by a neighbouring fand-bank, lime, 
&:c. or diredt him in the method of roafling fuch 
land. Thefe, and fuch like ufeful hints, a gen. 

tlema ^ 



W A T E R F O R D. 8i 

tleman might receive from a perfon fo inflruded. 
Thus a new race of fervants may be reafonably 
hoped for, who may be expected to improve this 
country, in a more rational and profitable man- 
ner than it is at prefent. And what may we not 
hope from fuch a happy inllitution, fince it is not 
only fupported by his majefty's royal bounty, but 
alfo afTifled by the legiilature ; who, by a late 
flatute, have given their fandtion to the charter- 
fcheme, by granting a duty on hawkers and ped- 
lars, in aid of the fociery ; and, at the fame time, 
have enabled all perfons v/hatfoever, to give two 
acres of land for the ufe of an Enghlh proteftant 
fchool ? nor ought it to be forgot, that his excel- 
lency the earl of Chesterfield, lord lieutenant 
of this kingdom, hath alfo, in a particular manner, 
patronized the fociety, by a paragraph in his 
fpeech (91) to both houfes of parliament on this 
occafion. 

At upper Butlerflown, in this parifti, are the re- 
mains of an old caflle, which, by its ruins, feems 
to have been demolifhed by powder. This barony 
having no lime-ftone, is fupplied with fea-fand, on 
both the N. and S. fides, by means of the Suir and 
the ocean. Not far from Whitfield's-town, is a 
flate quarry. 

In the city and liberties of Waterford (92) are Liberties 
the panOies, of Trinity, St. Michael, St. Olave, of Water- 
St. John, St. Peter, St. Patrick, and St. Stephen/''''^- 

Although 

(91) " The aflillance which you have given the prote'tlant 
*' charter-fchools, is a mod prudent, as well as a moft com- 
" paffionate charity ; and I do moft earneftly recommend to 
** your conftant proteftion and encouragement, that excellent 
** inftitution, by which a confiderable number of unhappy chil- 
" dren, are annually refcued from the mifery that alv/ays, and 
** the guilt that commonly, attends, uninftrucled poverty and 
** idlenefs." 

(92) It appears, by th.e rent-rolls of lands belonging to the 
corporation of Waterford, as they were fet ann. 1657, that they 

G had 



Sa Natural and Civil Bijlory of 

Although the churches are in the city, yet confide- 

table trads of each parilli extend into the country, 

Killbarry 'phg parifli of Killbarry, is alfo in the city liberty, 

P^'^' was fornrierly a precepiory of the knights-tenfiplars, 

whofe lands and effeds were, upon their fuppref- 

fion, given to the hofpitalers, or knights'of St. John 

of Jerufalem. Befides the grand priory of Kilmain- 

ham, near Dubhn, we find but eight houfes or 

preceptories of this order in Ireland ; three of 

which, viz. this of Killbarry, and thofe of Crook 

and Killure, v/ere in this county. Killbariy, with 

its deniefnes, were granted to Thomas earl of 

Ormond in fee- farm, and affigned to Thomas 

Wadding. 

Ballenamona, the feat of Thom.as Carew, efq; 
is a well built houfe. The improvements which 
are carrying on, are defigned in a good tafte. On 
the E. fide of the houfe, is an handfome canal, and 
about it are confiderable plantations, gardens, &c. 
On a commanding hill, in the deer-park, is an 
agreeable turret, that affords a profpedt of part of 
Tramore bay, with a view of the city of Water- 
ford, and the counties of Wexford and Kilkenny. 
About a mile to the W. of the city, is a plea- 
fant feat, called Grace-Dieu, which commaands an 
agreeable profped, both up and down the river 
Suir. For other particulars in the city liberty, I 
refer to chapter V. 

liad, in the liberties of theclty, Knock-houfe, 327 acres: Wood- 
ftown, 252 acres: Killoteran, 152 acres: Llfmore, 81 acres ; 
Lumbardy, 6 j acres : Karigpheries, Half-Ballymony-Beg, 74 
%cres: the two Bandaghs, 37f acres: Bally mony- Beg, 42 acres; 
Grace-dleu, and 3 acres of Little Bradiy, 79 acres : Rath- 
padin, 45 acres: in the liberties, 20 acres: Gibbet-Hill, 30 
acres ', ditto, 50 acres : Brickenull and 4 Parks, 6 acres : Little 
Bradiy, 3 acres : Porter's-Park, 1 1 acres : Lombard's Meadow, 
I 2 acres : Groan's Paddock, in the liberties, 3 acres : one Marfli, 
in the liberties; Dobbin's 5 Parks, 12 acres : WIndcroft, 3 
acres.— A.t this time, the Ufurpers fet in the city of Water- 
foid, 1 14 forfeited houfes. 

The 



W A T E R F O R D. 83 

The barony of Glial tiere (93) takes its name Barony of 
from twolriili words, called Tire-na-Gaul, i. e. the ^"^^^^^e- 
land of the foreigners, this being among the early 
fettlements of the Englifh in Ireland. 

Ballynekill paritb (94) begins about a mile tORallyne- 
the E. of the city of Waterford ; a pleafant road kill'par. 
runs through it, from the city towards Paffage, 
affording the traveller an agreeable prcfped of the 
city, and the failing of veliels up and down the 
river. An ifland, called the Little-Ifland, in the 
Suir, belongs to this parifh- it is about a mile 
long, and as much in breadth. In it, is an old 
caflle, and the ifland is a pleafant fpot. 

Oppofite to this ifland, is Ballynakill, an agree- 
able feat of William Dobbin, efq; moft vefTels of 
burden, bound to or from the city, failing almoft 
by the very door ; nothing can make a more agree- 
able contraft, than the flags and fl:reamers of Ihip- 
ping, together with the drapery of the fails, in a 
rural profped. 

On the right hand of this road, is William's- 
town, the feat of Mr. Fitz-Gerald, with confidera- 
ble plantations and good improvements. 

Towards Faifage, the road leads us through the Ballv^un- 
parifhes of Ballygunner (g^), and Kill-St.-Nicholas ner and 

Kill St.. 

^\ I C ll 1 3. S 

(93) Gualtlere is bounded oh theN. by the Suir, on the W. p^j. 
with the liberties of Waterford, part of the barony of Middle- 
third, and bay of Tramore ; On the E. by Waterford bay; and 

on the S. by the ocean. It is divided into thefe pari/hes ; Bally- 
nekiil, Ballygunner, Kill-St. -Nicholas, Faithbeg, Crook, Kill- 
macombe, Killea, Rathmoylan, Killmaclege, Killure and Kill- 
caragh, moft of which are of a very fmall extent. 

(94) Ballynekill is bounded on the N. by the Suir, on the 
S. by the parilh of Killure, on the E. by Ballygunner, and on 
the W. by the city liberties. 

(95) The parifli of Ballygunner, is bounded on the N. by the 
Suir, on the S, with Killmaclege, on the W, and N. W. with 
the parlfn of Bifhop's-court and Ballynekill, and on the E. with 
Killmacombe and Kill-St. -Nicholas. 

G 2, (c)6). The 



8^ Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

PalTage. (^6). The little town of Paflage in the latter, is 
the only fpot on the river, between it and the city, 
where a town could be fituated, both fides being 
hemmed in, by a continued chain of rocky hills ; 
not only thus far, but alfo for a confiderable way 
above the city. The town is fituated under a hill, 
fo deep, that few care to ride it up or down ; 
however, the inhabitants make nothing of it. Yet 
their fituation feems to be none of the mod com- 
fortable, as this rocky hill, which is fix times as 
high as the tailed houfe in the place, hangs over 
their heads. On the top, the church is erected, to 
which the inhabitants have no very eafy walk ; and 
as the hill lies N. and S. they have but little of the 
fun after mid-day, efpecially in winter ; which, with 
an eafterly wind, mud make the place very bleak 
and unpieafant. In the town, is a decent market- 
houfe, and the other houfes there, have no ill ap- 
pearance. There is alio a convenient mole for the 
fecurity of loading and diicharging veiTels. Here 
is an excellent road, where 500 fail of diips may 
ride fafely. Where the pier now dands, was for- 
merly a block-houfe, mounted with feveral great 
guns, then under the command of the governor of 
Duncannon fort, which is about a league didance, 
on thecounty of Wexford fide. In 1649, Cromwell 
fent fix troops of dragoons, and four of horfe, to 
. take the place, which was efFedled, not without 
fome difpute. 

In 1663, February 20th, the duke of Ormond 
was made governor of the port and town of PalTage, 
for life (97). 

To the N. of the parifn of Kill-St.-Nicholas, lies 
that of Faithbeg, bounded, on every other fide, by 
the river. On the N. is an impending hill, called, 

(96) This parifn is bounded on the W. by the former, on 
the E. by the pariih of Crook, on the N. by Faithbeg, and oh 
the S. by Crook and Killmacoinbe. 

(97) Roll's office, third hie of Charles II. 

Cheek-Point, 



W A T E R F O R D. S5 

Cheek-Point, diredly oppofite to the confluence c(f 
the three rivers, the Suir, the Nore and the Barrow. 
Spenfer, in his epifode of the marriage of the 
Thames with the Medway, introduces thefe rivers 
in the following Stanza. 

The firil, the gentle Shure, that making way 
By fweet Clonmell, adorns rich Waterford ; 

The next, the ftubborn New re, whofe waters gray 
By fair Kilkenny, and Rofseponte board ; 

The third, the goodly Barow, Vv^hich doth hoard 
Great heaps of falmon in his dreary bofome : 

All which long fundred, do at lafl accord 
To join in one, ere to the fea they come. 
So flowing all from one, all one at laft become. 
Fairy Queen, B. 4. Cant. XL v. 43, 

From a rifing ground, called Faithlock, there is an 
agreeable prorpe6t of this jundion, and an exten- 
five view of all the adjacent country. The meet- 
ing of thefe rivers makes a noble and grand ap- 
pearance, with the feveral iflands interfperfed in 
them. The counties of Waterford, Kilkenny and 
Wexford here meet, and form the feveral fliores, 
and the counties of Tipper^ry, Carlowand Wicklow, 
may be alfo feen from this place, with the Saltees, 
and a lage tract of the ocean lying S. E. over 
the fort of Duncannon. Near this agreeable fcene, 
are the houfe and improvements of Cornelius Bol- 
ton, efq ; 

The parifh of Crook (98) lies to the S. towards Crook 
Credan. The foil of thefe parifhes, is indifferent- P^^' 
ly fertil. At Crook, is an ancient caftle, and ruined 
church, the former being one of the Templars 
houfes. This caflle and demefnes, were granted 
to Sir John Davis, in fee farm, at a yearly ren^ 

(98) This is bounded on the N. by Kill St-Nicholas, on the 
W. and S. by Kiiimacombe, and on the E. by the Tea. 

G 3 of 



36 Natural and Civil Hi^ory of 

of I OS. lod. per ann. and afligned by him t» 
Richard Aylvvorth; it belongs at prefent to Alex- 
ander Boyd, efq. 
Killma- In the pari ih of Killmacombe (99), is Woodflown, 
combe ^^^ houfe and improvement of Mrs. Mutlovv, fitu- 
* ated within a fmall way of the coaft, from which is 

an extended ilrand for about two miles. From Wood- 
flown, the road leads towards Dunmore, where is 
an ancient cafiie, and fo to Nymph-hail, an agree- 
able feat of Henry Mafon, efq. 

Towards the extremity of the parifh of Killea 
Killeapar. (xqo) is Leppers-Town, formerly bequeathed to the 
poor of Waterford, and by the down furvey con- 
tained 419 acres. 
Rr.tKmoy- In Hathmovlan parifh (loi) are fome caves on the 
Ian par. coaft, v/hich x^ill be defcribed in another place. 
Iv.ii:..ac- Part of Kilimaclege parifh (102) forms the E. fide 
lege par of Rhinefnark harbour, in the bay of Tramore. On 
this part of the coafl, is fcuated Somerville, the feat 
of TlionTias Vv^ife, efq. The improvements are here 
but inconfiderable, occafioned by its expofure to the 
bleaknefs of the fea winds, which fet in too fharp 
to fuffer trees to flourilli hereabouts. 
Kiilure In the parifh of Killure ( 1 03) was another precep- 

par. ' tory of the Knights Templars, founded in the 12th 
century. The lands were after the difiblution 
granted to Francis Felton, in fee farm, at a rent 

(99) This is bounded on the N.Hy Crook, and Kiil-St-Nicholas; 
on ihe W. bv Bai'ygunner and Kilimaclege ; on the E. with the. 
hafbour ; and on the S. with Kilkar. 

(ioo) This is bounded by the former on the N. by the fea on 
the E. and S. ana bv the parifh of Rathmoylan on the W. 

(01) This is bc-'nded on the N and E. by the foregoing, on 
th€ W. by Killuiaclege, and on the S. by the fea. 

(02) Bounded on the N. by the par. of Ballygunner, on the 
W. with M-'dulerhird bar. on the E« with Kiilmacombe, &c and, 
on the S. with tha fea. 

(103) Killure is bounded on the N. by Baliynekill, on the W. . 
hy the iioerties of V^'aierford, on the E. with Bifhops-Court, 
and on the S. with Moaemoynter, a particle of Kilimaclege. 

of 



W A T E R F O R D. 87 

of 13I. 6 s. 8 d. and afligned to Laurence lord 
Efmond 

KillcaraghandBifhop's-Court (104) are, of a fmall Killc^agh 
extent, having little worthy of notice in them, ex- f"op',.^' 
cept the remains of fome ruins at Bifhop's-Court, Court, 
probably built as a country retreat for the Bifhops of 
Waterford. 

This barony is entirely watered, on three fides, by 
the Suir ; on the N, and on the S. and S. E. by 
the ocean. The lands, though poor, are tolerably 
well cultivated, and moftly manured with fea fand, 
which lies convenient. The roads round the city 
are very pleafant, and kept in good repair, The 
whole barony is fully inhabited, and from the great 
number of fmall parifhes into which it is divided, 
it feems to have been always very populous. 

I now proceed to the barony of Upperthird (lo^^), Upper- 
a fmall part of which lies along the coafl:, feparated ^^^"^, ^''^^* 
from the reil (which is bounded by the Suir) by a 
part of Decies. 

The parilh of Killbarmedan (i 06) is for the nioft Killbar^ 
part, arable and padure, but intermixed with fome i^^cdan 
bog, rocks and fandy banks. The lands of Kili-^^^", 
barmedan and Ballyverin, in this parilh, belong to 
the fee of Waterford. Garranmoris, the houie of 
Mr Richard Power, has about it good improve- 
ments. The pariOies of Monkfland and Ballyla- 
meen, continue to have conflables and other parilh 
officers chofe for them: But in the ecdefiaitical 

( f 04) Bounded on the N. by Ballynekiil, on the W. iviih Kit- 
lure, on the E. with Ballygunner, and on the S. with Kilimaciege. 

(105) This barony is bounded on the N E. and N. by the 
Suir, on the W. by the bar. of Gianehiry, on the E. by Middle- 
third, on the S. by Decies and the fea j it contains the foliowing 
•parifhes ; near the fea, are Killbarmedan^ Bally iameen and Monks- 
land ; near the Suir, Gillcaghe and Cooinn, Cloneganij Fennoagh 
Mothi), Defert and Kilhiioleran. 

(106) Killbarmedan par. is bounded on the E. with the Bar. of 
Middlethiid, on theN. by Decie.?, on the W. by Monkfiansl, 
and on the S. by ths ocean, 

Q 4 divifiQ'i^ 



88 Naiural and Civil Hiftory of 

divlfion, they are lofl in the parifhes of Killbar- 
medan and RofTemyr. In the parifh of Ballylameen, 
is Canick-Caitle, the houfe and improvements of 
Mr. Peter Anthony. 

From this part of the barony, I (hall proceed to 
the upper divinon, of which the parifh of Gillcaghe 
Glllcaghe and Coollin (107) is a part. The foil here is, for the 
and Cool- j-QOil part, tolerably good, with fome unprofitable 
^^^' rock and mountain. On the S. of the road leading 
from Waterford, there is a confiderable trad of 
wood, and from the rifing grounds one has a plea- 
fan t proipedt of the courfe of the Suir, and the op- 
pofite country. 
Clonegam In the parifn of Clonegam, (io8)isCurraghmore, 
CuTraah- ^"^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^° Right Hon. the lord vifc. Tyrone, 
more.'' fituated about eight miles to the W. of Waterford, 
and four miles S. E. of Carrick, near a fmall river, 
called Clodugh, which falls into the Suir about three 
miles E. of this place. The houfe (lands where 
an ancient caille, belonging to the family, was built; 
a part of which ft ill remains. The prefent houfe 
was ereded ann. 1700, which date is on a pedeftal 
of the door-cafe : The portico confifts of two pillars 
of the tufcan order ; over v/hich, in a pediment, is 
placed the arms of the family ^ and above them, in a 
nich, ftandsafiatue of Minerva ; the hall is large and 
fpacious. Fronting the entrance, is a fine ftair- 
cafe, which, after the fi.rfl: landing, divides on each 
handj by two flyers to the landing place of the firft 
ilory. The v/hole is adorned with beautiful paint- 
ings, by Vander-Egan, fuch as columns, feftoons, 
&c. betv/een which are feveral landicapes. The 
ceiling is painted in perfpedlive, and reprefents a 

(107) Bounded on the E. with the bar of Middlethird, on the 
N. by the par. of Clonegam, on the W. with Mothil, and on 
the S. with Decies. 

(io8) Bounded on the N. E by the Suir, on the S. ivith the 
foregoing, on the N. W. by Fennoagh, aad on the W. by Mothil, 

Dome, 



W A T E R F O R D. 85 

Dome, the columns feeming to rife, though on a flat 
furface. 

The houfe is a large fquare building, except ' 

on the E. fide, from the centre of which the caflle 
projects. In a large room, which is a part of the 
caftle, is a carved chimney-piece in wood, being a 
repreientation of |the cartoon of St. Paul preaching 
at Athens, done by Mr. Houghton, who had a prae- 
mium from the Dubhn lociety for this performance. 

Befides the ftair-cafe, there is a fpacious room 
below, entirely painted by Vander Egan, in land- 
fcape, in which kind he much excelled. A fleeping 
Cupid, on a marble table in this room, deferves 
our attention, as do the beautiful tapeftry hangings 
of an inner chamber. 

There are feveral leiTer pieces done by Vander- 
Egan in the houfe ; but that which feems to excel 
the reft, is a fine reprefentation of the landing of 
King William at Carrickfergus. There are fome 
ancient family portraits here, which by their man- 
ner, feem to be done by Dobfon, Sir Peter Lely, 
and other fam.ous portrait painters. 

The gardens are of a confiderable extent, and 
laid out in a fine tafte. On the right, is a natural 
wildernefs of tall venerable oak ; from the butt of 
one of which, grows a birch tree, purely natural. 
Through this wildernefs an artificial ferpentine ri- - 

ver is cut, which, from an adjacent hill, that af- 
fords an intire profped of the improvements, has 
a beautiful efled. The houfe has the advantage 
of water on three fides, laid out in large elegant 
canals and bafons, well ilored with carp, tench, 
and perch. Swans, and other wild-fov/1, contribute 
to enliven the fcene ; ard the bai^ks and terraces 
are adorned with ftatues. Facing two fronts of the 
houfe, are cafcades ; one of which falls from ftep to 
Hep in form of a perron, and the other from bafon 
to bafon : A third is deiigned to face the other 
front. There is alfo a Hieli-houfe ered^ing, which 

when 



9*0 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

when finifned, promifes to be very curious ; as 
alfo a handfome green houfe. From the front of 
the houfe, befides a profpedt of the gardens, &:c. you 
fee beyond thefe in the centre- a beautiful extended 
lawn. On either hand, are rifing grounds, covered 
with wood, and on the neighbouring hills, are 
feveral young plantations of the fame. 

The profpedt facing the entrance, is terminated 
by the mountains of Cummeragh, which, at about 
feven miles diflance, elevate their rocky fides ; down 
one of which a rivulet tumbles, and beautifies the 
fcene with a natural cataradt. 

Some time ago, two brafs inflruments were dug 
up, in an adjacent bog, both fhaped fomething 
like wedges, about 3 inches long, and li broad 
at the bottom. They feem to be the fame repre- 
fented by Dr. Plot in his hiflory of Staffordfhire 
(109J, which he will have to be the head of a 
Roman Securis. But thefe feem to be too fmali 
for the ufe iuch inftrumients were put to, i. e. 
to kill the facrifices, and feem rather to be forae 
kind of Daniih inftrument, not as yet determined 
for what ufes they were defigned. Another curi- 
ofity here occurring, is a folid globe of glafs or 
cryftal, as it feemed to be, which has been, time 
out of mind, in the family, and is faid to cure the 
murrain in cattle, by putting it into a veifel of. wa- 
ter, or even a rivulet, and givingthat water to the 
cattle to drink ; but whether this has that efFedtj 
credat Judseus Apella. 

In the park adjoining the houfe, are a great va- 
riety of beautiful coloured deer, and a large parcel 
of fallow deer in an adjacent wood. 

The church of Clonegam v/as .lately rebuilt by 
his lordiliip, and (lands on a hill, about a mile to 
the E. of the houfe. It is a neat building, in good 
proportion, the floor paved v/ith marble, and with- 

(;c:;^' Chap. ic. Tab, XXXIIL fig. 6. Vid= plate IV. fig- ^^' 



W A T E R F O R D. 9.1 

in the rails of the altar with oaic, in which are 
handfome veneeiings, in feverai geometrical figures. 
The altar-piece and pulpit, are of mahogany, and 
the feats plain and neat. The walls are partly 
wainfcotted and fluccoed, the ceiling neatly orna- 
mented with fret-work, and the whole, being well 
lighted, has an elegant appearance. From the door, 
is an extended profpedt of the improvements of Cur- 
raghmore, and a large tract of country on all fides. 

Mayfield is a pleafant feat of fir James May, bart. Mayfield. 
finely fituated on the banks of the Suir, with fe- 
verai plantations, and large improvements. This 
place was formerly called Rocketts Caftle, from a 
cailie erected here, probably by one of that name. 

The land of the parifh of Fennoagh (no), isFennoagh 
generally arable and pafaire, v/ith fomie unproiita- par. 
ble rock and iPiOuntain. 

Mothil parifh (in) is much the fame kind of Mothil 
foil. Here was formerly an abbey of canons regu- P^^* 
lar of St. Augufline, or, according to fome, of 
Ciftertian monks, founded by St. Brogan, in the 
6th century, and at the difiblution, granted to fir 
Walter Raleigh, in fee farm. There are fom.e few 
remains of this abbey near the parifh church, which 
is in repair. At Clonea, is an old caftle, which be- 
longed to the lord of Decies, but, at prefent, gone 
to decay. At Monerlargy, is a good houfe and 
improvements of Mr. Edward Englifli. 

The moil remarkable place in the parifh of Defert Defert 
(1 1 2), is Carrickbeg, formerly called Carrick mac- par. 
Griffin, being a part of the faburbs of Carrick-na- 

(! 10) Bounded on the S. E. by Clonegam, on the S. by Mo- 
thil, on the W. by Defert, and on the N. by the Suir. 

(i I i) Bounded on the N. by the parifn of Defert, on the W. 
by that of Rathcormuck, now joined with it, on the E. with 
Clonegam, and on the S. with Decies. 

(•>2; Bounded on ihe N. by the Suir, on the S. by Mothil, 
on the E. with Fennoagh, and on the W, by Glapatrick, not 
mentioned in the regitter books. 

Suir, 



QZ Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

Suir. Here is an excellent ftone-bridge, which 
affords a communication between the two counties 
of Waterford and Tipperary. The abbey of this 
place was founded by Thomas earl of Ormond, in 
1336, for Francifcan friars. And John Clyn, the 
annalift, was the firil guardian of it, and died therein, 
in 1349. The fleeple is a curious building, about 
60 feet high, and rifes from a fingle flone, like an 
inverted pyramid ; which point begins feveral feet 
from the ground, towards the middle of the fide 
wall of the ruined church. In this abbey, are fe- 
veral tombs, but of no great antiquity. 

Coolncmucky is a pleafant feat of William Wall, 
cfq; near which, fome years ago, two urns were 
difcovered, filled with earth, refembling thofe men- 
tioned to be found near Whitfields. — —Not long 
fmce, very large woods flood near this place ; one 
particular tree, called, by the Irifh, Blahoge, grew 
here, the boughs of which, when flanding, over- 
fpread near half an acre of ground, fo that a large 
troop of horfe might draw up under its branches ; 
the trunk is, at prefent, at Curraghmore, and feems 
to have been near ten feet diameter. By an order 
remaining in the council books of the 2d of Nov. 
1654, commifTary general Reynolds was direded 
to fell and carry as many trees, (which, the. order 
fays, was a dangerous fhelter for rogues, and ob- 
ftrucled the high way) as to enlarge the road 20 
yards on each fide, which was executed accord- 
ingly. 

At Church-Town, is the parifh church in repair, 
with a feat of Eccles Difney, efq; and at Glyn is a 
good houfe, belonging to the family of the Roches. 
In fir William Petty's time, there was here an an- 
cient caflle, poflefTed by th^ Everards. 

At Bolhendefart, anciently called Defert Naibre, 
was founded an abbey of St Maidock, in the 6th 
century, for canons regular of St. Augufline. Gla- 
patrick is a fmall trad, lying between thii parifh 

and 



£^^~ 



•-=^,^,s^s.r^l 



m 



M. 



92 



WATERFORD. 

and the commons of Clonmel, formerly a parlfti in 
itfelf, near which, on the Suir, is Tickencore, be- 
longing to fir William Ofborne, with feme good 
improvements. 

That part of this barony which extends along the 
river Suir, is a pleafant trad, but towards the S. 
it is very coarfe, and only fit for pafturage, afford- 
ing but little tillage for want of proper manure, 
fea-fand and lime-ftone being ac too great a dis- 
tance. 

In the county of Tipperary, at a place called 
Abbey, is an excellent marl, which, as it is conve- 
nient to water-carriage, might be of great ufe to 
the fertilizing this part of the country. 

Great part of this barony, with the E. part of 
Decies, retains the name of Power's ccuiitiy, not 
only from the lords of Curraghmore, but aifo from 
many families of that name fettled in thefe parts. 

To the W. of this barony, He Lhe commons of 
Clonmel, for the moll part a mountainous tra<^, 
affording little elfe but pafture. Thefe commons, 
by the down-furvey, contained 5103 acres, which 
were forfeited at the time of the ulurpation, and 
but little of them remains to the corporation of 
Clonmel at prefent. 

Glanehiry, (113) a fmall barony, is watered on 
the N. and W. fides by the Suir, and on the S. by 
the river Nier. That part near the Suir is well 

(113) Glanehiry, is bounded on the N. by the Suir, on the W. 
by the Co. of Tipperary, on the S. by the bar. oi Decies, and 
on the E. by Decies and Middlethi'd. It contains the commons 
of Cionmell, and the parifii of Kilronan, which has the fame 
bounds almoft as the barony. There were fome lands in this 
barony called Slunagb, or Abbey-Slunagh, which, in the down- 
furvey, is made a diftinft parifli ; thefe lands formerly belonged 
to the abbey of Inis Launaght, or de Suirio, in the Co. of Tip- 
perary, probably the place on the Suir called Abbey, it was en- 
dowed by Donald O-Brien, king of Limerick, and Malachy O- 
Feolain, lord of Decies, in the i2tb century. At the difTolution, 
the lands were granted to fir Patrick Gough, of Kilinanehin. 

cultivated 



m 



94 Natural and Civil Hiftory of^ 

cultivated, efpecially where the land is low ; but 
towards the E. and S. E. it is very coarfe, though 
well flocked with black cattle, as are all the moun- 
tains almoft in this county. 

Four-mile- water, a fmall village, takes its name 
from its di fiance from Clonmel, where, over the 
river Nier, is a fione bridge. Till one arrives near 
Clonmel, a traveller has little variety in this moun- 
tainous tradt i but, from the rifmg grounds near 
that place, the meanders of the river Suir prefent 
themfelves to view ; and here the county of Tippe- 
rary appears to great advantage, as far as the eye 
can reach ; the whole country being one lei^el 
plain, diverfified with large extended lawns and 
fheep-v/alks, inclofed meadows, corn-fields, feverat 
handfome feats and houfes, beautified with gardens 
and fheltered every where with regular plantations, 
which, to an eye tired with the rough profpeds this 
county affords, is infinitely pleafing. 

Part of the fuburbs of Clonm.el extend themfelves 
into this barony, on the S. fide of the Suir. The 
bridge is divided into two, by a fm^all ifland in the 
river, on which houfes are built. The town has a 
handfome and regular appearance from this fide of 
the water. 

The only improvem.ents in this barony, are on 
the E. fide of the river. Among thefe, are Bally- 
makey, Kilmanehin, Kilnemaky, &c. But on the 
county Tipperary fide, the feats are very numerous. 
Near the verge of this barony, are fome old caftles, 
as Caftle coonagh, Caftle-reagh, Newcaflle, &c. pro- 
bably built as places of defence on the frontiers of 
both counties ; this being the only part through 
which there is a free paffage without croffing the 
Suir, or palling exceeding high mountains. 

I fhall conclude this chapter with a fev/ general 
remarks on the whole county. The county-taxes 
are raifed according to the number of plough-lands 

(114) into 



WATER FORD. 9$ 

(114) into which each barony is divided, every 
plough-land paying an equal fhare.' There is fcarce 
a fixteenth part of this county under tillage, three 
fourths of it, at leaft, beirg under pafture, yet it 
affords a much greater quantity of corn than fup- 
plies the ufes of the inhabitants. Potatoes abound 
mod towards the weflern fides, which not only 
feed the greateft part of the poorer fort, but being 
fent to Dublin, make very confiderable returns. A 
large quantity of butter is made here, though but 
little cheefe, the former being found moft profita- 
ble. The hnen-manufa<Sture has hitherto gained 
litde footing in this part of the kingdom. The 
methods of living here, are very different from 
thofe in the north, which thefe people will not com- 
ply with. If colonies of the northern inhabitants 
are to be invited into thefe parts, which it is to be 
preflimed is the bed method of fpreading the linen- 
manufadture hither, they mud have land fet them 
at a cheaper rate than our cottagers pay for it ; who 
can maintain a family with an acre or two of pota- 
toes, and pay a large rent for a dairy with the 
labour of a few hands ! 

(114) The number of plough-lands In each barony, by v^hich 
one may fee the quantity of cultivated and pafture land in 
each, areas follows, Decies without Drum, 122. P. L. Decies 
within Drum, 75. Cofhmore and Coflibride, 92. Upperthird, 
^6. Middlethird, 6^, Gualtiere, 56. Gjanehiry, 14, 



CHAR 



g^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

C H A P. IV. 

Hijlorical annals of the city of Waterford, from 
the time of its building by the Oftmen, or Danes, 
to the landing of the EngiiTh, and from thence 
continued down to the revolution. 



T 



HE firfl building of this city is attributed to 
the Danes, or, as they were then called. 
Oilmen, who were aifo the founders of mod of the 
fea-port towns in Ireland, where they firfl fettled 
themfelves for the conveniency of carrying on an in- 
land traffick with the natives at home, as well as a 
confiderable commerce abroad. 

They were called Oflmen or Eaflerlings, as com- 
ing from a part of the world lying Eafl: of thefe 
iflands; which tra6t, among our merchants trading 
up the Baltick, is called the Eafl-land country, 
and from thefe, that part of the city of Dublin, 
now corruptly called Oxmantown, but formerly 
Oftmantown, took its name. Thefe Danes are not 
to be underflood of a people which only inhabited 
that tradl now known by the name of Denmark, 
but were colonies of promifcuous nations of th€ 
ancient Scandinavia, who invaded and fixed them- 
felves, according to the hidories of th^-tfmes, in 
this ifland, fome time between the eighth and ninth 
century. They are noted for their frequent inva- 
fions upon this and the neighbouring countries, 
which .they found more fruitful, temperate, and 
rich than their own ♦, as well as for their piracy, 
commerce, and for their introducing a better fort 
of coined money into trade, than was current in 
thefe parts before their time ; which has retained 
their name, by being termed flerling, as Cambden 
obferves. 
Aniv 853. The foundation of this city, is commonly afcri- 
bed to Sitiricus, in the year 853 \ and much about 

the 



W A T E R F O R D. 97 

the fame time, Ivorus is faid to have buijt 
Limerick ; and Amiavas, Dublin. 

In 893, Patrick, fon to Ivorus, then king of the Ann. 893. 
Danes of Waterford, was flain. 

Anno 937, The Danes of Waterford wailed all 937. • 
the country of Meath (i). 

Anno 1000, Ivorus, then king of the Danes, died 1009. 
fn Waterford, and was fucceeded, 

Anno 1003, by his fon Reginald, who built the 1003. 
tower called after his name, and now, by corrup- 
tion, called, the Ring-tower. 

Anno 1 01 4, Brien Boruma, in the twelfth year 10 14. 
of his reign, treated with moll of the Irifh petty- 
kings, to unite their forces with him to drive out 
the Danes, as the publick enemies of the kingdom • 
but Sitricus, king of the Danes of Waterford, 
having made all the preparations and alliances that 
he could, they came to a fharp engagement, at 
Clontarf, on the 23 d of April, wherein the faid 
Brien was mortally wounded, and Murrough, his 
fon, and Turlogh, the fon of Murrough, his grand- 
fon, with many others of quality, befides iiooo 
foldiers, v^^ere flain -, but DoiyDgh, the third fon of 
Brien, taking the command of the army, obtained 
a compleat victory. And, 

Anno 1036, took a journey to Rome, carrying 1036. 
with him the regal crown, which was of pure gold. 
Sitricus, king of the Danes of this city, was 
killed by the king of Upper-OlTory, and was 
fucceeded by Reginald 0-Hiver, who, the fame 
year, was killed by Sitricus II. 

Anno 1038, Cumana O-Rahan, king of the 103S. . 
Danes of Waterford, was flain by the people of 
Upper-Oifory ^ or, as fome fay, by the treachery 
of his own men ^ and the fame year, this city was 
plundered and burnt, by Dermot Mac-mel Nembo, 
king of Leinfter. (2) 

(0 Annals of the four maflers. (2) Annals of all faints 
in the ifle of Loughrea, 

H Anno 



9 8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Anno Anpio 1087, This city was taken and burnt by 

1087. the people of Dublin (3). 

1096. Anno 1096, The Oflraen of Waterford, having 
embraced the chriilian religion, thought it advif- 
able to place a biiliop (4) over their city ^ and there- 
fore they elected into this office one Malchus, a 
man of probity, who had been fome time a bene- 
dictine monk of Wincheiler, and was confecrated 
by the archbifnop of Canterbury. 

Malchus, after his confecration, returned to Wa- 
terford ; and he and the Oilmen built the cathedral 
of the BleiTed Trinity, now called Chrift-church. 

,j5g^ DerraotMac-Murrough, king of Leinfter, being 
forced out of his dominions by Roderick, king of 
Connaught, fled into France to Henry II. king of 
England, who was then carrying on his conquefts 
there, and fubmitted himfelf and kingdom to that 
prince, upon condition that he would aflifl him to 
recover it. The king not having leifure from his 
* wars, gave him authority to raife volunteers in 
England, and liberty to any of his fubjedts to aid 
king Dermot. Upon his arrival at Briftol, he de- 
livered his commiillon to the magiflrates of the 
city, where the king's letters were publickly read; 
and to encourage men to engage in his fervice, he 
made ample proraifes of lands and eftates to fuch 
as would follow him. There he met with Richard 
le Clare, firnamed Strongbow, who was lord of 
Tottenham, Wolaflon, Chepftow, &:c. and to that 
earl engaged, that if he would raife a body of men 
for his fervice, he v/ould beftow upon him his 
daughter Eva, and as a dowry, would confirm to 
him and his heirs the crown of Leinfler, after his 
deceafe. Earl Strongbow agreed to thefe terms. 
Dermot alfo applied himfelf to Ralph Griffin, prince 
of Wales, from whom he had the affiftance of Ro- 
bert Fitz-Stephens, governor of Cardigan caflle, and 

(3) Annals of Mary's-abbey, and annd. Multif. 

(4) Hift. of the biihops, p, 526. 

confirmed 



W A T E R F O R D. 99 

confirmed to him the town of Wexford, as a reward 
for his fervice. Thus Dermot having fuccefsfully 
foliicited abroad, conveyed himfelf into Ireland, 
v/here he lay concealed till the landing of Robert 
Fitz-Stephens, who was attended with 30 horfe^ 
men, Milo Fitz-Henry^ Milo Fitz-David of Mine- 
via, and Harvey de iVlontmorifcoe with 60 men at 
arms, and 300 archers, who landed in three fliips, 
at Bag and Bunn, in the county of Wexford. The 
day following, came Morris de Prendergaft, with 
iO men at arms, and 60 archers, Then Dermot 
putting himfelf at the head of 500 horfe that he had 
m readinefs, went and joincsd the Englifh, and be- 
fieged Wexford, which foon furrendered 5 after 
which he made other conquefts in Leiniter. 

About the beginning of May, anno 11 70, Ray- Anno 
mond le Grofs, fent by Strongbow (5) landed with **>^' 
10 horfemen and 70 archers, at Dundrone (6), four 
miles from Waterford. The Danes of this city, 
hearing of the arrival of the Englifh, refolved to 
attack them before their flrength increafed, and 
witb the aiTiilance of Malachy O-Feolain, prince of 
the Decies, and 0-Ryan of Idrone (7), got together 
an army of 3000 horfe and foot, with which they 
fell upon the Englifh, who valiantly received them, 
and though few in number, under the conduft of 
Harvey de Montmorifcoe, (who accidentally came 
thither upon a vifit to Raymond) after fome hours 
difpute, put them to flight. In this battle, fell 
about 1000 Danes and Irifh, and 70 of the princi- 
pal citizens v/ere made prifoners, v^ho were all put 
to death by Raymond, to irevenge the lofs of his 
friend de Bevin, ilain in that battle ; fb fays Mau- 
rice Regan, who was fervant and interpreter to 
king Dermot • but Cambrenfis fays, that, by Hai- 

(5) Ware's Engl. Ann. p. 4. 

(6) In fome accounts I have met wkb, this landing ig faid to 
be 9.1 Don-Ifle^ in this county. (7) A part of Od'ory. 

H ^ vey'g 



Anno 



I oo Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

vey*s perfuafion, contrary to the intent of Raymonc}^ 
they were cad headlong from a rock into the fea (8), 
This battle was fought in May; and the Auguft 
following, earl Strongbow fet fail from Milford-ha- 
ven, and, with a fair wind, landed in Waterford 
harbour (9) on the eve of St. Bartholomew ; to 
whom immediately repaired, the king of Leinfter, 
Fitz-Stephens, Fitz-Gerald, and Raymond le Grofs, 
who was made general of the field ; and the next 
day, they marched to Waterford, which they af- 
_ faulted by land and water. After two repulfes^ 
Raymond perceived a cabin on the wall, propt 
with timber on the out fide. Immediately he caufed 
the prop to be cut,^ fo that the houfe fell, and with 
it part of the wall, at v/hich breach the Englifh 
entered the city, plundered it, and put all the in- 
* ^^' habitants, found in arms^ to the fword. Among 
other priibners, Reginald, prince of the Danes of 
Waterford, and Mai achy 0-F©olain, prince of De- 
cies, were taken, whom they imprifoned in R^i- 
nald's-tov/er. Thefe being afterwards condemned 
to death, were faved by the intercefiion of king 
Dermot, who, together with Fitz-Stephens, and 
many other Englifn and Welfn gentlemen, came 
there after the vidory, to be prefent at the marri- 
age of earl Strongbow, with Eva the king's daugh- 
ter. This marriage (according to the former 
agreement) was here celebrated, and they were 
publickly proclaimed heirs to Dermot's dominions. 
Not long after, Dermot and his fon-in-lav/, leaving 
a garrifon in Waterford, marched, befieged, and 
took Dublin ; but the winter coming on, Dermot 
returned to Femes, and the earl to Waterford. 



(8) Some fay, the place where this firfi: battle was fought, 
was at Bag and Bunn, in the county of Wexford, of which this 
Yerfe retains the memory : 

At the head of Bag and Bunn, 
Ireland wa^^ loft and won. 

(9) Annals of Mary's-abbey. 

After 



W A T E R F O R D. lOr 

After this, he marched to Carrick (lo), near 
Wexford, to reheve Robert Fitz-Stephens, who was 
befieged therein; but the place being taken, and 
Fitz-Stephens made a prifbner before he could ar- 
rive, he turned off to Waterford, where he found 
Harvey, with commands from king Henry, that the 
earl fhould repair to England, which he immedi- 
ately obeyed. Upon his arrival there, he gave an 
exad account to the king of the pofture of aiTairs 
i^ Ireland; and offered to deliver up the pofielHoii 
of Dublin, Waterford, and other principal towns, 
into his majefty's hands, provided he would confirm 
to him and his heirs, the enjoyment of the reft of 
his acquifitions. The king thus having the way 
opened for him, accepted the terms, and quickly 
followed the earl into Ireland, attended with 400 
knights (fays Regan) 500 (fays Cambrenfis,) and 
4000 men at arms, and on the i8th of Odober ""^ 
landed at Waterford, where he was received with ''^' 
much joy by William Fitz-Adelm, Robert Fitz- 
Bernard, and others, whom he had fent before him. 
The eity was delivered to him by Strongbow, who 
did the king homage. While he was here, the 
people of Wexford came among the firft to make 
their court to his majefty, and complimented him 
with their prifoner Fitz-Stephens (11). Some fay, 
they accufed him as a traitor, for entering Ireland^ 
with an arm.ed force, without any commiflion ; up- 
on which, he was committed prifoner to Reginald's- 
tower. 

Dermot Mac-Carthy, king of Cork, alfo came, 
and voluntarily fubmitted and fwore allegiance ; he 
agreed to pay a certain annual tribute, which be- 
ing done, the king marched to Lifmore, and thence 
to Cafheil; near which, on the banks of the Suir, 
came Daniel O-Brien, prince of Limerick, who, 
in like manner, fubmitted and fwore allegiance. 
Whereupon, garrifons were fent to Cork and Li- 

(10) Ware, p. 6. (1 1) Cox, v. i. p. 21. 

H 3 , merick^ 



J 02 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

Anno merlck, and the king returned to Waterford. In 
''?^* like manner fubmitted Daniel, prince of OjO[()ry, 
O-Feolain, prince of Decies, and ail the great men 
of Munfier; to each of whom the king gave pre- 
fents, and a gracious reception. All the archbi^ 
fhops, bifhops and abbots of Ireland, waited on his 
majeily, and fwore fealty to him ; and he received 
from them charters, with their feals pendant, con- 
firming the kingdom of Ireland, to him and his 
heirs for ever. 

This meeting, Matthew Paris (who was Hifto-. 
riographer to Henry III.) fays, was at Lifmore, in 
which place, the king caufed the Irifh alfo to re- 
ceive and fwear to be governed by the laws of Eng- 
land. ' In confiiio habito apud Lifmore leges Ang- 
]']% ab omnibus funt gratenter receptse, &juratoria 
cautione pr^iiita confirmatse,' faith this author. He 
alfo held a general council at Cafnell, wherein he 
rectified many abufes in the church, and eftablifned 
laws, agreeable to thofe of the church of England. 
Matihew Paris further adds, ' Urbes & caflella 
qu^ rex in fua receperat, fub fideli cuftodia depu- 
tavit.' That for a further fecurity, the king pof- 
feffed himfelf of feveral cities and caflles, v/hich he 
put into fafe hands. Giraldus Cambrenfis informs 
us, that the pope gave Hen. IJ. licence to fubdue 
the Irifn, and exhibits the bull (12) at large, for 
this purpofe. 

Before' the kind's return to Enorjand, he com= 
mitted Waterford to the care of Humphry de Bo- 
hun, Robert Fitz-Bernard, and Hugh de Gondo- 
ville, who had 20 gentlemen to attend them (13)4 
and this year, Waterford and Wexford were re- 
inforced with new garrifons. 

Raymond le Grofs, with a feled party, made an 
inroad into the country of the Decies, (14) which 

(t 2) See alfo the bull, at large, in Rymcr's Fcedera, vol. L 
(i 3) Extraa of a M.S. in Marlh's lib. 7. 
(14) Ware ann. p. i to 



WATERFORD. 

he every where depopulated ; he took Llfmore by 
force, put the plunder of that and other places on 
fhip-board, and gave the command to Adam de 
Hereford, to convey them to Waterford. Cox (1,5) 
attributes this expedition to earl Strongbow, who, 
he fays, after he fpoiled Lifmore, marched towards 
Waterford. At Dungarvan they found 1 3 boats, 
which they feized and loaded with the plunder ; but 
being detained there a long time by contrary winds, 
they were met in their paiTage, by a fleet of the 
Danes of Cork, confiding of o,^ fail, whom they 
engaged and defeated. Gilbert, fon of Turgefius, 
their admiral, was killed in this action, by David 
Walih, of Waterford ; whereupon the Englifh, 
under their leader Adam de Hereford, failed tri- 
umphantly into the city. Dermot McCarthy, king 
of Cork, marched out v/ith his forces by land, to 
ailift the attempts of the fleet, and to feize on the 
boats of the Englifh, if they were in harbour -, but 
Raymond gave him battle, and gained a complete 
vidtory, with a booty of 4000 cows, v/hich he 
brought iafe into the city. Soon after, Raymond 
hearing of the death of his father, palTed over into 
Wales. 

The Englifh having received a confiderable over- ^^^^ 
throw (under the command of Harvey de Montmo- 1 1 73-. 
rifcoe) in OiTory, the Irifh began to rife every v^here, 
and Roderick, monarch of all Ireland, having paf- 
fed the Shannon with a mighty army, burned and 
plundered all the country, as far as to the walls of 
Dublin. Strongbow was at this time ihut up in 
Waterford, in continual dread of a maffacre ; in 
this condition, he wrote to Raymond le Grofs, then 
in Wales, for a fpeedy aiTidance, and promiied him 
his fifler, the fair Bafilia, in marriage, as the reward 
of his expedition. Raymond embarked with all 
poiTible hafce, and brought with (16) him 30 gen- 
tlemen, 1 00 horiemen, and 300 archers and foot- 

(15) Cox, V. I. p. 2- . (16} Cox, V. I. p. zB. 

-H 4. men. 



103 



I04 Naturd and Civil Hiftory of 

men, who, in 20 velTels, arrived in Waterford very 
opportunely to deliver the earl, from an infurredti- 
on of the Danes, virho intended no lefs than a ge- 
neral deflrudion of the Englifh. Earl Strongbow 
(17), Raymond, and the army, marched to Wex- 
ford. But Purcell, governor of the town, attempt- 
ing to follow him by boat on the Suir, was inter- 
cepted and flain by the Danes, who alfo murdered 
all the Englilli that remained in the city, except a 
few who faved themfelves in Reginald's-tower, 
which they defended, till the confpirators, fearing 
the event of their revolt, yielded up the city, but 
with conditions little advantageous to themfelves. 
4n»o Anno 11 75 (18) Odave St. Mich, by a treaty 
*'75' made between Hen. II. and Roderick king of Con- 
naught, thefe lands were to remain to king Henry. 
* Scil. Duvelina cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis. Wex- 
fordia cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis. Waterfordia 
cum omnibus pertinentiis fuis.* 

Auguiline eonfecrated bifhop of Waterford. 

This fame year, a fynod of bifhops was held in 
that city, to whom king Henry fent the abbot of 
Malmibury, and William Fitz-Adelm, with the 
above-mentioned bull of pope Alexander IV. con- 
firming the lordrhip of Ireland to the king, which 
was lolemnly read and confented to, by all the 
clergy then prefent.' 

A parry of the Er^gHfh of Cojk, marched towards 
this city, but were flain by the Irifli at Lifmore (19) 

Williami Fitz-Adelm was called from the govern- 

'^^° ment of Ireland, ar^d Hugh De- Lacy, appointed to 

fucceed him, with whom Robert Poer, governor 

or V/aterford and Wexford (20) was joined in com- 

miPiion. 

Sir Thomas de Clare (21) obtained a grant of 
Thomond, as Otho de Grandifon did of Tipperary, 
and Robert le Poer of Waterford, 

(17) Ware's ann p. if. (i8) Rymer's feed. vol. L 

(19) Annals of Innisfall. . (2©) Ware's aqnals, p. 19. 

(2OC0S, V. I. p. 35. In 






II 



W A T E R F O R D. jog 

In November, Robert Fitz-Stephens, Mllo Co- 
gan, and Philip de Braos, landed at Waterford 
with new recruits (22), and from thence marching 
to Lifmore, proceeded to Cork, 

Milo Cogan, and his fon-in-law Ranulph Fitz- Anno 
Stephens, being in the peaceable polTeffion of the 11S3. 
kingdom of Cork, at the perfuafion and invitation 
of one M'Tirid, made a journey to Lifmore, with 
five other knights, in order to treat with the people 
of Waterford (23) about fome differences between 
them. They lodged at M'Tirid's houfc; but he 
perfidioLifly took his opportunity to murder them 
and their companions. 

In Eafter week, John earl of Morton, accompa- 1185. 
nied by RalphGlanville, judiciary of England,, and 
other principal perfons, with 300 (fome fay 400) 
knights, and many horfe and archers, landed at 
Waterford, He built three caftles in Munfler ; 
one atTibra<St, one at Ardfinane, and the third at 
Lifmore, for the fecurity of the Englifh. 

At his firft landing, numbers of the Irifh chiefs 
waited upon him, to congratulate his arrival. But 
feveral of the Englifh and Normans, who had not 
been in Ireland before, began to laugh at the Iridi 
manner of cloathing, and at their long beards and 
ghbs (24) they like wife affronted many of the great 
men, who quitted the city with difdain, and con- 
federated with Mac-Carthy, king of Defmoid, 
O-Brien of Thomond, and Roderick O-Connor, 
king of Connaught, informing them of the ill 
treatment they had received from John and his 
young attendants, thefe Irifh princes, vho were 
preparing to attend the Englifh, having heard of 
this infult, inftead of waiting, on the king's fon, 

(22) Ware's ant. p. 24. (23) M.S. in iVIarfh's library. 

(24) Glibs were no other than the hair of the head, which, 
in thofe times, being never combed, it grew fo thick, ana was 
matted together (o clofe, that it ferved inltead or an hat, kept 
the head very warm, and wojld bear off a great blow or tlroke; 
in this kind of rude ornament, the Irifh took much delight. 

afTembled 



io6 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

affembled their forces, and openly declared war 
againft him. Befides the affront they had received^ 
feveral of their lands were taken from them, and 
bellowed by John upon his followers ; which eilates 
the Irifh had enjoyed, with the confent of the firft 
adventurers, for fervices performed by them, againft 
their countrymen. The revenues which arofe from 
the cities and towns on the coafls, and the lands 
adjoining to them, that had been applied, by king 
Henry, to the defence of the country, were con- 
ferred, by John, on his young courtiers, many of 
whom fliut themfelves up in the towns, and fpent 
their eflates in riot and debauchery ; the foldiers, 
following the example of their leaders, and no new 
cafbles or fortreiTes being eredted upon the borders, 
the Irifh were thereby greatly encouraged to revolt. 
The king being iiiformed of thefe diforders, re- 
called his fon and his young counfellors, and fent 
over John de Courcy a fecond time, who was now 
appointed to govern the kingdom in the quahty of 
lord deputy, and by his adivity and vigilance againft 
the Iriiii, foon reduced them to obedience (25). 

Anno Robert fucceeded Auguftin as bifhop of V/ater- 

1200. ford. 

A fair granted to Waterford by king John, to 

^204. be held on Lammas day and eight days following. 
David advanced to the fee of Waterford on tliQ 
death of Robert. 

A charter of incorporation granted to this city by 

i2o5. king John, dated at Malbridge 3' Julii, 7th 3^ear 
of his reign; of v/hich the following is an extradl; 
" Civibus noftris civitatis noftrss Watejford, 
'' infra muros didae civitatis manentibus, totam 
*^ civitatem noftram de Waterford, cum omnibus 
*' pertinentiis; &quodpraedidi cives, &eorumhae- 
" redes & fuccefTores in perpetuum habeant metas 
^' fuas ; ficut probatae fuere per facramentum fide- 
" lium hominum (viz.) duodecim de ipfa civitate, 

(25) Cambrenfis, cap, 1%, 



W A T E R F O R D. 107 

" et duodecim extra per prsceptum regis Flenrici 
^' patris noiiri." 

Then he lays out the mears and bounds in that 
patent, and after grants, that, " Ipfi cives, et 
^' eorum haeredes & fuccelTores in perpetuum ha- 
*' beant omnes Hbertates, & Hberas confuetudines 
^' fubfcriptas ; Hbertates autem quas eis concefli- 
*' mus funt, &c/' 

He then recites many privileges and liberties 
granted to them, concerning the trial in appeals, 
that it fhould not be by duel, ,but by the oaths of 
twelve men; concerning the chocfing of a provofl 
every year, that he fhould hold pleas of his hundred 
in lands and tenements, debtv% accounts, and o-ther 
contracls ; and that they fhall- be free from toll, 
pailage, murage, &c. concerning wardiliips, and the 
having of v/aifs, flrays, felon's goods, deodands, 
and many other privileges and immunities; and, 
among the red, is thisclaufe; " Conceffimus etiara 
'^ pr^fatis civibus, et eorum h^redibus & fuccef^ 
*^ foribus in perpetuum, quod nuUi jufticiarii ad 
*' aflifas capiendas, in comitatu Waterford, nee ali- 
*' quis alius miniiler, nee b^redum vel fucceiTorum 
^' noftrum, in futuro vexent, aut aliquis eorum vexet, 
" nee venire compellent, ieu aliquis eorum in fu- 
<' turo venire compellet prsfatos cives, feu eorum 
^' aliquera, h^redes feu fucceiTores fuos, coram 
^' eis, feu eorum aliquo, extra civitatera pr^dldam, 
'' tam at fedara noilram, quam ad feclam quorum- 
*' quunque quereniium ; fed faciant quicquid ad 
" eos pertinet praefatis civibus, & eorum hseredir 
*' bus & fuccefforibus, infra eandem civitatem, 
^- fecundum jufticiam.'* And then faith the patent, 
*' H^Ec omnia eis conceriimus, &c." This patent 
is in a great part of it, only a recital and confirraa^ 
tion of the liberties formerly granted them; and hy 
the lail claufe, it appears, that this county was 
made fiiire ground before the 'yth of king John, as 
I have already obfervcd, p. 37. See fir J. Davis's 

reports, 



laii. 



loS Natmal and Civil Hiflory of 

reports, under cufloms, for particulars relative to 
Waterford city. 
Anno David bifhop bf Waterford, was rnurdered by 

1209. Feolain, dinafl, or petty prince of the'Decies, oc-^ 
cafioned by a contefl between this prelate and the 
bifhop of Lifniore, concerning the poffeffions of 
their fees. 

12 10. The priory of St. Catherine, founded in the fub- 
urbs of Waterford by the Oilmen, and endowed 
by Elias Fitz-Norman. Pope Innocent III. 14th of 
May, 121 1, confirmed to the prior and canons their 
poiFefTions, and particularly mentions the ifland 
without the walls of Waterford, on which their 
church v/as fituated (26). 

This year, Robert fucceeded David In the bi- 
fhpprick of Waterford. 

King John landed at Waterford, on the 8th of 
June, with a great fleet, both to fecure his govern- 
ment from the ambition of Lacy, whereof he was 
exceeding jealous, and alfo to fupprefs the rebellion 
of the Irilh. O-Neal, with above 20 other Irifh po- 
tentates, fubmitted, and fwore fealty to him. At 
this time, he is faid to have divided Leinller and 
Munfter into 12 counties, of which Waterford is 
enumerated as one. 

While king John continued here, his palace flood 
on the fame ground where the widows apartment is 
now built, oppofite to Chrift-church, formerly cal- 
led king John's houfe. He alfo built the new city- 
wall, a great part of which continues to this day, 
About this time, he founded the priory of St. Joha 
the evangeii-fl, in the fuburbsof the city, and fup- 
plied it with monks of the Benedictine order. He 
made it a cell to the abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
at Bath in England ; in the charter (which alfo con- 
firms the leper-houfe to the poor of this city) this 
priory is called his alms- houfe. 

(26) Decretal epift. of pope Innocent III. lib. i. epift 79. 

William . 



1212, 



23t. 



1235. 



W A T E R F O R D. 109 

William Wace eledted bifhop. Anno 

Walter the firfl, a benedidine monk and prior '^^B* 
of the abbey of St. John, was ekded bifhop. '*^7- 

A new charter granted to the city, by king 
Henry III. dated at Woodflock the i6th of June 
this year. 

The dominican friary of St. Saviour was found- 
ed, by the citizens of Waterford, within the walls 
of the faid city. 

The Holy-Ghofl friary was founded, by fir 
Hugh Purcell, for francifcans, within the walls, '^'^°' 
on the E. of the city. 

Stephen bifhop of Waterford. ^ 

Henry bifhop of this fee. ^ ' 

Philip bifhop of this fee. This year was remark- ,252.' 
able in Ireland for a great drought, by which, 
multitudes of cattle perifhed ; and the fame year, 
Waterford was burned down to the ground. 
Walter the fecond, bifhop of this fee. 
Stephen of Fulborn, an hofpiialler, confecr'ated 
bifhop. 

The lord juftice Ufford being, this year, obliged , 2-5 
to pafs over into England, he appointed Fulborn 
his fubflitute until his return ; as he alfb did, on 
the fame occafion, in the year 1278. And, in 1278. 
1 281, the bifhop of Waterford was, by the king, 
eftablifhed lord juftice of Ireland (27). 

The city of Waterford, fays Clin (28) through 
fome foul mifchance, was fet on fire ; others report, '2^®« 
that fome merchant ftrangers being wronged, as 
they thought, by the citizens, brought bags of 
powder out of their fhip's ; threw them, by night, 
in at the cellar windows, and coals of fire after 
them ; and fo fpoiled the city, that it was long be- ^ 
fore they could recover themfelves (zg). 

^27) Flarlburry. •> (28) Clin's annals. 

(29) Although the Invention of gun-powder is afcribsd t(3 
Baitholdus Swartz, anno 13^0, yet it appears, the fecret was 
known to Roger Bacon above 1 50 years before, which may 
fupporc Ciin's authority. 

It 



1273. 



Ijo Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

j^nno It is remembered, that the Oilmen or Eafterllngs 

1282. bad the benefit of the EngUdi laws, by charters 
granted, by king Henry, to each city* that of 
Water ford (30) is to be feen in fir John Davis's 
excellent difcourfe, in the lafl edition, p. 24. It is 
an exemplification of the 4th of Edward IL the ori- 
ginal is in Bermingham-tower. 

t286. Walter de Fulborn fucceeded his brother^ who 

was tranilated to the archbifhoprick of Tuam. 

S292. In this year, Edward I. granted to Thomas Fitz- 
Anthony, the cuflodiam of the counties of Water- 
. ford and Defmond, withthecuilodiamof the cafties 
of Waterford and Dangarvan, as appears by the 
following extrad, * ex antiquifs. liter, patent, et 
comraiilion'. (31). 

Edward by the grace of God, king of England, 
lord of Ireland, and duke of Aquit'ain, to the 
archbifhops, biiliops, abbots, priors, earls, barons^ 
juilices, fherifFs, provofts, minifters, &c. greeting. 
Whereas John, king of England, of renowned me-^ 
mory, our grandfather, by his charter which we 
have viewed, had given, granted and confirm.ed^ 
to Thomas Fitz-Anthony, the cuftodiam of the 
counties of Waterford and Defmond, with the 
cuflodiam of the caflles of Waterford and Dun- 
garvan • and alfo all his demefnes in the faid coun- 
ties (except the city of Waterford) to hold to the 
faid Thomas, and his heirs, until our faid granfa- 
ther or his heirs, (hould, by fine, or otherwife, 
demife them out of his hands ^ yielding thereout, 
at the exchequer at Dublin, 250 marks yearly. 

(30) Cox, V. I. p. 76. 

(3') They were a coI!e6tlon of letters patent, which lay in 
private hands ; were atteiled, from time to time, by the pro- 
per officers ; and enrolled, through neceflity ; the originals be- 
ing deftroyedv by an accidental fire, in Pylary's-abbey, DubliRj. 
with all the chancery rolls, to the year 1300 ; except two rolls 
of the fame year, which were delivered to Walter de Thorn-^ 
bury, chancellor of Ireland, by the king's writ, as appears b/ 
a memorandum entered in the rolls of the ad. Ed. 2. 

And 



W A T E R F O R D. ixi 

And our lord Henty, heretofore king of England, 
of illuftrious memory, our father, after the faid 
counties, caftles, lands and tenements, came into 
his hands, having long held feizin thereof, he in- 
feofFed us of the fame counties, caftles, lands and 
tenements, with the appurtenances, to have and to 
hold to us and our heirs for ever, fo that they fhould 
not be feparated from the crown of England. And 
we afterwards, while we were under age, infeofied 
John Fitz-Thomas of the faid counties, lands and 
tenements, together with the cuilody of the caille 
of Dungarvan, to have and to hold to the faid John 
and his heirs for ever ; rendering thereout to us, 
and our heirs, 500 marks yearly, at the faid ex- 
chequer at Dublin; all which lands and tenement!?, 
and counties aforefaid, with the appurtenances 
thereto belonging, by reafon of the faid feoffment 
made while we were under age, and of the intru- 
fions, which the faid John made into the fame, 
without the livery of us, or our miniilers, we 
recovered by our precept in our court, by the 
judgment of the faid court, as our right, againil 
Thomas Fitz-Maurice, coufm and heir of the faid 
John, together with the refidue of the lands and 
tenements, with the appurtenances, vvhich remain- 
ed in the hands of the faid Thon!as Fitz-Maurice : ■ 
we in confideration of the laudable fervices^ &c. 
And then he grants thefe lands to the heirs of 
Thomas Fitz-Ai'thony. 

Walter le Poer wafted a great part of Munfler, ^^n^ 
burning many lands and houfes in that province. 13Q0. 
And the O-Phelans- flew 300 thieves, which had 
made an incurfion to plunder their lands, in the 
territory of the Decies (32). 

Matthew, chancellor of the cathedral, fucceeded 1307. 
Walter de Fulborn in this fee. 

The lord John Bonneval was killed, on candlemas- ijio* 
day, this year, by the lord Arnold Power, and his 
accomplices-, and his body was buiied at Athy, in 

(3 ) Flatiburry. the 



112 Natural and Civil Hijtory of 

the church of the friars preachers. In the year fol- 
lowing, at a parliament held at Kildare, the lord 
Power was tried and acquitted of this murder 5 it 
being proved, that it was done in his own de- 
fence. (33) 

This lord ArnoM Power, was fenefchal of the 
town of Kilkenny in the year lo^z^)-* ^^^ ^^s 
. charged with nerefy and forcery before the bifliop 
of Offcry. 

Anno Nicholas Welifed, dean of Waterford, fucceeded 

1323. next. 

1338. Richard Francis fucceeded in this fee, and fat ten 
years. 

1349. Robert Elyot was advanced to the fee of Water- 
ford, but was deprived the next year by pope Cle- 
ment VI. 

1350. Roger Cradock, a francifcan friar, was advan- 
ced to this fee. While he was b^fhop, a great conteft 
arofe between him and Ralph Kelly, archbilliop of 
Cafhell. The occafion is related to be, (34) "becaufe 
*' two Irifh-men were convi6led of herefy before 
*' the biihop, at the caftle of Bunratty, in the dio- 
*' cefe of Killaloe, and burned without any licence 
" from his metropolitan." The M. S, annals in the 
Cotton library, from which this paflfage was taken, 
add further, " that on Thurfday after St. Francis's 
*■ day, a little before midnight, the archbifhop 
" entered privately into the church-yard of the 
" BleiTed Trinity at Waterford, by the little door of 
" St. {q,^) Catherine,- guarded by a numerous troop 
" of armed men made an affault, on the bifhop in 
" his lodgings, grievoufly wounded him and many 
" others of his company, and robbed him of his 
'' goods • and all this was done (as it wa* faid) by 
" the advice of Walter Reve, who pretended to be 

(33) Flatlburry. 

(34) Vide Harris's Hift. bifhops, p. 533. (35) Colebeck gate 
which lies contiguous to the chtfrch-yard, was anciently called, 

. I... i . gate. 

" dean 



WATERFORD. 113 

" dean of Waterford, and of William Sendall, 

" mayor of that city." ^^^^ 

A charter granted to the city, by king Edward 1356. 
III. dated at Weflminfler; the 14th of November, in 
the 30th year of his reign. 

Thomas le Reve, bifhop of Lifmore, tranflated to 1363. 
this fee. Under him, the two bifliopricks of Wa- 
terford and Lifmore were confolidated, by a real 
union (as it is called) this year by pope Urban V. 
which was confirmed by king Edward III. on the 
7th of October. 

A fecond grant of Edward III. to this city, dated ^ ,5, 
at Weftminfter, the 24th of February, in the 38th 
year of his reign. 

On the 4th of September {^6) the Poers of the 1368, 
county of Waterford, having gathered all their 
forces, and being joined by O-Hedrifcol, of the coun- 
ty of Cork, with his gallies and men, failed towards 
Waterford, with an intention to plunder the city, 
which the Poers bore a great enmity to, on account 
of their fidelity and good government. John Mai- 
pas, then mayor, being informed of their defigns, 
prepared to refill them ^ and accompanied by Wal- 
ter Devenifh, (lierlfFof the county, Richard Walfh, 
mailer of St. John of Jerufalem, with a number of 
merchant ftrangers and Englifh, fet himfelf at their 
head, and failed towards the enemy. But the event 
did not anfwer thefe preparations. For the Poers, 
with the aid of the weflern gallies of the O-Hedrif- 
cols, fet upon the city forces, and routed them. In 
this battle, the mayor, with the fheriff of the county, 
the mafter of the hofpital, thirty^fix of the moft 
worthy citizens, as alfo fixty merchant (Irangers and 
Englifh, were flain. On the other fide, the head 
of the Poers, called baron of Don-lfle, his brother 
Bennet Poer, with many of that fept, and num.bers 
of the 0-Hedrifcols, fell. The day following, the 

(36) M. S. Clogher in College Library. 

I mayor 



11^ Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

mayor was brought to the city, all hewn and cut 
to pieces, and was buried in Chrifl-church ; and 
Richard Brafborne was immediately elected mayor 

Anno in his room. 

1394. The 2d of oftober, king Richard 11, landed at 
Waterford, with a mighty army. (37) 

This year, Robert Read, a dominican friar, fuc- 
ceeded Thomas le Reve, in the fees of Waterford 
and Lifmore. 

1396. Thomas Sparkford fucceeded Robert Read, and 
only fat one year : 

1397. And was fucceeded by JohnDeping, or de-Ping, 
a dominican friar. 

1399- This year, king Richard II. the fecond time 
landed at Waterford, with a good army, the 13th 
of May (38), and was by the merchants, and mofl of 
the city, received joyfully. The people, at this time, 
were bafe and fluttifh, and lived in poor houfes. 
The king ilaid fix days in the city. 

The fame year, Thomas Snell was made bifhop of 
Waterford ; he fat about fix years, and was tranflated 
to the fee of Oiibry. 

1405. Roger bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore. 

1409. John GQQky a carmelite friar, fucceeded Roger 
in thofe fees. 

J412. A charter granted to this city, by king Henry V, 
dated at V/efLminfter, the 6th day of May. By this 
charter, the citizens were firfl incorporated, by the 
name of mayor and bailiffs. 

141 3. Simon V/ickin, mayor of Waterford, Roger 
Walfhand Thomas Sault, bailiffs, furprifed and took 
prifoners, O-FIedrifcol, his family, {^g) and the reft 
of his followers, in his ftrong caftle of Baltimore, in 
the county of Cork. They took with themaflrong 
band of men in armiour, on board a fhip belonging 
to the city, and arrived at the caflleon the night of 

(37) Cox, V. I. p. 137. (38) King Richard's laA voyage to 

Iieland. 

(55) Ivl. S. QDlIege library. 

chriflmas 



W A T E R F O R D, 115 

chrlftmas day. The mayor landed his men, marched 
up to the gate, and called to the porter, defiring 
liim to tell his lord, that the mayor of W'^aterford 
was come to the haven with a Oiip of wine, and 
would gladly come in to fee him, upon this mef- 
fage, the gate was fet open, and the whole family 
made prifoners. 1 Anno 

This year, king Henry V. granted a fecond char- 1,1.. 
ter to the city, which is dated at Dublin^ the 15th 
day of January, In this charter, the cufloms, cal- 
led the great new cuflom.s, and his feal of the faid 
cuftoms, were granted for the fupport of the 
city. 

In April, James Butler, earl of Ormiond, lord j^^o* 
lieutenant, landed at Waterford ; and fhortly after 
caufed a combat to be fought (40) between two of 
his coufms, of whom one was flain on the place, 
and the other carried away^ fore wounded, to Kii^ 
kenny. 

Richard, archdeacon of Lifmore, fucceeded to the j . ^5 
fees of Lifmore and Waterford, and fat 20 years. 

James, earl of Defmond (who flood by the But- 1444, 
lers againft the Talbots) was, for this caufe, befriend- 
ed by the earl of Ormond, lord lieut. and obtained 
a patent for the government of the counties of 
Waterford, Cork, Limerick and Kerry. 

Robert Foer, dean of Limerick, made bifhop of i^^e. 
Waterford. 

John Talbot earl of Shrewibilry, lord lieut. on the 
17th of July, this year, obtained a grant from the ^'^'^'^' 
king of the city and county of W~a ter ford, and the 
dignity and title of earl of Waterford, with the 
cafties, honour, lands, and barony of Dungarvan, 
with jura regalia, wreck, &c. from Youghal to 
Waterford •, becaufe (as the patent fays) that country 
is waile^ " et non ad proficuurTi, fed at perdituai 
noftrum redundat." To hold to him and his' heirs 

(40) Ware's Ant, p, 70, 

I 2, male, 



1 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

male, and that he and they fhould be thenceforth ftevr- 
ards of the kingdom, to do and execute all things 
to that office appertaining, as fully as the flewards 
of England did perform. This patent was made by 
virtue of a privy feal, and by authority of parli- 
ament; buL in the 28th of Henry VIII. Ireland 
being quite negledted by foreign wars and civil dif- 
fentions in England, it was enadted, by the flat, of 
abfentees, (41) that the earl of Shrewfbury, forhisab- 
fence and carelefsnefs in defending his rights, fhould 
furrender the county and city of Waterford to the 
-crown. Plowever king Charles If. regranted and 
confirmed the title to the family, in the year 1661. 

Anno Stat. 25. Hen. VI. Numb. 18. (42) enaded, that it 

^^'^'^' fhallbe lav/ful for the mayor and citizens of Water- 
ford, and their fucceffors, to aifemble to them what 
perfons they pleafe, and to ride with them in manner 
of war, with banners difplayed, againft the Powers, 
Walihes, Grants and Daltons, who, of a long time, 
have bq,en traitors and rebels, and continually prey 
' and rob 'the king's fubjeds of Waterford and the 
parts adjoining. 

1448. This year, on the 8 th of April, a new charter was 
granted to this city, by king Henry Vlth. 

1450. Stat. 28. Hen. VI. Num.b. 10. (43) As divers of the 
king's fubjects have been taken and flain, by Finin O- 
Hedrifcol, chieftanof his nation, an iriili enemy; 
enadted, that no perfon, of the ports of Wexford, 
Waterford, &c. (hall fifh at Korkly-Baltimorc, nor 
go within the country of the faid O-Hedrifcol with 



(41) See the aft of abfentees made in a pa rllanient fied, 
28th of Henry VIJI. Anno. 1539, before Leonard lord Grey ; 
wherein was granted to the crown, the inheritance of fuch 
lands in Ireland whereof the duke of Norfolk, and George 
Talbot earl of Waterford and Salop, were feized ; with the 
inheritances of divers Corporations and convents demurranc in 
England. 

(42) Rot. Cane, (43) Roll's Office. 



vidlualSj 



WATERFORD, 117 

yiduals, arms, &c. and that proclamation be made 
of this, by writs, in the parts aforefaid, under the 
penalty of the forfeiture of their goods, and (hips 
to thofe who fhall take them, and their perfons 
to the king • and the town who receives the faid 
O-Hedrifcol, or any of his men, fhall pay 40 L to 
the king. 

This year, on the third of June, (44) the mayor Anno 
and citizens of Waterford, being informed of the H^^* 
arrival of O-Hedrifcol at Tramore, invited there 
by the -Powers, (who always continued their ran- 
cour to the city) prepared themfelves in warlike 
manner, and fet forwards towards Ballymacdane, 
where they met the 0-Hedrifcols and Powers, gave 
them battle, and gained a complete vidory, 160 
of the enemy being (lain, and fome taken prifoners, 
among whom were O-Hedrifcol- Oge, and fix of 
his fons, who, with three of their gallies, were 
brought to Waterford. 

Stat. 3.Edw. iV.Numb. 39.(45) It being enaded, M^i- 
by a parliament held at Drogheda, Ann. 38. Hen. 
VI. that the grofle [i. e. the groat] the denier, the 
demi-denier, and the quadrant, (hould be ftruck 
within the caftles of Dublin and Trim. Now as 
the mayor, bailiffs and commons of Waterford, 
are daily incumbered for want of fmall coins for 
change of greater, it is enaded, at their petition, 
that the above-mentioned fmall coins be ftrucli 
at Waterford, in a place called Dondory, alias 
Reynold's-tower, and that they be m.ade of the 
fame weight, print and fize, as is mentioned in the 
faid ad to be done in the caflles of Dublin and 
Trim, and that they fhall have this fcripture, Ci- 
vitas Waterford. (46) 

Ibid. Nurnb. ,44. enabled, that the inhabitants 

(44) M. S. Clogher. (45) Roll's office. 

(4.6) See a cut of thefe coins in the antiquities of Ireland 
lately publilhed. 

I z of 



I ig Natural and Civil Hi/iory of 

of Cork, Waterford and Yougbal, may buy from 
and fell to Irifh enemies, all nierchandizes, without 
impeachment from the king or his ofBcers, ex- 
cept arms offenfive and defenfive, and victuals in 
time of war. 

Ibid, Numb. ^^. an a6l palled to enable Robert 
bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore, to purchafe 
lands, &c. in Frank-alm.oigne of the value of 40L 
per ann. and to annex them for ever to the fee of 
Lifmore, notwithftanding the flat, of mortmain. 

Ibid, Numb. 8. This year, an adt of refumption 
was paflfed, v^ith an exception to the city of Water- 
ford, as to the grant of any cocket, cuflom, fee- 
farm, or other grants made by the king or his 
progenitors heretofore, or of any other thing grant- 
ed by authority of parliament. 

Anno Stat. II. 12. Edvv. IV. Numb. 57. enaded, that the 

H7'- fovereignand portreeves of the town of Roffe, (liali 
appear in perfon, or by attorney, in the common- 
picas, on the quindena of St. Michael, to fliew 
their title of receiving cuftoms from the mayor, 
bailiffs, and citizens of Waterford, and if they do 
not appear, that they Ihall be fore-judged of all 
right for the time to come. 

:<-2, 12, 13. Edw. IV. Numb. 27. enadled, that the 
mayor and bailiffs of Waterford, or any of them, 
may avoid the city, either to parley with Irifh 
enemies, or EngliQi rebels, or in time of pefiilence, 
or to go in pilgrimage to St. James's in Spain, they 
making fuch deputy or deputies, for whom they 
will anfwer, in their abfence, without any prejudice 
to their franchifes, or contempt to the king ; and 
tliat it fhall be lawful for the faid deputy or depu- 
ties, to execute all things, or to hold pleas, as the 
mayor or bailiffs might do if prefent. 

Richard Martin, a francifcan friar, made bifhop 
of V\^aterford and Lifmore. 

1475. This year, William Shirwood, bifhop of Meathj 
being deputy to George duke of Clarence, lord 

lieutenant, 



W A T E R F O R a 119 

lieutenant, held a parliament at Dublin, which fixed 
mints at Dublin, Drogheda, and Waterford. 

The cuflom of poundage being granted on goods, 
for the fupport of the fraternity of arms, eflabiifhed 
by (tat. 14. Ed. 4. the city of Waterford was, by 
this flat, difcharged from paying the faid poundage. 

This year, John Boicomp made bifhop of Water- 
ford and Lifmore. 

Nicholas 0-Henifa, a ciflertian monk, made Anno 
bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore. 1480. 

He was fucceeded, this year, by John, who was 1482. 
confecrated bifhop. 

Stat. I. Rich. III. Numb. 24. An a6l, to enable H^i' 
James Rice, mayor of Waterford, Patrick Mulgan 
and Philip Bryan, baihffs, to go in pilgrimage to 
St. James's, of Galicia, in Spain, according to a 
vow made before they were in office, without 
damage to the king, they leaving fufficient deputies. 

In the year book of 2. Rich. III. fol. 11, it is men- 14B4. 
tioned, that feveral merchants of the city of 
Waterford, fhipped divers merchandifes of the 
ilaple, intending to carry them to Siuys in Flanders 
and not to Calais, contrary to a llatute made in 
England, in 2. Hen, VI. chap. 4. whereby it is 
enadled, " that the whole repair of wools, wool- 
" fellg, leather, whole tin, and fhotten tin, and all 
" other merchandifes belonging to the ftaple, 
" palling out of the realm of England, and the 
" countries of Wales and Ireland, fhould be at 
^' Calais in France, upon pain of forfeiture of the 
" value of the merchandife, which (ball be carried 
" elfewhere • and that no licence from henceforth 
■' be granted to the contrary, except for wool-fells 
** and leather of Northumberland, and the bifnop- 
•' rick of Durham ; and he that efpieth the lame, 
" and thereof giveth knowledge to the treafurer of 
'' England, fhall have a fourth part of the forfei- 
" tare fo by him efpied." Thefe merchandifes 
were carried to Calais, contrary to the intention of 

i 4 the 



120 Natural ard Civil Hijlory of 

the fhippers ; and there fir Thomas Thwaites, knt 
feized upon the (hip ; and the merchants petitioned 
the king and his council, at Weflminfler, hj bill, 
to have reflitution ; and fir Thomas Thwaites 
alledged the ftatute ; and further proved that thofe 
merchants had made an indenture vi^ith the mafler 
of the fhip, to tranfport the goods into Flanders, 
and not to Calais : The merchants (hewed a licence 
of Edw. III. confirmed by two others of Edw. IV. 
and Rich. III. made to the commonalty and mer- 
chants of the city of Waterford by the name of 
their corporation, and to their heirs and fucceflbrs, 
to carry and tranfport out of the land of Ireland 
merchandifes of the flaple whitherfoever they 
pleafed : And upon that matter two queftions were 
moved. lil. Whether towns corporate in Ireland, 
and other inhabitants there, fhall be bound by 
Hatutes made in England. 2. Whether the king 
may give licence contrary to the ftatute, efpecially 
where it is ordained by the ftatute that the finder 
ihall have half of the forfeiture, and the king fhall 
have the refidue. And for the folution of thefe 
queftions all the judges were afTembled in the ex- 
. chequer chamber. To the firft queftion it was faid, 
that the land of Ireland had a parliament, and all 
other courts, as in England j and by the fame 
parliament did make and change laws, and that it is 
not bound by the ftatutes of England, but it was 
replied that thefe merchants were the king's fubjedts, 
and as fuch, were bound to obey fuch claufes of 
this ftatute as related to foreign trade • in hke 
manner as the inhabitants of Calais, Gafcolgne and 
Guifnes, were, while they were fubjeds ; and as 
to the fecond queftion, it was anfwered, the king 
may give a licence, with a claufe of non obftante. 

But in the ift. of Hen. VII. all the juftices bein^ 

in the exchequer chamber, the faid queftion was 

moved again, between them of the city of Water- 

- ford and fir Thomas Thwaites^ treafurer of Calais ; 

9,nd 



W A T E R F O R D. ui 

find then Huffey chief juflice faid, that the ftatutes 
made in England did bind them of Ireland. 

Afterwards, loHen. VII. cap, 22. it was enacted, 
in a parliament in Ireland, that all (latutes, then 
lately made in England, fhould bind Ireland. 

Thomas Purcell confecrated bifhop of Waterford Anno 
and Lifmore. 14S6. 

This year, Lambert Simnel, a baker's fbn, was 14S7. 
crowned king in Dublin, by the earl of Kildare, 
then lord deputy, with the afliflance of fome lords 
fpiritual and temporal, and the commons of the 
northern parts of Ireland. Soon after the earl, as 
tutor to the faid mock king, fent to Mr. John 
Butler, then mayor of Waterford, a command to 
be in readinefs to receive and affift him with all 
the forces of the city. The mayor anfwered, that 
he would fend his mind, in writing, by a mef- 
fenger of his own ; and with the advice of the 
council, wrote to the earl, that the citizens of 
Waterford took all fuch as rebels to the rightful 
king of England, who proclaimed and crowned 
the faid Lambert. The earl, being moved with that 
anfwer, commanded the meflenger to be hanged in 
Hoggin-green (47), whereat Walter, archbilhop of 
Dublin, and others of the council, v/ere offended. 
The earl immediately fent his herald, in his coat 
of arms, to Waterford, who would have landed ; 
but the mayor forbad him, and defired him to de- 
liver his meffage from the boat. The herald, in 
the name of the earl, commanded the mayor and 
citizens, under pain of hanging at their doors^ to 
proclaim the faid king, and to accept him as their 
rightful prince. The mayor defired the herald to 
tell thofe who fent him, that they fliould not be 
troubled to come and hang him at his door ^ but 
(god willing) he would, with the citizens, en- 
counter the falfe king and all his adherents, thirty 

(47) Now College-green in Dublin. 

miles 



%%% Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

miles from Waterford, where he meant to give them 
an overthrow, to their difhonour and infamy. At 
this t\m% the Butlers and other Clans were in the 
city, and the inhabitants of Cionmel, Feathard, 
Calan and other towns, were all ready for the bat- 
tle. Bat Toon after, the mock prince failing to 
England, was met by king Henry's forces at Stoke, 
near Nottingham, and intirely routed ; whereby the 
fiid earl, and his king, were baffled in their at- 
tempts upon this city. 

A letter of Henry Vil. to the citizens of Waterford, 

concerning the tr^afons of the city of Dublin, 
relating to the coronation of Lambert Simnel in 
that city, 

HENRY, by the grace of god, king of England, and of 
France, and lord of Ireland, to our trufty and well be^- 
loved, the mayor, bailiffs, and commonalty of our city of 
Waterford, in our land of Ireland, greeting, 

TT THereas it is evidently known, that our rebel the earl of 
\\' Kiidare, uot long ago, confederated with certain others 
our rebels and traytors, through the aid and affiflance of the 
inhabitants of the city of Dublin, in our faid land, and others 
of their fe6l made great rebellion againft us ; intending, as rnucU 
as in them was, the deftrudion of our perfon, and the utter 
fubverfion of this our realm, if they might have attained unto 
their malirious purpofe j v/hofe malice, through the grace of 
god, and the aid of the loving fubjefts, we withftood, to th§ 
final deiI:ru6lion and confufion of many of them. 

And forafmuch as the faid earl, with the fupportation of the 
inhabitants of our faid city of Dublin, and others there, to the 
high difpleafure of almighty god, and contrary to the duty of 
their allegiance, will not yec know their feditious opinions, 
but unto this day uphold and maintain the fame prefumptioufly, 
as we certainly underftand. 

We tljerefore, for the good obeyfance and loving difpofition 
that ye, to our fingular comfort and pleafure, have borne always 
towards us (wherefore we heartily thank you) and trufting firmly 
in the fame, will and charge you, and by thefe our letters, 
give unto you and every of you, full authority and power, to 
arred, felze and take, a!! fuch, and as many of our faid rebels, 
as ye fhall nov/ attain unto by fea and land, with all manner of 
their fiiips, goods and merchandizes, as ye fliall find to be 

carried 



W A T E R F O R D. x^3 

carried or conveyed from any other place to our fald city of 
Dublin, and to the parts thereabout? ; and to employ the fame 
pnto the behoof and commonweal of our faid city of Water- 
ford : And that ye fail not daily and diligently to endeavour 
yourfelves, for the execution of this commandment, until the 
faid earl, and the inhabitants of our faid city of Dublin, with 
the parties thereabouts of the fequel, utterly and clearly leave 
and forfake the faid rebellion and contemptuous demeaning, and 
Ihall be of good and due obeyfance unto us, and ftand in the 
favour of our grace. 

- Charging over this all manner of our ofBcers, true liege- 
men and fubjeOis, that unto you and every of you, in execut- 
ing the premifes, they be aiding, helping and aflifting, in eve- 
ry behalf, as it fliailappertaln 3 as they and every of them will 
be recommended of good and true obeyfance unto us 

Qiven under our privy feal at our cadle of Warwick, 
the zoth day of Odober, the third year of our reign, 
HENRY, REX. 

For this loyal behaviour of the city, the king Anno 
granted them a new charter the year after, dated H^^- 
at Weflminiler, the 12th day of May, in the third 
year of his reign. 

" Sir Richard Edgcomb (48) (who was fent to 
♦^ take the oaths of allegiance from the great men 
" of Ireland, after the rebellion of Lambert Sim- 
*^ nel) was, on the 3Qth of June, received in Wa- 
" terford, by the mayor and wcrihipful men of 
" the fame, and entertained honourably, and was 
" lodged by the mayor in his own houfe, who 
'^^ made him right hearty cheer." 

This year, the mayor (49) and citizens of Wa- 1497. 
terford, by letters fignified to king Flenry, the ar- 
rival of another mock-prince, Perkin Warbeck, at 
Cork, with a difcovery of the confpirators -, and as 
they behaved themfelves loyally againft Lambert 
Simnel, fo now they did the fame againfl Perkin ; 
by which a6t theydefervedly flourifned in the king's 
favour, and received from him, among other 
honours, this motto, " Intada manet Waterfordia." 

(48) Sir Richard Edgcomb's voyage. 

(49) Ware's Ant p. ^5. M. S. Clogher, No. 27. .F. p. 97. 

On 



i 24 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

On the 23d of July, this year, Perkin and Mau^' 
rice earl of Defmond, with 2400 men, befieged 
this city on the weft. {Robert Butler being then 
mayor.) They had the aid of the earl of Lincoln, 
and continued the attack eleven days. The citi- 
zens were vidtorious in feveral Ikirmifhes ; during 
this fiege, eleven fhips of the enemy arrived at 
PalTage, two of which landed their men at Lom- 
bard's-weir, (50) over whom the citizens obtained 
a vidory ; many of the aiTailants were killed, and 
feveral, who were brought prifoners into the city, 
had their heads chopped off in the market-place, 
and fixed on ftakes. One of the enemy^s fhips wa$ 
bulged and funk, by the ordnance from Dondory, 
and no relief could be fent to fave the men ; the 
ponds were kept full of water towards Killbarry, by 
feveral dams made by the city for that purpofe. 
The 3d of Auguft, before day, the enemy rai fed 
the fiege, and marched towards Ballycafhin, and 
departed the day after, with great difhonour and 
lofs. Perkin took fhip at PalTage, and failed out 
of the haven ; the citizens purfued him, with four 
(hips, to the city of Cork, where he wag received 
by Waters, then mayor, who privately kept him 
till the arrival of the citizens of Waterford. Then 
he conveyed him out of the city, by night, in a 
fmali bark, and he proceeded to Kinfale. The 
citizens of ¥/aterford, perceiving the faife dealings 
of Waters, purfued Perkin to the coaft near Kin- 
fale, from whence he ftole in a Spanifh bark, and 
landed in Cornwall, v/here the Waterford fliips ftill 
purfued him. Upon notice hereof brought to king 
Henry the Vllth. who was then at Exeter, his ma- 
jefly fent in purfuit after him, until he was appre- 
hended and brought to the king (51). 

(50) Near Lombard's-marfli. 

(51) Compare this with Cox, v. z, p, 190, et feq. 

King 



W A T E R F O R D. 125 

King Henry Vllth's letter to the mayor and citizens 
of Waterford, touching Perkin. 

HENRY, Rex. 

TRUSTY and well-beloved, we greet you well. Andhav- Anno 
ing received your writing, bearing date the firft of this in- 1497. 
ftant month, whereby we conceive, that Perkin Warbeck came 
unto the haven of Cork the 26th of July laft paft, and that he 
intendeth to make fail thence to our country of Cornwall, for 
the which your certificate in this party, and for the true minds 
that you have always borne towards us, and now fpecially for 
the fpeedy fending of your faid writing, which we received the 
fifth day of the faid month in the morning, we give unto you 
our right hearty thanks, as we have fingular caufe fo to do, 
praying you of your good perfeverance in the fame, and aifo to 
fend unto us, by your writing, fuch news, from time to time, 
as Ihall be occurrent in thofe parts, wherein you ihall minifter 
unto us full good pleafure to your femblable thanks hereafter, 
and caufe us not to forget your faid good minds unto us, nor 
any your reafonable defires, far time to come ; given under 
our fignet at our manor of Weftminfter, the 6th of x4uguft 
(over this) We pray you to put your effedtual diligence for 
the taking of the faid Perkin, and him fo taken to fend unto us, 
wherein you Ihall not only fmgularly pleafe us, but ihall have 
alfo for the fame, in money content, the Tum of looo marks 
fterl. for your reward, whereunto you may verily tru ft ; for 
fo we alTure you, by thefe our prefent ietieis, and therefore 
we think it behoveful, that you fend forth fhips to the fea for 
the taking of Perkin aforefaid, for they that take him, and 
bring or fend him furely to us, Ihali have undoubtedly the faid 
reward. HENRY, Rex. 

Another letter from the fame king, to the mayor 
and citizens, touching Perkin and others. 

HENRY, Rex. 

TRUSTY, &c. And whereas Perkin Warbeck, lately ac- 
companied with divers and many of our rebels of Corn- 
' wall, advanced themfelves to our city of Exeter, which was 
denied unto chern, and fo they came to the rown 0^ Taunton, at 
which town, as foon as they had knowl-i^dge t.h-;^.: onr chamber- 
lain or ftev/ard of our hubihoid, fir Jjbn CS./iy, and others 
our loving fubje6ts vviih them, were comt .'o ' ^r forth towards 
the faid Perkin, as to our rnonailery 0! Gh.uonbiiry, the faid 
Perkin took with hir- John He^-rn Fd-vufd Skeiton, and Ni- 
cholas Alhiey, and itoie away from his faid company about 

midnjghtj 



126 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

mynight, and fled with all the hade they could. We had welt 
prqvided beforehand for the fea coafts, that if he had attempted 
that way, as he thought indeed to have done, he fhould have 
been put from his purpofe, as it came to pafs : For when they 
perceived they might not fee to the fea, and that they were 
had in quick chace and purfuit, they were compelled to ad- 
drefs thcmfelves to our monaftery of Beaulieu, "to the which of 
chance and fortune, it happened fome of our menial fervants 
did repair, and fome were fent thither purpofely. The faid 
Perkin, Heron, Skelton, and Afhley, feeing our faid fervants 
there, and remembring that all the country was warned to 
make watch, and to give attendance, that they fhould not 
avoid nor efcape by fea, made inftances to our faid fervants to 
fue unto us for them ; the faid Perkin defuing to be fure of his 
life, and he would come unto us to ihew what he is, and over 
that do unto us fuch fervice as fhould content us. And fo, by 
agreement of our faid fervants and them, they wifned them to 
depart from Beaulieu, and to put themfeives in our grace and 
pity. The abbot and convent hearing hereof, demanded of 
them why, and for what caufe they would depart? whereunto 
he gave anfwer, in the prefence of the faid abbot and convent,- ■ 
and of m.any others, that without any manner of conftraintj 
they would come unto us of their free v/ills, in truft of our 
grace and pardon aforefaid. And fo the faid Perkin came unto 
us to the tov/n of Taunton, from whence he fled, and immedi- 
ately after his lird .coming, humbly fubraitting himfelf to us* 
hath of his free will openly fhewed, in the prefence of all the 
lords here with us, and of ail nobles, his name to be Pierce 
Ofbeck, whence he hath been named Perkin Warbeck, and to" 
be no Englifhman born, but born of Tournay, and fon to 
John (52). —Some time while he lived comptroller of the faid 
town, with many other circumftances too long to write, declar- 
ing by v.'hofe lueans he took upon him this prefumption and 
folly, and fo now the great abufe v/hich hath long continued, is 
now openly known by his own confefiion. We write thefe news 
unto you ; for be undoubted that calling to mind the great 
abufion, that divers folks have been in by reafon of the faid 
Perkin, and the great bufinefs and charges that we and our realm 
have been put unto in that behalf, you would be glad to hear 
the certainty of the fame, v/hich we affirm unto you for affured 
truth. Sithence, the writing of thefe premiiles, we be affer* 
tained that Perkin's wife is in good furety for us, and truil that 
/he ftiall fhortly come unto us to this our city of Exeter, as fiie 
is minded. Over this we underftand, by writing from the 
Right Rev. Father in God the bilhop of Durefme, that a truce 
is taken between us and Scotland, and that it is concluded the 
king of Scots fhali fend unto us a greal and folemn embaffage 

(52) Ofbeck, according to lord Bacon. 

for 



W A T E R F O R D, 12. 

for a longer peace to be had during loth our lives. And fince 
our coming to this our city of Exeter, for the fuppreflion of this ] 

great rebellion, and fo to order the parties of Cornv^-aii as the 
people may live in their due obeyfance unto us, and in good 
reftfullnefs for themfelves in timQ to come. The commons of 
this Ihire of Devon cooie dayly before us, in great multitudes, 
in their fhirts, the foremoft of them having halteis about their 
necks, and fall humble, with lamentable cries, for our grace and 
remiflion fubmit themfelves unto us ; whereupon ordering firft, 
the chief ftirrers and doers to be tried out of them, for to abide 
their correftions accordingly, we grant unto the refidue gene- 
rally our faid grace and pardon j and our commiflioners the earl 
of Devon, our chamberlain and our ileward of houlhold, have 
done and do dayly likewife, in our county of Cornwall. Given 
under our lignet, at our faid city of Exeter, the iSth day of 
Odober. 

To our trufty and well- beloved the mayor and his brethren 
of our city of Waterford. 

A petition of the mayor, bailiffs and citizens of ^nno 
Waterford, to king Henry the Vllth. by Wil- 1499. 
liam White, recorder, and James Lunibard, ci- 
tizen. 

THAT the king and his progenitors granted to the mayor, 
bailiffs, &c. and their fucceffors, that they ihould not be 
compelled in time of war, or peace, to go out of the faid city 
in manner of war, but ihould defend faid city for the king, and 
in his name, as one of his chamberlains of his land of Ireland. 
That they be not fuffered to enjoy the effect of faid grant, but, 
at ail times, are commanded, by the deputy or other officers, 
to go to the field unto far countries. That this procedure, in 
procefs of time, will be the deilruftion of the city, in regard the 
greateft part of them may be flain, and thereby the city be left 
defolate. Further, That the revenues of the city, which were 
granted for fupportation of the walls and towers, mull, in 
fuch cafe, be kid out in viftualiing and wages of nien. for the 
field, and the city be left defencelefs for want of fufficient re- 
paration. That the city hath been ever kept as a garrifon for 
the king, and never deviated from their allegiance fince the ar- 
rival of Henry II. at Waterford. That ail kings and princes 
have ever (ince landed at Waterford, as being the mofl commo- 
dious place. That v^hen all the kingdom v>?as abafed by rebels 
and enemies, they Vv^ere refilled and put to rebuke at Water- 
ford ; and the citizens purfued Perkin Warbeck, in four great 
fliips, at their ov/n charges, and was the caufe of his falling 
into the king's hands. Therefore, they pray that the faid city 

be 



12^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

be kept whole in itfelf, and no fntereft: therein be given to the 
lords of the land, and the citizens may have the effed of their 
faid grant, and that they may enjoy the benefit of their faid 
charter, as amply as is contained therein, &c. 

Granted by the king, under the fignet, dated the 15th of 
June, (no year.) N. Lumbard was mayor, anno 1499. 

Anno Nicholas Comin made bifhop of Waterford and 

*5*9- Lifmore. 

1520- The earls of Ormond and Defmond, by the earl 
of Surry's interpofition, {^^) were reconciled at 
Waterford. 

5536. King Henry VIII. fent Mr. WiUiam Wife to the 
mayor and citizens of Waterford, with gracious 
letters, (54; and a cap of maintenance, as an ho- 
nourable gift, to be always borne before the mayor 
iSS)- He before fent them, by the fame meflenger, 
a gilt fword, for their renowned fidelity, to be alfo 
borne before the mayor. 

A copy of the faid grant is as follows. 

By the KING. 
HENRY, Rex. 

TRU :)T Yand well-beloved we greet you well : And having 
received your letters with credence to be referred unto 
this bearer, William Wife, efq; for our body, which thorough- 
ly declared your benevolence and loving acquiials to us in all 
your proceedings there coiicerning us and our army, according 
to your natural duty, and the expectation we have always con- 
ceived of you, whofe ciedence with the circumilance of your 
purfuit.^ we have at length heard and well perceived ; and for 
the fame vour demean jurs. we render you our moft heartjr 
thanks, lettincr you to wit, that v/e have, at this time, by the 
advice of our council, fo concluded and ordered, that at this 
next parliament within that our land to be holden, that ye fhall 
not be endamaged, nor hindered m any of your liberties and 
grants of our progenitors made unto you, but always contain- 
ing and perflating in your accullomed fervice and well approved 
fidelit-e, we Ihall as matter and occafion (hall require, from 
time to time, provide for your publick weal, and that our 
cittie. 

(53) Ware's Ant. p. 68. (54)Id. p. 95. (55) Cox, p. 252. 

And 



W A T E R F O R B. 129 

And notv at this time, as a remembrance and evident token 
of our favours, we have fent you, by the bearer, a Cap of 
Maintenance, to be borne atiimes thought fit by you, and 
necelTary before y©u our mayor, being our officer of that our 
faid cittie, and our fucceffors officers of the fame. 

Given under our fignett, at our manor of Green«* 
wich, the laft day of April, in the 20th year of 
our reign. 
To our right trufty and well-beloved the maior and com- 
minality of our cittie of Waterford, in the land of Ireland. 

Dominick Power was this year fent, by Thomas Anno 
Fitzgerald (commonly called Silken Thomas, then 1536. 
in rebellion, and fon to the earl of Kildare) to the 
emperor Charles V. to crave his aid to conquer 
Ireland. He prefented him with 12 great Hawks, 
and 14 fair Hobbies; but the emperor informed 
him, that he came too late^ for that the lord 
Thomas and five of his uncles, were executed at 
London, the 3d of February. However, the em- 
peror procured him a pardon from king Henry VIIL 
which notwithflanding he had obtained, he did not 
think proper to return to Ireland ; but continued in 
Portugal, and received a ducat a day, during his 
hfe, as a penfion from the emperor. He died at 
Lifbon. 

On the 20th of February, {^6) four Portugal 1^37; 
fhips, laden with Spanifh wines, configned to the 
merchants of Waterford, were driven, by tempeft, 
to Cape-Clear, Baltimore, and the old head of 
Kinfaie. One of the fhips, called la Santa Maria 
de Soci, laden with 100 tuns of wine, was driven 
into a bay, adjoining to the entrance of the haven 
of Baltimore. Finen O-Hedrifcol, chieftan of the 
ifland, Conogher his fon, and Gilly Duffe his bafe 
fon, came on board, and covenanted with the mer- 
chants, for three pipes of wine, to condud the (hip 
fafe into the haven. When the gentry and peers of" 
thofe parts had tafted the wines, they forgot their 

(56) M. S. Clogher, in college library. 

K fufe 



I JO Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

fafe condudl:, invited the merchants to dinner in the 
cafcle, feized and clapped them in irons, manned 
their Iriih gallies and took the fhip, and diilributed 
-72 tuns of the wine among their neighbours. 

On the 3d of March, news arrived of this adion 
at Waterford. Immediately 24 men of the city, 
with Pierce Dobbyn for their captain, failed in a 
Plcard, called the Sunday of Waterford, well 
armed; the day following at noon, arrived fudden- 
ly, at the fnip, ard as they boarded her on one fide, 
Gilly Duff, and 24 of his men, fled out at the other. 
When the (hip v/as won, Pierce Dobbyn manned 
her, and fet the prifoners at large, there remained 
of the wine 25 tuns and more ; taking a view of 
the cafhie, they fired feverai guns at the great hall, 
and then failed to Waterford. 

On the 27th of the fame month, (57) the mayor 
fitted out a little fleet, confifting of the fhip lately 
retaken, another large vefTel, and the great galley 
of the cit)/, well appointed with artillery, viduals, 
and men to the number of 400, and put them 
under the command of Bailiff Woodlock, as chief 
captain, Pierce Dobbyn, James Vv^allli, James 
Sherlock, Henry Wallh and John Butler, under 
captains. On Wednefday the firft of April, at 
night, they failed, arrived within the haven of Bal- 
timore, and anchored tov/ards the caftle, which was 
guarded with men and artillery. They fired at it 
all night, at the break of day the ward fled, the 
Waterford men landed in good order in the ifland, 
and befieged the flrong fortrefs there ; the mariners 
entered the caftle, by the fmall port, and put up 
St. George's flandard ; the army all entered at the 
bridge-gate, and kept it five days, which they 
fpent in deflroying all the villages of the ifland ; 
alfo the houfe of the friars minors near the caflle, 
and the mill of the fame. The fortrefs being dou- 

(^-j) M. S. Clogher. 

ble 



W A T E R F O R D. 131 

ble warded, by two flrong piles or caflles, with 
walls and barbicans, the halls, offices, &c. were 
totally ruined to the ground, and tumbled into the 
fea. There was found in the ifland great flore of 
malt, barley and fait. There was taken here 
Finen's chief galley of 30 oars, and above three or 
four fcore pi nances, of which about 50 were 
burned, and the great galley carried to ¥v aterford. 
Near to Inifhircan was an ifland, called Inchipite, 
where Finen had his mofl pleafant feat in a caftle, 
adjoining to an hall, with an orchard and grove, all 
which they deftroyed and razed to the earth ; and 
from thence they entered into another ifland, and 
burnt all the villages of the fame. Then landing 
in the main, they burnt and deflroyed Baltimore, 
and broke down Teig-O-Hedrifcors goodly caftle 
and bawn. 

On Tuefday in paffion-week, one William Grant 
was on the top of the caftles, v/hich being all on 
fire under him, he fl:ood upon one of the pinnacles, 
and cried out for help. Butler tied a fmall cord to 
an arrow and fnot it up to Grant, who drew up an 
hawfer faflened to the cord, and fixing the hawfer 
to the pinacle, Aided down, and was received, by 
his fellows, on beds. After this, on Good-Friday, 
the army arrived fafe at Waterford. 

The king having promoted Gi raid Ailmer, chief Anno 
baron of the exchequer, and after chief juflice of »S39- 
the common pleas, to be chief juflice of Ireland, by 
the interefl: of the lord Cromwell, who was then 
prime minifter to king Henry VIII. (by which lord, 
Ailmer was highly efleemed ;) the citizens of Wa- 
terford, and townfmen of Wexford, having a dif- 
like to him, made feveral complaints of him to the 
earl of Shrewfl)ury, then like wife earl of Waterford 
and Wexford, who went to the king, and informed 
his majefty, that Ailmer was an improper perfon 
for the office, and as unfit to be chief juilice, as 
Patch, cardinal Wolfey's fool. The king fpoke to 

K 2 lord 



13a Natural and Civil Htftory of 

lord Cromwell concerning Ailmer's capacity, who 
informed his majefty, that if he would condefcend 
to talk with him, that he believed his majefly 
would find, that he had been mifreprefented. 
To which the king agreed, and found Ailmer to 
be a very proper perfon to fill up fo important an 
office. In this conference, the king alked him, 
what he took to be the chief caufe of the frequent 
diforders in Ireland, and how he thought the king- 
dom might beft be reformed ? Ailmer replied, that 
the nobility of England having fuch large eftates in 
Ireland, and their not refiding upon them, encou- 
raged the Irifh to over-run and plunder their lands | 
therefore advifed his majefly to refume, by adl of 
parliament fuch eflates as the owners would not re- 
fide on or defend ; which advice the king followed, 
to. the great detriment of the earl of Shrewlbury 
and Waterford, among others, who was poflefTed 
of divers ancient lordiliips and manors in this 
county. 
Anno Xhis year feveral Irifh lords ferved king Henry 
'544^ at the fiege of Buloigne in Flanders; and, among 

others, the lord Power and Shurlock, efq; of 

this county, were captains, who muflered 700 
Iriili in St. James's park, Weftminfter. They 
ferved as irregulars, and plundered all the adjacent 
country. Their manner of colleding cattle was by 
tying a bull to a flake, and fcorching him with 
faggots, in order to force him to bellow, which 
gathered all the neighbouring cows about him, by 
which artifice, they were taken and carried to the 
camp ; and whenever they met with a Frenchman, 
they always cut off his head, refufing him both 
quarter and ranfom. The French, by this flrange 
kind of making war, being aflonifhed, fent a 
trumpet to king Henry, to learn whether he had 
brought men with him or devils, that could neither 
be won with rev/ards or compallion, v/hich the king 
turning to a jell, feveral of the Irifli who flraggled 

from 



W A T E R F O R D. 133 

from their companions, and fell into the enemy's 
hands, were afterwards ufed very cruelly, and put 
to great tortures before they were flain. At this 
fiege, a Frenchman challenged to fight any of the 
Enghfh, hand to hard, in fingle combat, and came 
to the oppofite fide of the bay for this purpofe, 
being encouraged thereto by the depth of the wa- 
ter, and the nearnefs of his own men. One Nicholas 
Walfh, an Irifhman, accepting the challenge, fwam 
acrofs the bay, fought the Frenchman, di /patched 
him before any of his countrymen could aflift him, 
and returned acrofs the water, fwimming with the 
monfieur's head in his mouth ; for which exploit ^ 
he was well rewarded. 

Sir William Wife, knight, whom Stanihurfl (58) Anno 
calls a worfhipful gentleman, born at Waterford, *545- 
greatly aiiifted the earl of Ormond, in a difpute 
he had with the lord deputy St. Leger, who, with 
the earl, was fummoned into England this year, to 
give an account of their difference before the lords 
of the council. This fir William Wife grew into 
fuch favour with king Henry VIII. that he provided 
greatly for feveral of his friends and relations. 
Having, fays the above cited author, lent his ma- 
jefty his ring once to feal a letter, which was en- 
graved with powdered eremites ingrailed. "Wife,'- . 
quoth the king, " haft thou lice here f " And if 
■^ it like your majefty," replied fir William, " a loufe 
*' is a rich coat, for in giving the loufe, I part 
" arms with the French king, as in that he beareth 
" the flower de lice/' Whereat the king heartily 
laughed. 

Sir Edward Bellingham (i^g), with an army of ,^^7^ 
6oohorfe and 400 foot, landed at Waterford, be- 
ing fent over by the protedtor and privy-council of 
England, 

(58)?, 105. fol. edit. (59)Ware'sant. p. u6. 

K .^ ir 



1574- 



1 34. Natural and Civil Hifiory ef 

Anno Sir Francis Bryan (60), lord juftice, died at Clon- 
^549* mel, on the fecond of February, and was buried 

in the cathedral of Waterford. 
1551. Patrick Walfb, dean of Waterford, promoted 

to thefe united fees. 
1569- The lord deputy Sidney being encamped at 
Clonmel, where he imagined that James Fitz- 
Maurice, and other difaffeded perfons, who had 
lately ravaged the country and befieged Kilkenny, 
would have attacked him, fent to the citizens of 
Waterford, to affifl him with a few foldiers only 
for three days. But they fiood upon their privi- 
leges, and very infolently refufed to fend him any 
affiftance upon this occafipn {61). 

A charter granted this year to the city, by queen 
Elizabeth, dated at Weflminfter the 8th day gf 
February, in the 1 1 th year of her reign. 

The queen granted a fecond charter to the city, 
bearing date at Norhambury, the i6th day of July, 
in the i6th year of her reign ; in this charter, the 
office of (berifFs were firft created, as alfo the 
county of the city of Waterford. 

Sir Peter Carew (62) was buried at Water- 
ford •, the funeral was attended by the lord depu- 
ty 

(60) Id, p. T2I. (61) Hooker. 

(62) This fir Peter Carew was defceaded from the family 
of Montgomery, whofe anceflor of that name, married 
Eh'zabeth, daughter of Rhoefius, prince of S. Wales, by which 
he was made baron of Carew-caftle, from whence his fuccef- 
fors had their firname ; fome of whom pafFing over into Ire- 
land, obtained great poireffions here, and became barons of 
Idrone in the county of Carlow, alfo marquiiTes of Cork, and in-^ 
herited feverai lordHiips and feigniories, v»^hich were claimed 
by this fir Peter Carew at this time. He v/as a man of a low 
ftatare, and ferved the prince of Orange as a page in his youth ; 
as he did king Henry VIII. king Edward VI. and queen Eliza- 
beth, in their wars both abroad and at home. He had been a 
great traveller, having feen the courts of the German emperor, 
and that of the Grand Turk and French king, being in queeu 
Mary's reign, an exile, on account of his religion He under- 
ftood jhe Italian and French tongues as well as Englilh ; and! 
' ■ ■ '- being 



257S- 



WATERFORD. 135 

ty (63), who during his flay there, v/as nobly en- 
tertained by the mayor and aldermen, for which 
he returned them thanks, after he had given the 
city a check for infilling on their privileges, when 
the publick required their affiilance. 

The lord deputy fir Henry Sidney, was attended 
here by the earl of Ormond. A young fcholar, 

being in great efteem with queen Elizabeth, he obtained her 
licence to claim the great eftate which his anceftors had pof- 
fefTed in Ireland, which he did, and made fuch good proofs of 
his title, by evidences and records, that he recoveied the lord- 
ihip of Mafton, of which his family had been difpoiTelTed for 
140 years, and which he parted with to fir Chriftopher Chivers, 
knight, then tenant to the fame ^ aifa the barony of Odrone 
or Idrone, part of Carlow, then polTefTed by the Cavanaghs, 
who had expelled his anceftors above i^oo years before ; they 
all took leafes from him, and feemed well pleafed to become 
his tenants. He divided the barony into feveral lordfliips, and 
eredted a court baron in each of them. He refided among them, 
and kept fo noble an houfe, as he became univerfaliy beloved 
by the whole country. He had loo perfons in his own family, 
befides 4© horfe and foot, well armed ; by which means, he 
preferved his country from being ravaged by the Irifh on his 
borders. He was of great fervice in afFifting the lord deputy 
againft fir Edvyard Biitler, and other Iriili, who revolted ; as 
alfo in Ulfter, where he joined the earl of ElTex againil the 
Irifh. Several of the gentlemen of ihe county of Cork, invitr 
ed him to that city, and offered him their afliHance, in recover- 
ing his lands in that county | and he knowing the jultnefs of 
his title thereto, fent Hooker the hiftorian, then his agent, to 
that city, where Mac-Carthy Reagh, Cormac Mac- Tiegue, 
Barry Oge, O-Drifcol and others met him, offered to recom- •» 

penfe him for v;hat was pafl:, and to affift him in building an 
houfe in that county, if he would refide among theai ; and 
would give him 3C00 kine, with a proportionable number of 
fheep and hogs, with corn and other goods, for the p! efent, 
and alfo a proportionable number yearly. His agent took an 
houfe at Cork, prepared another for him at Kingiaie, and in- 
formed him of thefe offers ; whereupon he fet his houfe at 
Leighlin, to his kinfman and coufm eier Carew his heir j and 
preparing to go to Cork, he embarked ';is goods at Rofs, where 
he hckened and died, the iyih of November, Js75- He was 
interred very honourably, and in a warlike manner, at Water- 
fpr^. 

(63) Life of queen Eliz, p, i 8. 

K 4 clad 



1^6 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

clad in white attire, made him an oration in latin • 
and great rejoicings were made, both on the river 
and in the city, on his excellency's arrival, with 
which he was fo well pleafed, that he wrote letters 
into England, to inform the queen and council 
thereof. 
Anno Marmaduke Middleton, made bifhop of Water- 
*579- ford and Lifmorc; and in 1582, degraded (64) for 
contriving and publifhing a forged will. 

On the 25th of January, the lord J. Pelham came 
to Waterford, by water, from Ballyhack, in boats 
well appointed by the mayor. Sir Peter Carew, 
fir William Stanley, and the captains George Ca- 
rew and Piers, ifTued out of the city, with their 
companies, and near the fhore prefented his lord- 
fhip with a mock-fight; then retired to line the 
llreets againfl his lordfhip's landing. The bulwarks, 
gates, and curtains of the city, were beautified 
with enfigns, and feveral cannon were difcharged 
in a warlike manner, which were anfwered by all 
the fhips in the harbour, and a great number of 
pieces on the quay. The foldiers alfo fired feveral 
voUies. The mayor and aldermen received his 
lordfhip in their fcarlet gowns, and prefented hirq 
the city fword and keys of the gates, which he 
immediately returned ; and the mayor carried the 
fword before him to the cathedral. There were 
two orations made him in latin, by the way ; and 
at his return from church, a third fpeech was made 
him at the door of his lodging. The earl of Os- 
mond met his lordfhip here ; and he had advice, 
by letters from fir William Morgan, that the re- 
bels, under Defmond, had come as far as Dun- 
garvan and Youghal ; whereupon the captains 
Zouch and St. Leger, with 100 horfe, and fir Wil- 
liam Stanley, with fir Peter Carew, and the captains 
George Carew and Piers, were fent with 400 foot, 
to difperfe them. 

(64) Vid. Rufhworth's colka. vol. IL p. 428; Upon 



m 



WATERFORD. 

Upon notice of the daily increafe of the rebellion, 
he fent a commiffion of martial law, dated at Wa- 
terford the nth of February, to fir Warham St. 
Leger to be provolt marflial, authorizing him, to 
proceed according to the courfe of martial law, 
againil all offenders, according to the nature of 
their crimes, provided the criminal was not worth 
40s. yearly, or lol. in goods, with other matters 
contained in the commiflion. Having remained 
here three weeks, he went to Clonmel, on the 15th 
of February 1579 ; and from thence, by eafy jour- 
nies, to Limerick. 

The fame year (6^) the army was reinforced 
with 500 men, whom her majefly fent to Water- 
ford, under the command of the captains Bourchier 
and Dowdall, and two of the Carews, brothers. 
On the lafl of Septembet, the lord deputy Drury 
died at Waterford. 

On the 7th of January, Miler Macgrath, arch- ^nno 
bifhop of Calhel, was conftituted commendatory 1582. 
bifhop of Waterford and Lifmore. 

The fame year, the earl of Ormond arrived from 
England, bringing with him about 400 men, which 
he landed in Waterford. 

March 12th, queen Elizabeth granted her third g 
charter to this city. 

In a lift 6f the mili'tia of Munfter, it appears, ir^A 
that the city of Waterford furnifhed 't^oo fhot, and 
300 bill-men •, and the barony of Decies 20 fhot, 
and 200 bill-men. 

Thomas Wetherhead made bil3iop of thefe ^tQS. 1589. 

On the 1 6th of April, the lord prefident came i6oo. 
to Waterford, where he received the fubmillions of 
feme of the Fitz-Geralds of the Decies, and of the 
Powers. 

The plague raged in Waterford. ,5,^2^ 

On the acceillon of king James the iirft, this 1603. 
city was ill inclined to the Englifh intereft {66), 

(65) Life of queen Elizabeth, p. iS. (66) Cox, v. 2. p. 5. 

Vvhen 



1 38 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Wheii fir Nicholas Walfh, the recorder, was pro^ 
claiming the king, they pulled him down from 
the Marke:-crofs. They alfo broke the doors of 
the hofpital, and admitted dodtsir White to preach 
a fedirious fermon in St, Patrick's church ; where- 
in, among other invedives, he faid that Jezebel 
(meaning queen Eiizabfith) was dead. They alfo 
took the keys of the cathedral from the fexton, 
and caufed a priefc (67) to celebrate mafs there. 
Tiie lord deputy Monntjoy undertook a progrefs 
to Manfler ; on the 5th of May 1603, he came to 
Grace-dieu, near Wareiford, and fummoned the 
mayor and bis brediren to open their gates, and 
receive him into the city with his rpajefly's army ; 
though they at firfi refufed to admit any forces 
into the town, except the lord deputy and his re- 
tinue, alledging their privileges and exemption for 
that purpofe, by virtue of an ancient charter frorn 
king John; yet when the lord deputy told them, 
that no kuig could give that privilege to his fub- 
jects, whereby his (ucceffors (hould be prejudiced, 
in the due obedience they were to expedt from 
them, and that if they did not open their gates 
immediately, but put him to the necefTity of en- 
tering by force, he would cut king John's charter 
with king James's f^:vord, ruin their city, anditrew 
it with fait. They then very tamely fubmitted, 
notwithftanding their former boafling -^ and the 
lord deputy and army marched into the city. 

Whilft he was in his camp at Grace-dieu (68)^ 
the mayor at his excellency's requefl, fent out Dr. 
White, a young pert dominican friar, to difcourfq 
v/ith his lordfhip in matters of religion, and tq 
fhew him the grounds and reafons of thofe pro- 
ceedings, which his lord (hip thought fo temerarious 
and unaccountable : the friars came in their habits, 
with the crucifix exalted before them; and told 

{6']) Cox, V. 2. p. 6. (68) Id. Ibid. 

the 



"^39 



W A T E R F O R D. 

the lord deputy, that the citizens of Waterford 
could not, in confcience, obey any prince, that 
perfecuted the catholick faith : this led them into 
difcourfe, wherein, at length. Dr. White cited a 
paiFage, in St, Auguiline, for the propf of fome- 
thing he afferted ; it happening that the lord depu- 
ty had the book in his tent, he caufed it to be fent 
for, and publickly fhewed to all the company, that 
the words cited by the do^or were not St. Auguf- 
tine's opinion, but were quoted by him as an ob- 
jection, which, in the fame place, he oppofes and 
confutes ; and inferred, that it was highly difinge- 
nuous in the dodor to quote that fentence as Sl 
Augufline's judgment, when he knew that his opi- 
nion was diredly contrary to it. Whereupon the 
dodtor was confounded, the citizens ailiamed, and 
the conference ended. 

The lord deputy {6g) having put good garrifons 
into Cork and Waterford, and obliged the inhabi- 
tants of each place to take the oath of allegiance, 
and abjure foreign dependencies, marched to Li- 
merick, and did the like there. 

John Lancafter was created bilhop of Waterford ^""^ 
and Lifmore. ' 

Several cities and towns, and among the reft ' ° ' 
Waterford, having fubmitted to the king's pleafure 
as to the cuftoms and poundage, his majedy, on 
the 3d of March this year, ordered the deputy to 
renew their refpedive charters, with addition of 
reafonable privileges. About the fame time, the 
city of Waterford petitioned the lord deputy, that 
they were oppreffed and overburdened in finding 
quarters for 100 foldiers ; whereas they ought not 
to find quarters for m^ore than ^o, ^ 

This year, on the loth of July, king James re- 
newed the charter of this city, granting and con- 
firmuig unto tlie mayor, (lierifFs and citizens, di- 
vers lands, privileges, freedoms, &c. 
(69) Cox, V. 2. p. 8. 

Seven 



140 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Seven years cuftoms, ending April 1609, from 
the cit}^ of Waterford, amounted to 71 61. 3s. iid. 
of Cork, to 255I. ITS. yd. of Dangarvan only to 
13s. I id. But Cox (70) obferves, that this was 
only the cuflom of prohibited goods, and the 3d. 
per pound due for other goods by common law. 
Anno ^^ ^^ 5^^ °^ March 161 7, Donogh earl of 
161 7. Thomond, lord prefident of Munfter, and fir Wil- 
liam Jones, lord chief juflice of Ireland, by com- 
mifiion, dated the 23d of January before, feizedon 
the liberties of Waterford, all their rent-rolls, en- 
figns of authority, and publiek revenues, amount- 
ing to 304I. I OS. per ann, and kept alTizes in the 
city for the county of Waterford. The caufe of 
this feizure was, becaufe Nicholas White, who, 
from Michaelmas 161 5, to the 20th of October 
following, did exercife the office of mayor of Wa- 
terford ; and on the faid 20th of Odlober, refufed 
the oath of fupremacy, being then tendered unto 
him by the lord prefident, by virtue of a fpecial 
commiilion for that purpofe : that, upon his refu- 
fal, the city eleded John Skiddy, who adled as 
mayor, till the ift of May 161 6, and then refufed 
the faid oath ^ whereupon the city chofe Alexander 
Cuf^ and fwore him mayor, who likewife, on tlie 
8th of July, refufed the faid oath; and fo it ftood 
till the III of April 1617 ; at which time, Walter 
Cleer (71) was fworn mayor, and fo continued. 
Befides, (ince the death of Nicholas Walfh, in 
1 61 5, the city had no recorder ; and yet, in Ja- 
nuary 1 616, there was a gaol-delivery held before 
the faid John Skiddy, without any recorder ; and 
one William Fierfon was then condemned before 
him, and afterwards, by his order, executed for 
felony : and it appeared, that the flat, of Eliz. for 
uniformity, had not been given in charge in their 



(70) Cox, V. 2. p. 18. 

(7 Tiaeie are not mentioned in the lift oftlj? mayors. 

leilions 



W A T E R F O R D. 141 

feflions in Waterford for two years paft ; and all 
this was found by inquifition, taken the 5 th of Sep- 
tember, 161 7. 

Froni king James's acceilion to this year, there 
was no fettled form of government obferved in the 
city, the magiflrates, for not taking the oath of fu- 
premacy, were often turned out and changed, and 
fome of them, for their ill behaviour, were fent 
prifoners to Cork and other places. 

Michael Boyle made bilhop of Waterford and Anno 
Lifmore. 1619. 

May 26th, king Charles I. reftored to the 1626. 
city all their former privileges, by a new charter ; 
which recites, that the citizens, in a moft humble 
and fubmiflive manner, did fupplicate his majefty, 
to be reftored to his royal favour and their former 
ftate, that they might be the better enabled to ferve 
him, his heirs and fucceflbrs, &c. 

This charter arrived at Paflage, July 25th, 1626, 
and coft the city three thoufand pounds. 

His majefty, on the 19th of February, granted a iS^u 
fecond charter to the city, which chiefly related to 
the grant of the admiralty of the harbour, and to 
the fifhery, &c. 

John Atherton was advanced to the fees of Wa- 1636. 
terford and Lifmore. 

The earl of Cork and bifhop Atherton, on the 1637. 
27th of June, joined in a petition to the lord de- 
puty and council, to appoint arbitrators to decide 
their controverfies. The bidiop of Derry and the 
mafter of the court of wards, were alligced for that 
purpofe ; in their award, they recite that the bifhop- 
licks of Waterford and Lifmore, by the alienations 
of former biftiops, were left worth but 50I. per , 

annum, revenue in land, and that the earl had not 
purchafed any thing immediately from the church, 
but from other perfons, for valuable confiderations, 
near 40 years before ; yet, out of love to religion 
and the profeiTors thereof, he was contented to 

part; 



143 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

part with fome of his right, and fo they awarded 
Lirmore, &c. to the earl, and Ardmore, &c. to 
the biihop ; which award was confirmed by the 
lord lieutenant and council^ and afterwards by the 
king. 

Anno Archibald Adair, made bifhop of Waterford and 

»^4«. Lifmore. 

In December this year, the Irifh rebels (72) hav- 
ing pkmdered a great part of the county of Tippe- 
rary, and that of Kilkenny, and in the latter all the 
lands of the earl of Ormond, they croffed the river 
Suir towards Waterford. All the lands in the ba- 
rony of Gualtiere, belonging to the Englifh, they 
ravaged and plundered ; they then proceeded to- 
wards the weftern parts of the county, but a great 
check was put to their plundering, by the earl of 
Cork and his tenants, then in arms ; foon after this, 
the lord prefident came into this county, upon no- 
tice that a party of the Leinfler rebels had palled 
this way into his province (73}. On the 2d of De- 
cember he put them to flight, with the lofs of 200 
Irifh. The rebels jufl: before had feized Feathard, 
which lofs was followed with the revolt of Clonmel, 
Carrick, and all the towns in Tipperary, and of 
Waterford, Limerick, Killmallock and Dungarvan. 
In January following, the rebels, (74) at Cafhel 
were 10000 ilrong, of which a very confiderable 
part were well armed ^ and among them, one Mr. 
Edward Butler had a troop of 100 horfe, in fine 
order. Here they were joined by the lord Mount- 
Garret, and mofl of the popifli lords in Leinfter 
and Miinfter. The February following, they were 
proclaimed in this province, and a pardon offered 
to all that would lay down their arms. 

1644^ The rebels had a printing prefs at Waterford (75), 
where one Thomas Bourke, an Irifh printer, pub- 

(72) M.S. at Lifmore. (73) Cox, v. z. p. 94. 

(74) ibid. (75) Cox, V. 2. p. >39. 

lilhed 



W A T E R F O R D. 143 

lifhed a fcandalous remonftrarxe of the confederate 
papifls at Trim, with his majefty's arms affixed 
thereon, which was, with infolence and oftentation, 
publifhed at Oxford ; and this was taken notice of 
by the proteflant agents there, that they might 
leave nothing undone that might juflly advance their 
caufe. 

The pope's nuncio being very redlefs and inde- Anno 
fatigable, fummoned all the popii"h clergy to Wa-»646. 
terford, (76) under pretence of an apoflolick vifita- 
tion, and to prepare for a national fynod. Their 
confultations tended only to break the peace juil 
before confented to. On the 6th of Augufl, the he- 
ralds left Dublin, in order to proclaim the peace 
in the other cities and corporations. They came to 
Waterford the 8th, where they were fo unwelcome 
to all the people, that nobody would fhew them 
the mayor's houfe, until 1, at length, a little boy did 
it for fix pence -, but the mayor would not be feen 
for above four hours, , and when he was told their 
errand, he afked them, why tliey did not proclaim 
the peace fir ft at Kilkenny? they anfwered, that 
they purfued their orders, and fuppofed the reafon 
might be, becaufe Wateford was next to Dublin, 
one of the moft ancient and confiderable cities 
of the kingdom. Hovvever, after three days ftay, 
they could get no other anfwer, but that the peace 
Ihould be firft proclaimed at Kilkenny ; and the 
rabble threatened to fend them packing, with 
withs about their necks, unlefs they made hafte a- 
way. 

Cromwell, upon the taking of Carrick, marched ,64^, 
thither, and pafied over the Suir to the fiege of 
Waterford ; whereupon it was refolved, that the 
lords Inchiquin and Taafe fhould ftorm Carrick, 
and that the lord lieutenant Ormond, iliould con- 
dud lieutenant gen. Farrel, with 1 500 Ulfter-men 

(76) Cox, V. 2. p. 153. 

and 



1 44 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

and put them into Waterford : This latter was done, 
bat the former mifcarried for want of fpades pick- 
axes, and other materials ; fo that above i ooo were 
flain under the walls of Carrick, by col, Reynolds, 
with a fmall garrifon he had there, being but 150 
foot, 6 troops of horfe, and one of dragoons. 

The marquis of Ormond once more attempta|| 
the relief of Waterford, and brought fome of hfs' 
forces on the N. fide of the Suir, oppofite to the 
city, whereupon Cromwell who had, on the 25th 
of Odober, taken PafTage, finding that he had lofl 
more men by ficknefs during this winter's fiege, 
than he could well fpare, drew off his army towards 
Dungarvan : And though Ormond ferried over to 
Waterford,- and courted the city to fend boats to 
waft over his men to fall upon Cromwell's rear, yet 
the citizens being afraid they would make that 
place their winter quarters, refufed to admit any, 
except fome few of the Ulfle-r-men into the city. 

Though Cromwell's army (77)was much harrafled 
and but very fmall when he came before Waterford, 
being not above 5000 foot, 2000 horfe, and 500 • 
dragoons ; yet the fame of this general had fo fright- 
ened the Irifh, that the mayor and governor of Wa- 
terford, hearing of his approach, did, on the 3d of 
Odober, fend a letter to Ormond to confult about 
the terms to be infilled on at the giving up of the 
city. But Ormond the next day, by letter, chid 
them for their forwardnefs to parley with the enemy 
before any battery, was begun ; and affured them, 
that if they did their duty, Cromwell fhould be 
baffled before that place, as in fadt it happened ; for 
he left 1 000 men dead, by ficknefs, before it, and 
marched oiF without taking it. 

Though the motions of Ormond, in thofe parts, 
could not be very confiderable, as well becaufe of 

(77) Cox, V. 2. p. J a. 

\ the 



WATERFORD. 145 

the feafon of the year, as his want of money, and 
all other neceflarie^, and the great defertion of his 
men, who went ofFdaily in fuch numbers, that of 
all the Conaught horfe he had but ^g left with him, 
yet he fo ftruggled v/ith all thefe difficulties, that he 
kept flill fome forces together, hovering between 
Glonmel and Waterford. One day he ferried over 
to Waterford, with about 50 horfe, in hopes to per- 
fwade that city to all that was necefTary for its own 
prefervation, and the common good ; but v/hen he «. 

came thither, he found that the governor Farrel, 
and col. Wogan from Duncannon, had formed a 
dcfign upon Faffage fort ; and though Ormond 
doubted the fuccefs, yet it was not fit for him, at 
that time, to dilTwade the attempt; {o Farrel 
marched out, but was not long gone, before a party 
of the enemies horfe was difcovered to march to- 
wards Paflage : Whereupon Ormond defired the 
mayor to permit a regiment or two of his horfe, 
which were on the other fide of the river, to be 
wafted over, and to march through the city ; but 
all his commands and intreaties were in vain, al- 
though the citizens faw the danger the foldiers 
were in, and the necefllty of the propofed relief. 
However the marquis marched out with his 50 
horfe, fuch as the were, and met Farrel's foot 
flying towards Waterford and col. Zanchy's horfe 
in purfuit of them. He drew up in a place of 
advantage, and the enemy thinking he had a 
greater body of horfe than he really had, lefTened 
their pace ; and fo he covered the retreat of the foot 
to the town. This adion (hewed the necefTity of 
retaking Paflage, which alfo would be a continual 
nuifance . to Waterford ; and therefore the lord 
lieutenant propofed, that he would tranfport his 
forces over the river to retake it, if the city would 
permit his army to quarter in huts under the walls, 
where they fnould be no way burthenfome, but 
. L Ihould 



146 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

fhould have pay and provifron from the country ; 
the citizens were fo far from confenting to this, that 
it was moved in council, to feize on Ormond's per- 
fon, and fall on thofe that belonged to him as ene- 
mies ', fo that it was time for the Marquis to de- 
part. 
Aono Since the beginning of June this year, Waterford 

*^5<^' and Duncannon were blocked up by the parliament's 
forces ; fo that gen. Prefton the governor fent a let- 
ter to the lord lieutenant for greater fupplies than 
could be fpared, or for leave to furrender the city, 
fince his wants were fo great, that it was impoflible 
to keep it. However, Ireton did not fummon the 
city till the 25th of July (78) •, after a treaty drawn 
out into length, gen. Prefton furrendered Water- 
ford the I oth of Auguft, which was followed by the 
redudion of Duncannon on the 14th. 

It appears from lord Orrery's memoirs, that the 
city was in the hands of the Englilh before the ca- 
pitulation above-mentioned, which was only for the 
citadel, the place where the barracks now {land ; 
and that the town was taken in the following man- 
ner. Soon after the city was fummoned, the Irifh 
made a fally, but were repulfed with lofs. Prefent- 
ly after this, the Englifh fent one lieut. Croker ^d 
ferj. Croker, his brother, with about 30 mufketeers, 
to fire the fuburbs, in order to make their approach- 
es to the tov/n walls the more efFedtual. They fet 
fire to all the houfes and flacks of corn near the 
city, the fmoak of which being carried by a wefl- 
erly wind into the place, fo much terrified the be- 
fieged, that it made them think the whole army 
had fallen upon the city and fet it on fire ; there- 
fore, as it afterwards appeared, they fled out of 
the eaflern gate, and, under the covert of the 
fmoak, got quick out of the reach of the enemy^ 

(78) Cox, V. a. p. ^6. 

who 



W A T E R F O R D. 147 

who little imagined what had happened^ But what 
chiefly promoted their flight, was a bold attempt 
thofe two Crokers made upon the town^ while the 
fmoak of the iuburbs involved it in fear and dark- 
nefs i for while the Englifh were burning the fu- 
burbs, one of the Crokers fpied a couple of lad- 
ders near the v/ail, and calling to his brother, told 
him it would be a brave thing, if t-hey (hould fet 
upon the town and take it, of which they might 
how have the opportunity to do, by the help of the 
ladders and the fmoak. His brother immediately 
agreed with him and they calling their 30 men to^ 
gether, without the knovi'ledge and orders of their 
commanders, with fwords drawn and muil<:ets 
charged, they feized the ladders and mounted the 
wall ; finding there but one man as centinel, him 
they immediately killed ; and hearing a great cry 
in the town, which they thought was a fign of fome 
diforder, they marched forvi^ard to the mainguard^ 
putting all they met to the fword. The noife of 
their guns, and the fmoak concealing their num- 
bers, made the inhabitants really believe that the 
whole Englifh army was got into the town, and 
fled all away, leaving their arms and ammunition 
behind them. One of the Crokers was killed in the 
exploit, and two or three of their men ^ but ferjeant 
Croker, and the reft, marched up to the mainguard 
and feized all their great guns ; they then marched 
towards the weft gate ('79) to open it and receive 
the reft of their friends. In the mean time,, the 
Englifti wondered what was become of Croker and 
his men, and feared, that though they bad executed 
their orders by firing the fuburbs, they had perifhed 
in the attempt. But while they were in fufpenfe, 
one of the centinels gave notice, that the gate next 
to them was fet wide open, and a fmall party was 
marched out towards them 1 v/hich lord Brop-hill 



(79) St. Patrick's gate. 



L 2 hearing, 



1 4.8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

hearing, Immediately rode forward to fee who they 
were , and before he came very near made ufe of 
a perfpe6live glafs, by which he difcovered them 
to be ferjeant Croker and. his men : at the fight of 
whom, being greatly am.azed, and upon a nearer 
approach, aflcing how they came thither ? Croker 
made no anfwer, but brandiChing his fword about 
his head, called for the whole army to march into 
the town •, for, fays he, the town is our own ; and 
then he related in what manner he had taken it, 
and what a panick the irifh were in. Immediately 
the whole army was ordered to march into the 
town, and as they were going, they faw the enemy 
march away on the other fide of the water, which 
fufficiently confirm.ed what Croker had faid. But 
however, when they came into the town, the cita- 
del (as v/as before related) held out flill, but not 
long after it capitulated. 
Anno Ordered, that icol. be iiTued^out of the receipts, 
1 65 1, cuftoms, and excife st Waterford, over and above 
lool. form.erly ordered to be iffued out of the faid 
receipts, for the repairing of the quay of that city, 
and that the governor and commiliioners of the re- 
venue there do ifiiie out their warrants, for the 
payment of the faid fums, for the ufes aforefaid, 
afid for no other ; and that they do take fpecial care 
to fee the faid fum difpofed of, for the faid fervice, 
to the bell advantage, by doing that firft which is 
moil needful, and preferving the reft from further 
ruin. Dublin, ifi of March, 1651 (80). 

Colonel Richard Laurence v/as governor of Wa- 
terford, and, in confideration of his great charges 
fioce he was governor there, (for which he had re- 
ceived no fatisfadlion) 100 1, was ordered him, in 
fiall difcharge of all allowances to be claimed by 
him, fi'om the date of his faid commilTion, as go- 

(80) Council book, N^ 4, containing rules and orders for 
money, &c. p. > 36. 

vernor 



. W A T E R F O R D. 149 

vernor, until the 25th of this iiiflant March ; and 
from the 25th of this inftant March, the weekly 
fum of 3I. to be paid unto him by the treafurer of 
the publick revenue, till further order, Dublin, 
30th of March, 1 651 (81) 

Ordered, that Mr. John Mills, impoil-mafler of 
Waterford, be alfo receiver of fuch rents and duties, 
as Ihall become due, for the houfes and lands be- 
longing to the commonwealth within the town and 
precindts of Waterford, with the yearly fum of 
lool. to be paid quarterly, in four equal portions. 
Dublin, 3d of November, 1651 (82). 

January io, An order to take care of the eight Anno 
pieces of hangings, belonging to the common- ^^S^- 
Wealth, at Prefton-houfe, Waterford. 

The adt for the fettlement of Ireland prla|:^ ,5-3^ 
at Waterford. ... *r':* 

"■ January 31, Captain Halley, one of the commit 
fioners.of the revenue at W^aterford, having repre- 
Tented that the plat-forms in the fortifications, were 
riiuch out of repair, it was ordered, that the trea- 
furer of the publick revenue do iifue out fuch rno- 
ney as will be neceifary to repair the fame. \ ' ' 

High courts of judice v/ere held in Cork and 
Waterford, &:c. for trying of fuch of the Irifli as 
were concerned in the maiTacres of 1641. But fp 
many of the murderers had been deilroyed by 
fword and peftilence, that; not above 200 fufFered 
by the hands of the executioner. 

June 23, Ordered, that'no p'apiil be permitted 16.^4, 
to trade in the city of Waterford, within or with-- 
but doors. 

On the 1 2th of Odlober, |he inhabitants of the 
county of Waterford, having conformed to the 
rules of tranfplantation, the lord deputy and coun- 
cil ordered, that the wives, and fuch fervants as. 
are permitted, m^ay (lay to receive the benefit of 

(8i) Ibid. p. 138; . (82) Ibid, p, 62. 

L 3 their 



i^o Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

their refpedive crops of corn, having firft dif- 
charged the contribution due thereout, and allow- 
ing the new proprietor the eighth (heaf. 
Anno April II, An order that the governor of Water- 
»^S5- ford (83) do take care of the hanging?, carpets 
and other furniture, there belonging to the ftate, 
to be carefully fent up by the next date's (hip. 

July 28, 2Qol. (84) ordered for repairing the 
great meeting- place at Waterford, and 200 1- rnorq 
to be raifed by aiTeiTnnent. 

January 30, An order of the lord deputy and 
council, that the governor, colonel Leigh, and the 
juftices of the peace at Waterford, do apprehend 
forthwith all perfons who refort there under the 
iiame of Quakers, that they be fhipped away from 
Waterford, or PaiTage, to Briftol, and be com- 
mitted to the care of that city, or other chief ma- 
giftrates of that place, or other convenient places 
to which they are fent, in order to their being fent 
to their refpective places of abode ; and that they 
be required to live foberly and peaceably, and 
make honed and due provifion for themfelves and 
families, according to their refpedive callings. 

A petition of the Englifh inhabitants of the city 
of Waterford, with the anfwers of the lord deputy 
and council to the feveral articles of 28th of May, 

1655(85)- 
j6 -6. Minifters employed under the ufurpation at W a- 

terford. Edward Woule, at Waterford, 200 1. pe^ 

annum ^ John Millard, at PaiTage, lool. per annum ; 

John Brooks, as fchool-mafter and minifter, 50 1 

William Feith, for teaching children to read and 

write, at ditto 15 1. 
166©. George Baker made bilhop of Waterford and 

Lifmore. 
Anno Tv/erity Bfth of March, Richard Power, efq; 
^^^** made governor of the county and city of Waterford.. 

(S3) Council-book, N^ 4. (84) Id. ib. (85) Council- 
office, A. 6.P. 367. 

This 



W A T E R F O R D. 151 

This year (86) the Irifh merchants of the city of 1662, 
Waterford petitioned his grace the duke of Or- 
mond, fetting forth, that by their being freemen 
of the city, and perfons who advanced the king's 
revenue, although they have been exempted (ince 
his majefty's reftoration from bearing office, they 
have had the privileges of other freemen, until 
William Bolton, now mayor, feeming to take no- 
tice of them as perfons uncapable of thofe privileges, 
forceth them to pay ftrangers duties for goods, &c. 
To which petition his grace defired the mayor to 
make immediate anfwer, which he did to this effedl. 

" That the petition was not (hewn him, nor his 
*' grace's order, till the 26th of December laft. 
" That the perfons complaining fet not their names 
" to the petition. That they have not a jufl right 
*' to freedom, being not proteflants, refufing the 
" oath of fupremacy, &c. That fince his majefty's 
*' reftoration, th^y have not been looked upon as 
*' freemen, as appears by feveral ads, orders, &c; 
*■ to the contrary. The mayor does, not force 
*' them to pay out of any difrefped, &c. but, ac- 
*' cording to his oath and duty, feeks to advance 
*' the king's fervice, by reviving the worthy cu(- 
*' toms of fome of their anceftors, &c. As they 
*' are not fubje(51t to an oath, they cannot be free- 
*' men ; and they, without fach oath, may and 
" do harbour not only goods of ftrangers in his 
*' majefty's dominions, but of the fubjecSs of other 
" princes ; and if this courfe was revived, wool, 
" and other ftaple commodities, had been yet in 
" great quantities in his majefty's dominions, to 
*' the general advance of trade, and relief of the 
*' poor. If they are freemen, Mt is upon their old 
*' pretence, or upon his majefty's declaration ; but 
" i:ipon the old pretence they (it is prefumed) will 
•' not adventure, and if they plead the adls, orders, 

(86) Evidence-chamber at Kilkenn^r, 

L 4 ^^ and 



152 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

" and proclamations fince his majefty's refloration, 
" it cannot be of any efFedl to them, until they 
" are proteflants, and diiclaim foreign jurifdic- 
*' tion, &c.'' 

Your grace's dutiful and 
Waterford, the 3d obedient fervant, 

of January, 1 662. William Bolton. 

Anno Hugh Gore made biiliop of Waterford and Lif- 

1666. more. 

1678. The lord lieutenant and council, by letter, or- 
dered the popifn inhabitants to be removed from 
Galway, Limerick, Waterford, Clonmel, Kilken- 
ny and Drogheda (87), except fome trading mer- 
chants, artificers, and others, neceiTary for the towns 
and garrifons -, by virtue whereof, many were ex- 
pelled, but v/ere afterwards re-admitted. 

1681. The cuiloms, inwards and outwards, of the port 
of Waterford, for the year 1681, were 14826 L os. 
lold. and for Dungarvan, 164I. iis. i|-d. 

Imported cudoms and excife for Waterford, from 
the aoth of December 1663, to December 1664, 
3847 1. 12 s. oy. and for Dungarvan, the faid time, 
881. OS. 3d. Exported cuiloms, the faid time, in 
V/aterford, 3196I. 5 s. pid. and for Dungarvan, 
121 1. IIS. pid. 

1687. March a 2d, king James II. granted to the po- 
pifh inhabitants of this city a new charter, which, 
upon the reiloring of the proteflant government 
there, was fet afide. 

This charter conflituted the following perfons to 
be members of the corporation, now new modelled, 
for king James's arbitrary purpofes. 

Richard Fitzgerald, efq; mayor. 

? ■ ■ 

Aldermen 24. Aflifrants 24; 

Kkhard, earl of Tyrone, Thomas Dobbin, mercbt 

Sir Stephen Rice, chief baron, Patrick Troy, mercht. 

(87) Cox, vol. JI. part, 3 p. 15, 

• * Peter 



WATERFORD. 



Peter Walfh, efq; 
Thomas Wife, efq; 
Garret Gough, efq; 
Thomas Sherlock, efq; 
James Sherlock, efq; 
William Dobbin, efq; 
Nicholas Fitzgerald, efq; 
Thomas Chriftmas, efq; 
Edward Browne, merchant. 
Robert Garew, efq; 
Francis Driver, gent. 
Richard Madden. 
-Nicholas Porter. 
James White. 
William Fuller. 
Michael Head, 
Richard Say. 
Nicholas Lee. 
Dominick Synotto 
Martin Walfh. 
Abraham Smith. 
Peter Cranfburgh, 



Richard Aylward, mercht. 
Vi^Lpr Sail, mercht. 
Andrew Brown, mercht. 
Thomas White, mercht. 
Jofeph Hopkins, mercht., 
William Dobbin, efq; 
John Aylward, mercht. 
Edward Collins, mercht. 
Michael Sherlock, mercht. 
Stephen Leonard, mercht. 
Mathew White, mercht, 
Francis Barker. 
Thomas Lee. 
John Wlnfton. 
Henry Keating. 
Bartholomew Walfhc 
James Lynch. 
Patrick Wife. 
Richard Morris. 
Thomas Smith. 



153 



Jofeph Barry. 
John Donnaghow. 
SHERIFFS. 
James Strong, Paul Sherlock, 

John Porter, efq; Recorder. 
Daniel Mpllony, towij-clerk, prothonotory, and clerk of 
the peace. 

This year, on the 2d of September, his majeily 
king William embarked at Waterford for Eng- 
land. 

King James, after the battle of the Boyne, arrived 
that night in Dublin, where he lay. Next day (88) 
July 2d. he rode to Waterford, where he went on 
board a fhip that lay ready for him, and failed back 
to France with all fpeed. Thus he rode, in 24 
hours, above four-fcore miles. 

Major general Kirk, with his own regiment, and 
colonel Brev/er's, as alfo a party of horle, marched 

(8S) $tory's hill, of the affairs of Ireland. 



Anno 
1689. 

1690* 



July 20. 



from 



i 54 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

from Carrick towards Waterford, more forces dc- 
figning to follow. The major-general fent a trum- 
pet to fummon the town, who, at firft, refufed to 
furrender, there being two regiments then in gar- 
rifon ; their refufal, however, was in fuch civil terms, 
that their inclinations were eafily underftood ; for 
foon after they fent out to know what terms they 
might have ? v/hich were the fame with thofe of 
Dfogheda. But not liking them, they propofed 
fome of their own, which were, that they might 
enjoy their eflates, the liberty of their religion, 
and a fafe convoy to the next garrifon, with their 
arms and proper goods. Thofe would not be 
granted \ then the heavy cannon were brought down 
that way, and fome more forces ordered to march. 
But the Irifb, underflanding this, fent to alk liberty 
to march out with their arms, and to have a fafc 
convoy, which was granted them. And according- 
ly, on the 25th, they marched out, with their arms 
and baggage, being conducted to Mallow. 
July 26. The day after Waterford furrendered, king 
William went to fee it, and took care that no per- 
fons fhould be diflurbed in their houfes and goods. 

After Sarsfield had demolifhed the train of artil- 
lery, which was on its way to king William at the 
fiege of Limerick, his majefty fent for more tq 
Waterford. 

Anno Soon after this his majefty embarked for Eng- 

«69o. land, from this city, viz. September 5th, and the 
next day arrived in Briftol. 

1 691 . Dr. Nathaniel Foy confecrated bifhop of thefe fees. 

1700. There i^ a particular furvey of the ordnance, 
Jiily 2. ammunition and ftores, at Waterford, at this time, 
in the Council-office, lib. A. g6, 

1707. Dr. Thomas Mills confecrated biftiop. 

1740. Dr. Charles Efte tranllated here from the fee of 
Oflbry. 

Dr. Richard Chenevix, bifliop of Killaloe, tranf- 
lated to thofe fees. 

Alift 



J74S- 



WATERFORD. 

A lift of the mayors, bailiffs, and fheriffs of the 
city of Waterford, from the year 1377, ^^ ^^^ 
year 1772, inclufive. 



'74S. 



A. D. 

1377 
1378 

J379 
1380 
1381 
1382 

1384 
1385 
1386 

1387 
1388 

1389 
1390 

1391 
1392 

1393 
1394 
1395 
1396 

?397 
1398 

?399 
1400 
1 401 

1402 

1403 
1404 

1405 
1406 

1407 
1408 
1409 
1 416 
14U 
1412 



MAYORS. 
William Lumbard. 
William Lumbafd. 
William Chapman. 
William Madan. 
Philip Spell. 
Robert Sweetm^n. 
Robert Sweetman. 
William Lumbard. 
W^illiam Forftall. 
Robert Bruce. 
William Lumbard. 
William Poer. 
William Poer. 
Milo Poer. 
Walter Spence. 
William Chapman. 
John Rocket. 
Milo Poer. 
William Forftall. 
William Attamen. 
William Lincplne. 
Andrew Archer. 
John Eyenas. 
William Forilall. 
John Lumbard. 
John Lumbard. 
Nicholas Lumbard. 
William Poer. 
WUliam Poer. 
Richard Brufhbon^. 
JohnWalfti. 
John Lumbard. 
Walter Attamen. 
William Power. 
John Roberts. 
John Rockett. 



A.D. MAYORS. 

1 41 3 Simon Wickin. 

141 4 John Whit^. 

141 5 Nicholas Holland. 

1416 William RufTel. 

1 41 7 William Lincoln©. 

1 41 8 John Lumbard. 

1 41 9 John Lumbard, 

1 420 Roger Wallh. 

1 42 1 Simon Wickins. 

1422 Thomas Okabran^ 

1423 Gilbert Dyer. 

1 424 John Eyenas. 

1425 Thomas Okabrane, 

1426 William Lincolne. 

1427 Peter Strong. 

1428 Robert Lincolne. 

1429 Peter Rice. 

1430 Walter Attamen. 

1 43 1 Peter Strong. 

1432 Gilbert Dyer. 

1433 Foulke Commerford. 

1434 Peter Strong. 

1435 Nicholas Gough. 

1436 John Core. 
H37 John White. 
1438 Nicholas Mulgan. 
^439 John Rope. 

Thomas Hull. 
Nicholas Gough. 



1440 
1 441 

1442 
443 



William S.UtadeI, 



Nicholas Mulgan. 

1444 Nicholas Mulgan. 

1445 William Corr. 

1446 "William Corr, 

1447 John Rope. 

1443 Foulke Commerford. 
1449 V/illiam 



%s^ 



Natural and Civil Hijiory of 


A.D. MAYORS. 


A.D. 


MAYORS. 


1449 William Lincolne. 


1481 


Maurice Wife. 


1450 William White. 


1482 ^ 


John Butler. 


1 45 1 Richard Walfii. 


1483 James Rice. 


1452 Maurice Wife. 


1484 Tames Rice. 


1453 Patrick Rope. 


1485 


Richard Strong. 


1454 John Madan. 


i486 James Rice. 


1455 William White. 


1487 John Butler. 


1456 Robert Butler. 


1488 James Rice, 


1457 John Maden. 


1489 


Robert Lumbard. 


1458 Richard Walfh. 


1490 


William Lumbard. 


1459 William White. 


1491 


Patrick Rope. 


1460 Laurence Dobbiiio 


1492 


William Lumbard. 


1 46 1 John May. 


1493 


Robert Butler. 


1462 John Sherlock. 


1494 


Henry Fagan. 


1463 John Corr. 


1495 


John Madan (89). 


1464 John Corr. 


1510 


John Madan. 


1465 Peter Strong. 


151 1 


John Butler. 


1466 Nicholas Mulgan. 


1512 


Nicholas Madan. 


1467 John Butler. 


1513 


John Madan. 


1468 John Mulgan. 


1514 


James Buder. 


1469 James Rice. 


1555 


Nicholas Madan. 


1470 Nicholas Devereux. 


1516 


John Madan. 


1 47 1 James Rice. 


1517 


Patrick Rope. 


1472 James Rice. 


1518 


Nicholas Madan. 


1473 John Corr. 


1519 


James Sherlock. 


1474 John Corr. " 


1520 


John Morgan. 


1475~ John Sherlock. 


I$2I 


Richard Walfti, 


3476 Peter Lovet. 


who was the laft that go- 


1477 James Rice. 


verned the city of Wa= 


1478 William Lincolnc, 


terford without bailiffs 


1479 John Corr. 


or 


Iheriffs. 


1480 James Sherlock, 







(89) From the year 1495, ^^ ^^^ 7*^^ ^f^og* no charter. 
It is not known what occaiioned this interruption, the city 
feeing at this time, very loyal, and in 1497, purfued Perkin in 
four ihips. 



A.D. MAYORS. 

1 522 •Peter Wallh, 

1523 Nicholas Wife, 

1524 Nicholas Madan, 



BAILIFFS. 

Henry Walfh, Patrick Lumbard. 
N'ch. Morgan, Will. Lincolne. 
Nicholas Strong, John Lumbard, 

1525 James 



WATERFORD. 



257 



A.D. MAYORS. 

1525 James Sherlock, 

1526 John Morgan, 

1527 Nicholas Wife, 

1528 Patrick Walfh, 
1^29 James Sherlock, 
1^30 John Morgan, 
1 5 31 Nicholas Wife, 

1532 Patrick Walfh, 

1533 William Wife, 

1534 James Sherlock 



BAILIFFS. 

James White, Tho. Lumbard. 
Will. Lincolne, JohnLumbard, 
Robert Sherlock, Peter Sherlock, 
Nich. Walfh, James Devereux. 
John Sherlock, Tho. Lumbard. 
Will.Lincolne,Edward Sherlock. 
James Wife, Thomas Sherlock. 
Robert Strong, James Walfh. 
James Sherlock, Peter Dobbyn. 
James Walfh, James Sherlock. 

1535 William Lincolne, Peter Dobbyn, Tho. Lumbard. 

1536 John Morgan, Tho. Woodlock, David Bayley. 

1537 Thomas Lumbard, John Butler, Nicholas Madan. 

1538 Edward Sherlock, John Butler, Ed. Sherlock. 
James Sherlock, Dayid Bayley, 
James Woodlock, Nicholas Lee» 
Robert Strong, Robert Walfh. 
Nicholas Lee, Thomas Grant, 



J 5 39 J^"^^s Walfh, 
1540 WiUiamWife, 
1 5 41 Peter Dobbyn, 
1542 James White, 



1543 William Lincolne, Robert Walfh, Will. Morgan. 

1544 Edward Sherlock, Maurice Wife, Plenry Walfh, 

1545 Thomas Lumbard, Nicholas Lee, David Bayley. 



1546 Peter Dobbyn, 
1 5 47 James Wallh, 
1^48 James Madan, 

1549 Thomas Sherlock, 

1550 Walter Coltie, 

1551 David Walfh, 

1552 Peter Dobbyn, 

1553 James Dobbyn, 

1554 Maurice Wife, 

1555 Robert Walfh, 

1556 Henry Walfh, 

1557 Peter Dobbyn, 

1558 Maurice Wife, 

1559 John Sherlock, 
I 560 Peter Snong, 

1 561 John Wife, 

1562 James Walfh, 

1563 Henry Wife, 
1^64 Peter Walfh, 

1565 John Neal, 

1566 Peter Aylward, . 

1567 Patrick Dobbyn, 



Thomas Grant, Will. Lumbard. 
Thomas Wife, AVilliam Wife. 
Maurice Wife, Nicholas Lee. 
James Woodlock , James Grant. 
Thomas Wile, John Sherlock. 
James Woodlock, James Walfh. 
Peter Stmng, John Vv^ife. 
John Neal, Peter Vv'alfh. 
Peter Aylward, John Sherlock, 
John Wife, Paul Lumbard. 
Peter Walfo, John Walih. 
John Neal, James Grant. 
Ja. Lumbard, Phil. Cummerford. 
NicholasLumbardjRicii.Licker. 
James Lumbard, Tames Grant. 
James Walfh, Paul Lumbard. 
John Walilri, Patrick Dobbyn, 
Nich Lumbard, James Madan. 
James Butler, Tames Sherlock. 
John Madan, Peter Sherlock. 
George Wife, Nich, Lumbard. 
Ja, Lumbard, Phil, Cummerford. 
1368 Nich 



*58 



Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 

Nich. Lumbardi James Sherlock, John Sherlock. 
James Butler, John Lumbard. 



A.D. 

1568 

1569 Peter Walfh, 

1570 Phil. Cummerford, Pet. Sherlock, Nic.Cummerford. 
1571 

1572 



George Wife^ 
John Madanj 
John Madan, 

1574 James Walfh, 

1575 James Butler, 

1576 Peter Sherlock, 

1577 Peter Aylward, 



Thomas Wife, James Lincolne* 

Rich. Strong, Pat. Gummerford. 

Rich. Strong, Pat. Cummerford. 

Rob. Walfh, Pat. Cummerford. 

Richard Strong, Nicholas Lee. 

Edward Walfh, John Leonard. 

Ja. Lumbard, Pat. Cummerford. 
1578 Sir Patrick Walfh, Robert Walfh, Thomas Wife. 
1 5 79 Patrick IJobbyn, Jn. Leonard, Nich. Cummerford. 

Nich. Lee, Alexander Briver. 
cNich. Gummerford, Edward 
\ Cuniimerford. 

Rob. Walfh, Baithaz. Woodlocko 

Nicholas Wife, John Lynch. 

John Walfh, Patrick Morgan. 



1580 James Sherlock, 

158 1 I Richard Strong, 

1582 Nicholas Lee, 

1583 James Madan, 

1584 John Leonard, 



1 5 85 Nic. Cummerford, Alex. Briver, Nicholas Walfh. 



1586 James Wife, 

1587 Alexander Briver, 

1588 Richard Strong, 

1589 Patrick Dobbyn, 

1590 James Sherlock, 

1591 John Leonard, 



Patrick Morgan, John Tew. 
Will. Lumbard, Pat. Lumbard. 
John Walfh, John Tew. 
Will. Lincoln, Paul Sherlock. 
Nicholas Wife, James Madan. 
Baithaz. Woodlock, Tho. White. 



592 Nicholas Aylward, Nicholas Wife, Paul Strong. 

1593 Patrick Morgan, 

1594 Paul Sherlock, 

1595 James White, 

1596 Thomas Waddino; 

1597 Paul Strong, 



Tho. Wife, Geo. Commerford* 
Rich. Madan, Geo.Commerford* 
Rich. Madan, Geo.Commerford* 
j3, Robert Walfh, John Lumbard* 
Thomas Wife. Thomas Walfh* 



1598 Thomas White, Ja.Lumbard,JohnGommerford, 

^599 Richard Madan, James Sherlock, Will. Barron. 

1600 Sir Edward Gough, Geo.SherlockT.Knarefborough* 



1 60 1 Robert Walfh, 

1602 Robert Walfh, 

1603 James Lumbard, 

1 604 Richard Madan, 

1605 Thomas Wife, 

1606 John Sherlock, 

1607 Thomas Strong, 

1608 Stephen Leonard, 

1609 Stephen Leonard, 



Nich. Madan, Walter Sherlock. 
David Walfh, Michael Browne. 
Thomas White, John Sherlock* 
Thomas White, Paul Strong, 
Nicholas Wife, Paul Sherlock. 
Thomas Dobbyn, James Walfh. 
Robert Strong, Robert Walfh, 
Walter Sherlock, Nich. White* 
Walter Sherlock, Nich. White* 
1 610 James 



i6i3 Robert Walfh, 

1 614 Walter Sherlock, 

1615 Nicholas White, 

1 61 6 John Joy, 

1617 Alexander Driver, 



W A T E R F O R D. 

A. D. MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 

1610 James Levett, James Briver, Alex. Leonard. 

1 61 1 Richard Wadding, Rich. Butler, Will. Lincolne. 

1 61 2 Michael Brown, Pat. White, John Skiddy. 
James Walfli, Nicholas Wife, 
Jafper Woodlock, Pat. Meyler, 
JamesLumbardjJamesLiimbard. 
Zabulon Berrick, Will. Philips. 
John Murphy, Tho. Burges (90). 

1626 James Woodlock, Robert Leonard, Matt. Grant. 

1627 Sir Peter Aylward, Barth. Lincolne, Will. Lincoln?* 

1628 John Sherlock, Paul Sherlock, John Levett. 

1629 William Dobbyn, John Fagan, Will. Cleere. 

1630 Robert Wife, Tho. White, James Lumbard. 

1 63 1 James Wallh, Thomas Maine, Pat. White. 

1632 Sir Tho. Sherlock, Nich. Browne, And. Wife. 
Chrift. Sherlock, Nich. Strong. 
Matt. Grant, Rich. Nicholas. 
Will. Lincolne, Garret Lincolne. 
Fra. Briver, Ric. Fitz-Nicholas, 
Jn. Levett, Rich. Fitz-Nicholas. 
John Bluet, Girke Morgan. 
Luke White, John Fitz-Gerald. 
Matt. Porter, Henry White. 
John Power, Will. Woodlock. 
Will. Englilh, Tho. Wallh. 
Mich. Sherlock, And. White. 
Nicholas Jones, Lau. W^hite. 
Pet. Morgan, John Lincolne. 
Edw. Geraldine, John Walili. 
Fran. Butler, Martin Gall. 
And. Morgan, Bar. Sherlock. 
Nich. GeraldineJamesLynham. 
Mat. Everard, Ric. Fitz-Gerald. 

From 1650, to 1656, the city was governed by com- 
miffioners, appointed by Oliver Cromwell. 



^59 



1633 Sir Tho. Gough, 

1634 Richard Strong, 

1635 John Skiddy, 

1636 Richard Butler, 

1637 James White, 

1638 Nicholas Wife, 

1639 Robert Lumbard, 

1640 Matthew Grant, 

1 641 Francis Briver, 

1642 Thomas White, 

1643 Redmond Gerald, 

1644 Luke White, 

1 645 Garret Lincolne, 

1646 Paul Wadding, 

1647 John Bluet, 

1648 Sir John Wallh, 

1649 John Levett, 

1650 John Aylward, 



(90) From the year 1606, to the year 161 7, there was no 
fettled government, the magiftrates, for refufing the oath of 
fupremacyand for non-conformity, were turned out, and fent 
prifoners to Cork; and the corporation governed by (heriffs, till 
the year 16 17, when their charter was taken away, and fo con- 
tinued during the reign of king James I. King Charles reftored 
them all their privileges, by a new charter, which coll the city 
3000I. This charter arrived at Paffage, July 25th, 1626. 

1656 George 



i6o 



Natural and Civil Hijiory of 



MAYORS. 



George Cawdron, 



A. D. 

1656 

1657 Thomas Watts, 

1658 Andrew Rickard, 

1659 John Houghton, 

1660 Sir Tho. Dancer, 
l66i V/ill. Halfey, 

1662 Will. Bolton, 

1663 John Eyres, 

1664 Tho. Chriftmas, 

1665 Geo. Deyos, 
i=§^ Andrew Rickard, 
1667 '^homas Exton, 

1 658 J<Xhn Heavens, 

1669 JoJ^n Heavens, 

1670 Will. Hurft, 

1671 Tho. Bolton, 

1672 Henry Aland, 

1673 Tho. Coote, 

1674 Jofeph I vie, 

1675 Mich. Head, 

1676 Henry Seager, 

1677 Will. Cooper, 

1678 Will Dennis, 

1679 Richard Seay, 

1680 Zach. Clayton, 
Will. Fuller, 
Richard Mabank, 
William Fuller, 
Pvlichael Head, 
William Godrick, 
William Godrick, 
David Lloyde (91) 



1681 
1682 

1683 
1684 



SHERIFFS. 
Tho. Coote, Edw. Smart. 
Will Cooper, Tho. Wallis. 
Henry Seagar, John Morris. 
John Gregory^ John Bamblet 
Sam. Brifmead, Sam. Browne. 
Geo. Waters, Rich. Wilkinfon. 
Chr.Trinemar, Rob.Tunbridge. 
Matt. Johnfon, Zach. Clayton. 
Tho. Brifcoe, Will. Dapwell. 
Tho. Prince, Will. Fuller. 
Rich. Barret, Nath. Marriot. 
Tho. Eyres, Will. Hurft. 
Tho. Eyres, Edw. Stone. 
David Owens, Jofeph Ofbofnc. 
Franc. Knowles, Will. Joy, 
Jofeph Ivie, William Lamb. 
Michael Head, Robert Seay. 
Will. Dennis. Rich. Watridge, 
And. Lloyde, Tho. Hitchins. 
Nath. Marriot, Edw. Collins. 
Will. Godrick, John Bamblet. 
Sam. Taylor, Franc. Barker. 
Ben. Powell, Jofeph Hopkins. 
Rich. Mabank, Tho. Foulks. 
Henry Aland, Will. Smith. 
John Snow, Theod. Jones. 
Pat. Moore, Ben. Marriot. 
Jonathan Aland, Jofeph Bare. 
Edw. Collins, Francis Barker. 



16S5 William Godrick, David Lloyde, Francis Barker. 

1686 William Godrick, Theod. Jones, Tho. Smith. 

1687 David Lloyde (91), John Wmfton, Ben. Lamb. 

1687 Rich. Fitz-Gerald, James Strong, Paul Sherlock. 

1688 Thomas Wife, Will. Dobbyn, John Ayl ward. 

1689 Nicholas Porter, Tho. Lee, John Donnaghow. 
The city furrendered to king William, July 25th, 1690^ 

and the protefcant government reilored. 
A. D. MAYORS. SHERIFFS. 

1690 David Lloyde, Ben. Bolton, Ben. Lamb. 

169 1 David Lloyde, Sam. Auflin, Tho. Evans. 

1692 David Lloyde, Sam. Auflin, Tho. Evans. 



(9!) By king James's charter. 



1693 Francb 



W A T E R F O R D, 



6i 



A. D. MA Y O R S. 

1693 Francis Barker, 
1 69 A Jofeph Hopk'.iis, 

1695 Rich. Chriftmas, 

1696 John Mafon, 
1 69 7 Sir J', h n Mafort, 

1698 William Smith, 

1699 Thomas Smith, 

1700 John Head, 
I 701 Theod. Jones, 
1702 William Weekes, 

ijohn Lamb and 
John Lapp, 
William Jones, 
David Lewis, 
James Eccles, 



1704 
1705 
1706 



1707 

i7or 



David Lewis. 



SHERIFFS. 

John Head, John Lamb. 
Samuel Frith, Charles Hart. 
Charles Hull, David Lewis. 
John Lapp, William Weekes. 
John Lapp, William Weekes. 
Will. Jones, James Eccles. 
Caleb Wade, Robert Glen. 
Charles Bolton, Richard Graves. 
Rich. Morris, Edm. Feild. 
James M^Carrol, Will, Morgan. 

( John Francis, Jolhua Cockran. 

Tho. Aikenhead, Robert Backas. 
Jofeph Price, William Carr. 
John Moore, John Morgan. 

I I'SittJ J°'>"E'-p-S-t, Will.Martln. 

Francis Barker, Ben. Morris. 
Will. Eeles^ Jeremy Gayot. 
Thomas Head, William Eeles. 
James Medlicot, John Morris. 
Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
Arthur Taylor, John Graves. 
Robert Weft, John Barker. 
Jofeph Ivie, William Roche. 
Arthur Taylor, William Roche. 
WiUiam Barker, John Barker. 
John Barker, William Roche. 
Wm.Thompfon, Sim. Newport. 
Jer. Gayot, John Barker. 
Jof. Price, John Graves. 
Edward Weekes, Robert Glen, 
Rich. Weekes, Wm. Weekes. 
ArthurTaylor, WilliamMartin. 
Bev. Ufher, Edward Harrifon. 
William Eeles, John Barker. 
William Jones, Tho. Roach. 
Stephen Lapp, Samuel Barker. 
William Roach, Tho. Roach. 
Alexander Boyde,Wm. Alcock. 
Henry Alcock, William Morris. 
William Eeles, John Barker. 

M 1734 Henry 



1 709 Sir John Mafon, 

1 710 David Lewis, 

1 71 1 David Lewis, 

1 7 1 2 John Mafon, 

1 713 Francis Barker, 

1 7 14 Samuel Auftin, 

1715 Tho. Chriftmas, 

1 716 William Jones, 
I 71 7 Tho. Aikenhead, 

1 718 Tho. Aikenhead, 

1 719 Benj. Morris, 

1720 John Moore, 

1 721 Tho. Aikenhead, 

1722 John Morris, 

1723 Jofeph Ivie, 

1724 William Alcock, 

1725 Tho. Chriftmas, 

1726 Simon Vafhon, 

1727 Simon Newport, 

1728 Edward Weekes, 
I 729 Jofeph Ivie, 
1730 Henry Mafon, 
1 731 Richard Weekes, 

1732 John Moore, 

1 733 William Barker, 



i6z 



A. D 

1734 

1735 
1736 

1737 

1738 

1739 

1740 

1 741 

1742 

1743 
1744 
174=^ 
1746 

1747 



Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

, MAYORS. SHERIFFS 

Henry Mafon, John Barker, Jof. Price. 

William Morgan, Peter Vafhon, William Morgan, 

Ambr. Congreve, John Barker, William Martin. 

Samuel Barker, Tho. Alcock, Francis Barker. 

Simon Vafhon,Jun. William Dobbyn, Corn. Bolton. 

Simon Valhonjun. William Price, Francis Barker, 

Robert Weft, David Lewis, George Backas. 

Samuel Barker, George Backas, John Portingal. 

Robert Glen, Phineas Barret, JefFry Paul. 

Cornehus Bolton, John Morris, Robert Weft. 

Thomas Miles, John Portingal. 
William Paul, John Price. 
George Backas, Hans Wallace 
George Norrington, Geo. Carr, 
Jn. Portingal in the room of Carr. 



1749 

1750 
175T 
1752 



1753 
1754 



1755 
1756 

1757 
1758 
1759 
1760 
1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 



Beverly Uftier, 
William Eeles, 
Chriftmas Paul, 
Francis Barker, 
April 1 2th 1748, 
C Tho. Chriftmas 
^ an 

William Paul, 
William Paul, 
George Backas, 
Samuel Barker, 
June 21 ft 1753, 



'748 { ^^^R^b.^Gkn'S^^^^^^^^^^^^' J^^^ 



John Portingal, Geo. Wilkinfon. 

Daniel Ivie,, John Lyon. 

John Portingal, Thomas Carr. 

John Portingal, John Price. 

George Norrington in the room 
of Price. 

Francis Price, Ben. Morris. 

Geo. Norrington, Wm. Hobbs. 

Geo. Lander in the room of 
Norrington. 

Ja. Henry Reynet, Rob. Backas, 

Francis Price, Robert Backas. 

Samuel Newport, Will. Bates. 

Francis Price, William Bates. 

William Bates, William Barker, 

William Bates, William Barker. 

Ja. Hen. Reynet, Will. Barker. 

William Bates, William Barker. 
George Wilkinfon, Jn. Henry Reynet, Will. Barker. 
William Alcock, William Bates, William Barker. 
John Lyon, William Bates, William Barker. 



William Alcock, 
William Morgan, 
May 28th i755> 

Thomas Miles, 
Simon Newport, 
Henry Alccck, 
Thomas Weft, 
Benjamin Morris, 
Mich. Hobbs (g2), 
Cornelius Bolton, 
Thomas Miles, 



(92) M'chael Hobbs held over to the t 5th of February 1 762 ; 
when Cornelius Bolton, mayor, James Henry Revnet and Wilh'am 
Barker, fherifts, were fworn into office, by virtue of three peremp- 
tory mandamufes, which iiTued out of the court of king's- 
bench, and directed to the faid Michael Hobbs for that purpofe. 

1766 Henry 



waterford: 163 

a. d. mayors. sheriffs. 

1766 Henry Alcock, John Lander, William Barker. 

I 76^ William Price, Willianl Bates, William Barker. 

I 768 William Alcock, William Bates, William Barker. 

1769 Bolton Lee, William Bates, Thomas Jones. 

,^-x> Benjamin Morris, Richard Kearney, Will. Price. 

^'V >^ncis Barker, Samuel Morgan, Robert Lyon, 

1772 w^ ^ g^^^^^ j^ j^^^^^^ ^^m^ ^l^^^,,^ j^^^^ 

C iri 4 p Y^ 

fhe prefent Jlate of the city of^ ..^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 
and prefent names, fttuation, ancn.., ^^^^ modern 
extent, walls,, gates, towers and fortification:,,^ churches 
abbeys, hofpitals, puhlick buildings, fchools an^rha- 
rity foundations, quay, trade, government, ofiicei.^ 
courts, franchifes and privileges, companies y militia^ 
arms, iSc\ 

THE ancient niame given to this city, by the Name; 
Irifh, was Cuan-na-Grioth, or Grian, i. e. the 
harbour of the fun. A fecond name this city was 
known by, was Gleann-na-Gleodh, i. e. the valley 
of lamentation, from a bloody battle, between the 
Irifh and Danes, in which the former gained a com- 
plete vidlory, and burned the city to the ground. 
It was alfo called, Portlargi, from lairge, a thigh, 
which is faid to fignify the port of the thigh, the 
courfe of the river Suir, near this place, refembling 
that part of the human body. The Englifh gave it 
the name of Waterford, as it is faid, from a ford 
in St. John's river, which empties itfelf into the 
Suir. 

This city is fituated on the fouth fide of the river Situation. 
Suir, its courfe hereabouts inclining to the fouth of 
the eafl. The city wall, which formerly ftood on 
the quay, ran parallel to the river, fo that the city 
faced towards the north and the eaft ; which, though 
feemingly a fituation not fo defirable, being ex- 
pofed to the chilling blafts of thefe winds-, yet the 
M z healthinefs 



T 64 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

healthlnefs of it, makes amends for the bleaknefs 
of the expofure. 

Hippocrates fays (i), that an healthy city muft 
be open to the north and eafl, and mountainous to 
the fouth and weft ; which, though this may feem *■ 
be adapted to a more fouthern climate than i^h 
yet we find the fame fituation no lefs rtcr-.f^^,^^ 
by others ; as by Walter Burley, ^ ^f ^^^^Y Ij^^^d 
the profound dodor, (tutor - 7^^, ^Tx)"' ^'"^ 
Edward III.) who has th^^^ ^:°'^'' ^^) Notanda, 
" inquit, funt tria^ f ^^ ^'""T^ ^^"^ ^^ '\'^ 
« borea etorie-'' " plantata eft aperta et in auftro 
" etoccid-^'^^ ^^ montofa propter puritatem boreae 
" & or^^^^^ ^ putrifadtionem auftri & occidentis. 
nme air on the tops of high mountains, above 
cue reach of the warm exhalations, as it is found to 
be clear, fo it is very cold ; whence it feems, that 
the colder the air, the nearer it is to purity, and 
confequently the more healthy ; witnefs the great 
age of the inhabitants of the northern countries, for 
which I refer the reader, among others, to fir Robert 
Slbbaid (3). Hippocrates, in the above cited chap- 
ter, alfo fays, that fuch cities as are oppofed to 
cold winds, though their waters are harfti and cold, 
yet for the mafc part, they are fweet, and the in- 
habitants healthy and briik, found and free from 
defluxions. And fo, indeed, are the generality of 
thofe in this city, of a chearful humour, affable in 
their deportment ; of an hofpitable and generous 
temper, fuitable to the fweetnefs of the air, and 
pleafant fituation they live in. So true is that re- 
mark of Plato (4), that the manners of men are 
agreeable to the air they live in. Whereas the in- 

(1) Hippocrat. Opera. §. 3. cap. u^i ai^m v^otrm vowav. 

(2) In Problematibus Ariftotelis fecundum laborem maglftri 
Walteri Barley ad Ordlnem Alphabati MS. 65. in Bibl. Coll. B. 
M. Magdal. Oxon. fol. 12. 6. 

(j) Prod. hift. nat. Scot. p. 44, & lib. 3. p. 4. &c. 
(4) Plato in Timxo. 

habitants 



W A T E R F O R D. 165 

habitants of marfhy and boggy countries, whofe 
fpirits are clogged with grofs aud heavy exhalations, 
are commonly of a dull, heavy, and unpleafant con- 
verfation, like the Baeotians in Horace ; who, living 
in a foggy, thick air, were of a dull, unadlive, and 
heavy difpofition. (5) Baeotum in crafib jurares 
acre natum. A further advantage, and, indeed, 
one of the greateft any city can be bleft with, is its 
noble fituation, fo near the confluence of three large 
and navigable rivers, the Suir, the Nore, and the 
Barrow, by which inland commodities rnay be fup- 
plied, at a very Lnconfiderable expence, in relation 
to their carriage, from the very centre of the king- 
dom, and from nolefs than feven different counties^ 
wafhed by thefe rivers, and other counties adjacent 
to them. Concerning the Suir, Necham fays, 

Suirius Infignem gaudet ditare Waterford^ 
iEquoreis undis alfociatur ibi. 

To Waterford, Suir's flreams their treafures bring. 
Thence pay their tribute to old Ocean's king. 

This city, at its firfl building by the Oilmen or Ancient 
panes (which was fome hundreds of years before and mo= 
the conquefl of Ireland, by king Henry II.) was a ^^^^ ^^^ 
walled, ditched, and fortified town ; but had not ^^"^' ^^' 
the fame extent within the walls as at prefent. It Walk 
was originally built in the form of a triangle, with 
a flrong tower at each of the three angles. The 
6rft of thefe towers was called Reginald's-tower, 
from the name of its founder, and is now commonly 
called the Ring- tower. From this tower, the city 
wall ran weflerly, to the corner of Baron-flrand* 
ftreet, where anciently flood another tower, called 
Turgefms's tower, now entirely demolifhed. That 
part of the wall,, which formed the fecond fide of 
the triangle, (being let run to ruin foon after the 

(5) Hor. ep. lib. v. 244. 

Ms Englifii 



1 66 • Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

Englifh conqueft) is very difficult to trace. How- 
ever, there are ftill fome remainc of it obfervable, 
and parts of the foundation, difcovered by accident, 
(hew, that this wall ran (butherly, from Turgefius's 
tower before-mentioned, to St. Martin's caftle, 
bending to the W. of the Black- friars, and proceed-' 
ing to the E. end of the Blue-boys fchool j from 
thence, by the back of Broad-ftreet, it croflTec^ 
Peter's-flreet, a little behind the city court-boufe, 
aftd proceeded, in a dire(5t line, to the E. of the 
Blue-girls fchool, in Lady-lane ; where it joined 
St. Martin's caftle, as above-mentioned. From this 
caflle, the city wall extended to the Ring-tower, or 
Reginald's- tower aforefaid. This part of the wall, 
being kept in repair by the Englifh, is ftill fubfift- 
ing. They alfo kept up the other wall on the quay, 
which, at length, falling into a ruinous condition, 
v/as not many years fince taken 'down, and. on its 
foundations, the exchange, cuftom-houfe, and other 
buildings were erected (6). Thus I have traced 
the ancient circumference of this city, as it flood 
before/ the time of Henry II. the area of which, 
contained about 15 ft atute acres. 

Soon after the Englifh fettled themfelves in thi§ 
city, they began to have thoughts of enlarging it- 
and for this purpofe built a new city wall, which 
they joined to the old wall at St. Martin's caftle, 
carried it to St. John's-gate, from thence to New- 
gate, fo up to Patrick's gate, -^nd from thence to 
the quay, where it rejoined the old wall, and com- 
prehended within it, befides the old town, the 
church, abbey, and ftreet of St John, New-ftreet, 

(6) This part of the city walj, which extendedalohg the quay, 
was prefented, as a nuifance, by the grand jury of the city, at 
the inftance of the marquis of Winchefter and earl of Galway, 
then lords juftices; who being in the city, and walking under 
the wall, judged that it was ruinous and dangerous, and ad- 
Vifed its being taken down and demolifliedo 
.1...:;. -J- -.^ ...... ,A ,..,... .... Stephen- 



W A T E R F O R D. 1S7 

Stephen-ftreet, and St. Patrick-flreet- and the 
churches of St. Michael, St, Stephen and St. Patrick, 

This city was alfo further enlarged in the reign 
of king Henry VIL when moft of the old walls 
were repaired, according to Hooker, who was 
here, anno 1575. 

The names of the city gates are, on the W.Gates, 
fide, St. Patrick's-gate and Newgate ; towards the 
S. are Bowling-green-gate, alias, Clofe-gate, and 
St. John's-gate J on the S. E. St. Catherine's, "or 
Colebeckrgate. There were other gates on the N. 
for the conveniency of the citizens, having a com- 
munication with the quay and the river, whofe 
names are not retained. 

After the enlargement of the city, as is above- Towers, 
mentioned, feveral mayors, 8z:c. in order to perpe- 
tuate the names of themfelves and families, built 
towers and caftles, as a ftrength and ornament to 
the city; which flill retain their names. Thus we 
have Colebeck-caflle, where was formerly held the 
charqber of green-cloth, or chamber of Waterford, 
and to which the mayors, upon mifbehaviour, often 
confined the citizens ; ArundePs-caftle, Dowley's- 
caftle, between Clofe-gate and Newgate-, with others, 
whofe names are perifhed with their founders, and 
which were above twenty. In Peter's ftreet ftood 
a caftle, called Magnus's caflle, now demolidied, 
and another, called from one Tor (who, with Mag- 
nus, are faid by tradition, to be fons of Turgefius) 
(7). Reginald's-tower fhill fubfiils; the founder of 
which, is faid to be fon to Ivorus, king of the 
Danes, as is mentioned before, Strongbow made 
ufe of this tower as a prifon for the chiefs of the 
Irifh and Danes. It is now in the polTeQion of the 
ftore-keeper of the fort of Duncannon ; and ever 
fmce the year 1663, ^^^^^"^ ^^^" made ufe of for 
keeping the king's ftores. 

(7) Turgefius, the tyrannical Oilraan prince,b uilt a caftic 
aear the Black friars abbey. 

M 4 As 



1 68 ■ Natural and Civil HiJIory of 

Fortifica. ^^ ^^ ^^^ fortifications of this city, it could ne- 
cations. ver be reckoned a town of great flrength, either 
in more ancient times, or in later ages. Though 
Strongbow (8) was twice repulfed before it, yet he 
foon after took it by ftorm ; and though, in later 
times, Cromwell was obliged to raife the fiege he 
fiiH laid to it, yet it was more owing to the incon- 
fiderable number of his troops, (being not enough 
to inveft it), his want of heavy artillery, and the 
frequent fupplies which the marquis of Ormond 
threw into it, that hindered him from making him- 
felf mafter of it at that time, than from any real 
ftrength in the place itfelf Yet from fome M.S.S. 
which I have met with, this cily appears not to 
have been deftitute of thefe kind of works for its 
defence. 

Where the barracks now ftand, on St Thomas's 
hill, was anciently a fquare fort, confifting of four 
baftions and curtains, mounted with great gvms, 
and encompalTed with a moat, except on the fide 
next the town wall, and that (ide wi^t^reon the gate 
of the barracks now flands. By the baflion next to 
St. Patrick's-gate, there was a comm.unication be- 
tween the f:^)rt and tl e town, on which Hood an 
iron gate. On the N, fide of this fort, towards the 
river, were feveral out-v/orks, as ravelins, half- 
moons, &c. and this piece of fortification ferved 
the tov/n as a citadel. From St. Patrick's-gate 
towards Newgate, there was formerly an earthen- 
work, raifed on the outfide of the moat, to the 
height, as 'tis fald, of about twelve feet -, with a 
ravelin that defended Newgate, and another which 
defended St. Patrick's-gate and the barrack-gate. 
This work, being no odier than a glacis, ^ went an- 
ciently by the name of the but- works; befides 
which, there was another glacis to defend the ditch 
and the wail : but the laft of thefe works was de- 
molifhed about the year 1710 or 1 1, From New- 

(8) Vid, chap. 4, gate 



W A T E R F O R D, ^,i 

ijs cut in a kind of black marble, in high reliei^ 
lying on his back, with a fhrpud tyed in a knot 
at the head and feet; vermin refembling frogs and 
toads, are cut in the ftone, as it were creeping out 
of his body. The infcription, in the gothic cha- 
rader round the figure, runs thus. 

l^xt ^acet ^acobu0 ^itt, quonDam tM0^ 
'iaui0 Citoitati^, et mauDato i&m0 

^tptlimt fitateiina 23?ouu, iiroj eiu0* 
0iufq[Ui0 txi&, qui tranfien)S fta, perle^ 

genDaplD?a, fumquoD edjS, f u!q;quoD 

t0, p?o me pietoj o?a* €ft noftrae fojtijS 

tranfite pet oftia moni^/Jiloari, 
€t|?ifte,te ©etimu0 miferere quaefumtijS, 

qiuwmftiretiimereperDicpgjioli Dam^ 

nare reDemptog* 

Round the lower edge of the upper ftone of this 
monument, are the names of feveial faints, cut over 
the heads of the figures; which are done in baifo 
relievo, all round the tomb. 

In 1522, Nicholas Comin, bifhop and Robert 
Lumbard,' dean of this church , adorned the choir 
and chapel with an arched or vaulted cieling; and 
in the laft century, bilhop Gore was at confiderable 
expences in beautifying it. 

The church, at prefent, confifts of a large nave ; 
the choir, two lateral illes, and at the back of the 
altar is Trinity parifh-church. Befides thefe, on 
the S, fide of the nave, is the bifliop's confiftory 
court, or St. Saviour's Chapel ; on the N. fide, is 
another chapel ; and on the S. of Trinity parifh- 
church, is the veftry or chapel of St. Nicholas 
(14). 

The 

(14) Among other manufcrlpts in the Harleian library, there 
is Regiftrum Capellani, live Capellanorum Capelise (i. e. Can- 
tariae) S. Salvatoris Juxta Eccleiiam Sands Trinitatis Water- 

^■- •'■- • ^ ^ ford. 



jij^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

The nave, from the W. end to the entrance of 
the choir, is about 45 feet long, and its breadth 
66. The roof is fupported by large gothic co- 
lumns and arches : Upon one of the columns, on 
the N. fide, is an ancient monument, made of ftuc- 
co or piafler of paris, which is very well executed ; 
in the middle, is a perfon on his knees, in a praying 
pofture •, and on each fide, a pillar of the Perfian 
or Carvatick order, on which are figures reprefent- 
ing truth and piety. After this fentence, 

" Domine Secundum Adlum Meum noli me Judi- 
■' care. Nihil dignum in confpedu tuo Egi.'* 

Are thefe lines, 

Nobilis hie fitus eft Guilhelmus Clufius, ille 
Mercator Fidus, cui Patria alma Brugae 

Cecropius, Cimonq^ Cudonq; Corinthius alter 
Pedore Munifico tum Pietate pari. 

Nee Minor is Crsefo, Mida, CraJove beatus 
Divitiis, Placidus indole Plebicola. 

Obiit Waterfordae Hiberniae. Anno M. d.xlv. 

Beneath this, are the following Verfes, in the 
Walloon French, placed in two columns : 

La Noble Renomee Le Noble de Le fclufe 

Du mortel fans remort Jadis centre le tans 

D* Art vive et animee D'honneur, et grace infufe 

Triumphe de la Mort, Arma fes heurs et an'a 

Je dis Lhumain en fomme Courtois et magnifique 

Periclitant c' a, bas Fut autant que Cimon 

Qui le lien Cor p'sconfomme Cement et pacifique 

Aux immorters es bas Cent fois plus que Cydon 

ford. It begins with a grant from the dean and chapter to 
John Colly ne. A. D, 14^4. fol. 41. It appears in the body of 
the book, that John Collyne was founder of an Alms-houfe, 
adjoining to the chapel, as well as of the chapel itfelf; and 
(being then dean of Waterford) fettled a yearly maintenance 
on twelve alms-men therein. There's a note fol. 38 writ- 
ten by the founder's own hand, A. D. 1478. Yet Robert 
Brown is faid to be dean in the before mentioned grant, A. D. 
1481. 

Bruges. 



W A T E R F O R D. 173 

Bruges ville Flandrine De fon hereufe race 

more A laifTe un rameau 

. . peine Qui Amplefte et embralTe 

.... faites decore. Virtu d' un Sain^ Cerveau 

Au Temple de Memoire Anvers, jout pour V heure 

Appendu eft fon nom De fes puUons heureus 

Bruges das rememoire Illuftrateurs J' affeure 

A toat heuT fonrenom. De leurs noms vertueua 

Bruges crieet lamente Xe Ciel inacceffible 

Apres fon Citadin Nous rechante hautement 

Waterford s'en augmente Del lenclufe paifible 

Daviour faid tel Butin Son duten Sautement. 

This monument was much defaced, as it is faid, 
by fome of Cromwell's fold iers. The choir, from 
the entrance to the rail of the altar, is 66 feet 
long. On the right hand, next the bifhop's throne, 
are the feats for the mayor and corporation. The 
altar-piece that flood there, at the time of publifhing 
the firft Edition of this Hiftory, was painted with 
the decalogue, and Mofes and iVaron ; over which 
was the reprefentation of the delivery of the law at 
mount Sinai -, but the whole was indifferently per- 
formed. This altar-piece has been fince removed to 
the W. Ifle of the church, and an elegant one erect- 
ed, confiding of groupes of Angels. 

Trinity parilh church is not now ufed. In the 
bifhop's confiftory court, is a handfome monu- 
ment of the late Dr. Nathaniel Foy, bifhop of Wa- 
terford and Lifmore. In the chapel, on the other 
fide of the nave, is the monument of Mrs. Chrift- 
mas, with the following infcription, which was 
wrote by the rev. Arthur Stanhope, dean of Wa- 
terford. 

(15) VIATOR 

SISTE GRADUM PAULISPER. 

Tua enira maxime intererit nolTe cujus fub hoc 

marmore, 

(15) Note all capitals, 

Obfequntur 



t *r^ Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

Obfequuntiir Reliquiae 

Nempe ejus funt, quse^ dum vixit, fuit 

ELIZABETHA CHRISTMAS. 

Faemina ledtiflima^ 

Uxor Caftiflima, 

Mater Piiflima, 

Confers Jucundiffima, 

Quintuplici eo nomine fatis ubique ndta 

Scilicet banc habuit Uxorem Thomas Chriflmas, dc 

civitate Waterfordiae 
Mercator, dudum Praetor, et etiamnum Senator 

Urbanus, 

Faeliciorum hunc, quod talem nadlus fit uxorem^ 

an miferiorem, quod amiferit, 

Haud facere dixeris * 

Nifi quod eo nomine faelix merito fit dieendus, 

Qgod talem Nadus, numerofam ex eadem 

Sufceperit Prolem, 

Quippe ex utriufque felici copula, Liberoruril 

Ternae Triades, Binae Filiorum, nimirum, 

Richardus, Jacobus, Johannes, Carolus, Gulielmus, 

Jofephus 
Altera trias filiarum, nempe, Maria, Elizabetha, 

Margareta Emanarunt. 
Novem hos ChariiTimos Liberos, fibi fuperflites, 

Mater reliquit moriens, quos, eadem 

Qua pepererat, eos folicitudine curatos, marito flto 

moritura, quafi 

Commendavit obnixe, fcilicet, 

Ut is jam quafi utriufque Sexus parens fadlus, 

conduplicato 
Amore qua materno, qua Paterno, fingulos ufque 

Complederetur, foveret, fuflentaret, educaret, 
Puerpera fatis ceiTura, fic (exiftimes) earn Maritum 

fuum allocutam. 

En (Chariflime) ultimum noftri fideliffimi, atquc 

caflillimi amoris Pignus, 

Quod tibi jam edidi. 
Et fic edidit, et fic obii ' 

Anno 



WAtERFORU 

Anno aetatis fuse, ultra trigefimum, feptimo, 

Mcnfis February die vigefimo fecundo, et 

Salutis Humanae inflauratse anno Millefimo 

Sexcentefimo feptuagefimo feptinno. 

Haec cum Tu (Ledtor) ReTcieris, ficcis (fi potes) 

oeulis Hinc abeas licet. 

In a nich of the fouth wall of the choir, is a 
tomb of one of the bifhops of Waterford, being 
the effigy of a bifhop in his rochet, with a pafto- 
ral ftafF in his left hand, curioufly cut in alto reli^ 
evo. The infcription is too clofe to the wall to be 
read entire. The following are Ibme wojds that are 
legible in the gothic character': 

©u lacet iSeDeren&ttjS in aTftjifto ^omk 
mij^ rticljarDus^ 2liufeel, — l©ater^ 
fo?DwnfijS €pifcDpu0, qui obiit vii. mt 
M^ii 2tnno mom. m . cccc xlvi. tnmg 
%mmat pjopitietur mm^, nmtiu 

On a flat {lone, near the eafl end of the cathe- 
dral, adorned with coats of arms, the crofs, and fome 
other figures in bafTo relievo, are thefe words 
round the margin, 

J|iC jaCtnt Francifcus-Lumbard BUn0 ^l^ 
COlai qUDUDam tim0 CltoltatiS Waterfordlse, 

qui in fiojiBo 33 anno aetatigf obiit a. d. 
1590, ct 25 Die MtnfiB ^auuarij> €t 

Katerina Walfhe U]CO? tiU0, MUOXUlU %nU 

mabu0 Piopitietui: mtm. Simeu; 

In the middle, on each fide of the crofs, 

lumbaio i©al©e. 

On a flat fl:one in the chancel, adorned with a 
crofs, 

Mt iUtnt Patricius Wiiyte, filiuS Johannis, 

quouDam ciiJigiCitiitati^ waterfordiae, qui 

oliut. 



ns 



J*] 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Oftlit, et Anaftacia Grant, CJUgf U]CD?, QUaC 

cbut X Die MmM €^a:otejx0, a. d. 1592. 

On a copper plate, fixed on the out fide of the 
fouth wall, is this infcription : 

Heic inttr utrarn^ue Columnam 

Depofitum DANIELIS BURSTON. S. T. D. 

miferi 

Peccatoris, et quondam hajus Ecclefige Cathedralis 

Decani indigniffimi, latet in Spe Rtiurredlionis. 

Tu qui Primitioe es, Phofphore, recide diem. 

Tumulatus fuit odtavo die menfis Decembris Anno 

Salutis Humanae, Millefimo Sexcenteflimo, 

feptuagefimo odtavo. Epitaphium hoc 

ipfe fibi didtavit vivus ; 

Atque hac Tabula genea infculpendum ; quam 

Tabulam hie loci Ponendam — JuiTit. Cujus 

mandato obfequentes 

Tres ejus Executores Eandem fie poni Curaverunt. 

Since the firfl edition of this work, an elegant 
monument, made by that eminent artifl Mr. Van 
Nod, has been eredted in this cathedral, on which 
is the following infcription : 

To the memory of Mrs. Sufanna Mafon, 
daughter of fir John Mafon, knt. 
After a life of exemplary piety, 
She died Augufl MDCCLIi. aged LXV. ' 

At this fair (hrine let not a tear be fhed 
'Till piety and charity are dead. 
Nor let the great and good her lofs deplore. 
While they purfue the paths (he trod before. 
But fhould her bright example ceafe to fhine. 
Grieve then ye rigliteous, and ye poor repine. 
No oftentatious hand this marble placed ; 
No flatt'ring pen the juft encomium traced ; 
Such virtues to tranfmit, is only giving 
Praife to the dead, to edify the living. 

In 



pi.vn. 





k^ 



b^ 



(0. 



W A T E R F d R D; 177 

In the fame cathedral, hath Hk^ewife been creded, 
by the family of the Fitz-Geralds, an elegant 
monument, defigned and executed by the artift 
aforementioned. [See plate, VII.] This monument 
ftands in the great iile, is upwafrds of 1 6 feet in height, 
and 9 feet broad. In the front, is a ftatue of time, 
with his glafs, reprefenting life run out ; and another 
of piety, veiled, and bearing a medal of the two 
gentlemen, to whofe memory the monument was 
raifed. Over thefe ftatues, are the Filz-GersJds 
arms, with palm branches, and oak leaves falling 
down. All the figures are in Italian flatuary 
marble ; the entire back ground, from top to 
bottom, in dove coloured ; the lower tomb, ex- 
cept the vault doors, in blue and white, veined •, 
and the coffin, as well as the doors, in black. 
Hanging over the coffin, is a large pall, whereon 
is infcribed the following infcription. 

GROiM A BOO. 

In the year 1770, 
This monument was erefted, to the memory of 
Nicholas Fitz-Gerald, late of KingV 
meadow, cfq; deceafed, and of John Fitz- 
Gerald, late of the city of London, efq; 
deceafed, purfuant to the lafl will and teftaraent 
of Richard Fitz-Gerald, late of the city of 
Weftminfter, efq; deceafed, the eldeft fon of the 
faid Nicholas, and nephew of the faid John 
Fitz-Gerald. 

TheRt. Hon. Harvey, Lord Vifcounti 
Mount-Morres, j 

Shapland Carew, efq; J^TruIlees. 

Edward Woodcock, efq; and j 

The Rev. Ed ward Woodcock, clerk, J 

N The 



Pl.VU. 




W A T E R F b R D. 177 

In the fame cathedral, hath hkewife been creded, 
by the family of the Fitz-Geralds, an elegant 
monument, defigned and executed by the artifl 
aforementioned, [See plate, VII.] This monument 
ftands in the great iile, is upwafrds of 1 6 feet in height, 
and 9 feet broad. In the front, is a flatue of time, 
with his glafs, reprefenting life run out ; and another 
of piety, veiled, and bearing a medal of the two 
gentlemen, to whofe memory the monument was 
raifed. Over thefe ftatues, are the Filz-Gerdds 
arms, with jpalm branches, and oak leaves falling 
down. All the figures are in Italian ftatuary 
marble ; the entire back ground, from top to 
bottom, in dove coloured ; the lower tomb, ex- 
cept the vault doors, in blue and white, veined -, 
and the coffin, as well as the doors, in black. 
Hanging over the coffin, is a large pall, whereon 
is infcribed the following infcription. 

GROM A BOO. 

In the year 1770, 
This monument was erected, to the memory of 
Nicholas Fitz-Gerald, late of King's- 
meadow, efqj deceafed, and of John Fitz- 
Gerald, late of the city of London, efq; 
deceafed, purfuant to the lafl will and teflament 
of Richard Fitz-Gerald, late of the city of 
Weftminfler, efq; deceafed, the eldefl fon of the 
faid Nicholas, and nephew of the faid John 
Fitz-Gerald. 

TheRt. Hon. Harvey, Lord Vifcount^ 
Mount-Morres, I 

Shapland Carew, efq; ^Truflees. 

Edward Woodcock, efq; and i 

TheRev.EDWARD Woodcock, clerk, J 

N The 



J 78 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

The following infcriptions are on the bells in the 
lleeple of this cathedral. 

On the tenor, 
Thefe bells recafl by order of the Rt. rev. 
Thomas Milles, lord bifhop of Waterford and Lif- 
more, out of a legacy left by Rob. Gibbon, A. M. 
Sabbata Pango, Hallelujah. Jofhua Kippling fudit, 
anno domini Mdccxxvii. 

On the fifth bell. 

Completed by the care 

of alderman John Moor, efq; Mr. Pat. Callan, 

executor. 

On the fourth bell, 

Simon Verfhoun, mayor, Beverly Usfher, Edward 

Harrifon, fherifFs, J. K. fudit 1727. 

Funera Ploro. Hallelujah. 

On the third bell, 

J. K. Fudit, A. D. 1727, Convoco Clerum. 

On the fecond bell, 
J. K. 1727. Exci to Lentos, Hallelujah. 
On the firfl or treble, 
Congrego Coetum. Hallelujah, J. K. fudit 1727. 
St. O- ^^* Olave's is fituated near the Cathedral. It 
kve's. was rebuilt and confecrated the 29th of July, 1734. 
The building is quite plain on the outfide, except 
a handfom.e door cafe, over which is a pediment. 
The infide is very neat, the floor being paved with 
black and white marble ; that of the chancel is 
handfomely inlaid with wood in feveral geometrical 
figures. The altar-piece confifts of four fluted pil- 
lars of the Corinthian order, two on each fide of the 
eaft window ; over which is an handfome carved 
frieze and cornice. The bifhop's throne and pulpit 
are of oak, and the carving of both well executed. 

The feats are fo difpofed, as that the whole con- 
gregation can only face the eafl. The women fit 
on the right, and the men on the left hand of the 
ifle. At the wefi: end, is a beautiful font of black 
marble, which is iupported by a fiuted pillar of 

the 



W A T E R F O R D. 17, 

the fame. The cover is of white marble, on the 
top of which a black pedeftal fupports a ball of 
white marble, over which is a brafs crofs. The 
feats of the windows are of black marble, as are al(b 
the fleps leading up to the chancel. Upon a brafs 
plate, in the weft wall, is this infcription, 

'' That the inhabitants of the city of Waterford 
might have a convenient and decent place, to offer 
up their morning and evening devotions to God, 
this church was rebuilt, and confecrated on the 
29ih day of July, 1734, by THOMAS MILLES, 
S. T. P. bi(hop of Waterford and Lifmore." 
Psalm, LV. 17, 18. 

" As for me, I will call upon God : and the Lord 
fhall fave me. In the evening and morning, and at 
noon day will } pray, and that inftantly : and he 
fliall hear my voice." 

St. Patrick's, fituated on a rifing ground, at the st. Pa- 
W. end of the town, is a plain building, on the trick's, 
outfide whereof is an handfome gilt dial. The in- 
fide is well pewed, and the feats difpofed in the 
fame manner as at St. Olave's. This church hav- 
ing the advantage of an high fituation, and open 
fpace, is well lighted; and the floor is laid with 
marble. There is a handfome altar-piece, on which 
is a painted glory of Vander-Egan's, well performed. 

The church of St. John was formerly a large 
pile of gothic architecture, with a fteeple in the 
fame tafte. But this, as well as St. Stephen's, St. 
Peter's and St. Michael's having been a long time 
in ruins, I (hall not fpend time in giving a particu- 
lar defcription of them. 

Befides thefe places of worfhip, there are in this 
city one French church, for the reformed proteftants 
of that nation, who have, above 30 years pafb, 
conformed to the church of England -, one prefby- 
terian meeting-houfe ; one anabaptifc and one 
quakers meeting-houfe •, and four mafs-houfes, one 
in the city, and three in the fuburbs ^ that in the 
N 2 ^ • city. 



i8o Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

city, is a fine modern building, the ifles fupported 
by done pillars, the pannels of the wainfcots carved 
and gilded, and the galleries finely adorned with 
paintings. Befides the great altar, there are two 
leffer, one on either hand, over each of which there 
are curious paintings. Facing the great altar, is a 
large filver lamp and chain of curious workman-* 
fhip ; round the houfe are niches, filled with fla- 
tues of faints, &:c. 
Abbies. The abbics in this city were, id. St. Saviour's 
friary (i6), founded by the citizens for dominicans, 
anno dom. 1235, and granted, at the difTolution, 
to James White, at the 20th part of a knights fee, 
and 4 s. rent per annum. Over the door are thefe 
letters, P, E, E, D, I, F, I, E, D. It is, at prefent, 
the county court-houfe, and thefteeple was a very 
llrong building, zdly, St. Catherine's priory, 
founded by the Danes, and endowed by Elias Iron- 
fide about the year 1210. July 14th 1552, a 
leafe was granted, in reverfion, for 21 years, of the 
fite and demefne lands of this abbey of St. Catherine, 
andthatof Mothil, to Patrick Sherlock (17). 3dly, 
The priory of St. John, alias St. Leonard's, founded 
by John earl of Moreton (18) Peter de Fonte bene- 
factor in the 1 2th century, for benedidtines. This 
houfe, at the diiTolution, was granted to William 
Wyfe, efq- in capite, at one knights fee. 4thly, 
The holy ghoft friary, founded by fir Hugh 
Furcell, in the year 1240, for francifcan friars. 
This friary, with a garden within the walls, and a 
quay without them, were granted to James BailifFe, 
in fee-farm, at los. a year rent during life, and 
20s. after; and all the other pofTeflions of the faid 
houfe, within the walls, were granted to Henry 
Walfh, in capite, at the 20th part of a knight's fee, 
and 8 s. rent. The refl belonging to it, in the 

country, 

(r6) This now known by the name of the Black-Friars. 

(17) Roirs-office, anno 6. Edw. VL derfo. 

(18) Afterwards king John. 



W A T E R F O R D. i8i 

country, to James Walrti, in capite, at the 20th 
part of a knights fee, and 8 s. rent. 

The French church is part of this building ; the 
Heeple is flill entire, and kept rooffed, as are the 
other parts of the abbey, fome of which are con- 
verted into warehoufes and other fuch ufes. In one 
of the vaults remain feveral very ancient tomb- 
flones ; on one, cut in high relief, is a man in ar- 
mour, with a fhield on his left arm, on which are 
three lyons paflant guardant in pale, but no infcrip- 
tion on the ftone ♦, on the right hand, is a broken 
monument, to the memory of Matthew Grant, 
citizen of Waterford, and his two wives, Catherine 
Skiddy and Catherine Porter, which was eredted, 
anno 1627. Here are a great number of other 
tomb-flohes •, but being, for the mod part, funk 
too low, and covered over with earth and dirt, it 
was not pradicable to take off the infcriptions (19) 
Over this vault is the holy ghoft hofpital, which 
was erected on part of the ruins of this friary. 
This hofpital confifts of two great rooms, one 
longer than the other ; the fides of each room are 
divided, by boarded partitions, into feveral clofets 
and beds. At the end of the longeil room is a 
chapel, with an altar, adorned with paintings and 
images, and enclofed v.ith rails, where the poor 
have mafs celebrated once a v/eek. Twenty four 
poor widovv'S, of the popifh religion, are kept here, 
who, befides their lodging, do each of them receive 
two guineas a year, which is paid quarterly • and 
to a matron, chaplain, or overieer, 3 1. per annum; 
61. 13 s, 4d. to a mafler, and the reft of the fund, 
which, at prefent, is 67 1. per annum, goes towards 
keeping the hofpital in repair 

This fund of 67 1. per ann. is faid to have been 
purchaied by the Walfhes, of the Canary-Iflands, 

N 5 in 

(1 9) In that part of the city, which is sow called the fquare, 
was formerly a college Qj the jefuit^, of v/hich there are no re- 
mains a,t prefent. 



Natural and Civil Hiilory of 
in land for its fupport (20). The nnafler is nomi- 
nated by the Walihes, and is to be approved of by 

the 

(20) By the original patents, which ftill remain in the bi- 
fliop's regiftry-office, this foundation was hrft defigned for 60 
poor of both faxes, befides three or four clergymen for cele- 
brating divine fervice. At prefent, there is only one prieft paid 
for faying mafs, and only 24 poor women maintained as above. 

The following extra(St is taken from the original patents. 

' :5th of Auguft, 36 Hen, Vlil. A patent paft for incor- 

* porating the mafter, brothers, and poor, of the hofpital of 

* the holy ghofl:, in the place of the late monaftery or religious 

* houfe of friers minors of Waterford, commonly called the 

* Grey-Friers, lately dilToIved. That they fliall have a com- 

* mon-feal. That Henry Wallh, fon of Patrick Walfli, of the 

* faiue city merchant, fliall be mafter of the faid hofpital during 
' life. That the faid mafter and his fucceffors, mafters of the 

* faid hofpital, with advice and confent of the mayor, bailiffs, 

* and four fenior of the common council, fliall have power of 

* eledling and nominating, from time to time, ^hree or four fe- 

* cular priefts for celebrating divine fervice in the faid hofpital, 

* who fnaii be looked upon as brothers of the faid hofpital, and 

* are removfable toi juft caufe : And alfo, 60 perfons of both 

* fexes, among the poor, fick or vagrant poor of the faid city. 

* And all they fo named, and elected, fhail, with tV. a mafter, 

* form one body corporate for ever. That they fliai: aave leave 

* to poffefs lands to th? value of 100 1. fterl, per ann. That 

* the faid mafter. brethren, and poor, with the heirs of Patrick 

* Walfh, ftiall make rules from time to time, for the govern- 

* ment of the faid hofpital. That they ihall enjoy all tythes, 

* and offerings of all perfons inhabiting within the precinfts of 
' the aforefaid late nionaftery ; and alio, the rights of burial in 

* the church yard of the faid mor .ftery.' 

7th of September, }6 of Hen. Vilf. ' The fame king, by 
•'• letters patent, gave, granted and fold to Henry Walfli, fon 

* of Patrick WaKh, merchant, to the mafter, brethren, and 
" poor of the hofpital ot the holy gho'i (for the confideration of 

* J50I, 3 s. 4 d. by them paid) rh^ whole fcite or precinfl: of 

* the houfe or monaftery of the Francifcans or Friers-Minors, 
' of the city of V/aterford, av ulfo, all caftles, houfes and tene- 

* ments or rents within the prpcindts of the faraje ; ind alfo, one 

* acre of m.^adow, near the pvU of Dunkitle, m~tlre county of 

* Kilkenny, with its appurtenances ; as aifo, the great garden of 

* the Frisrs- Minors, in Waterford ; and all melTuages, cellars, 

* and fhops, built by David Bayliff, or his affigns, on this ground, 
< in the faid city j and all other lands or tenements, reputed to 

be 



W A T E R F O R D. ^ 183 

the corporation. The women are put in by the 
mafter, on a certificate of the Roman clergy. 

This houfe was rebuilt in the year 1 7 1 8, as ap- 
pears from this infcription. Thomas Smith, aid. 
mafter of the holy ghoft hofpital, 17 18. 

The Leper-houfe, or hofpital of St. Stephen, in Hofpitals.' 
this city, fituated in St. StephenVftreet, was firft The Le- 
endowed, by the family of the Powers, with theP^^^^"^^" 
lands called Leper's-town, in the parifh of Killea, 
about five miles from this town ; they are fet by the 
mafter of the hofpital, who is appointed, during 
pleafure, by the mayor, fherifFs and commons, at 
a fmall falary, and has a clerk as an ailiftant. It 
is alfo endowed with other lands and tenements, in 
and about the city. Formerly, about 50 poor ufed 
to receive a yearly allowance, by the mafter's hands. 
But as it was thought that a publick infirmary 
would beft anfwer the intent of the pious benefac- 
tors, fince the leprofy is not a difeafe now much 
complained of; it has been thought proper to endow 
an infirmary, for the reception of fuch fick and 
N 4 wounded 

^ be part or parcel of the faid monadery, within the liberties or 

* franchifes of the city of Waterford ; to be held, by the faid 

* mafter, bje'chren, and poor for ever, in Capire, by Knight's 

* Service^ viz. the 20th part of one knights fee, when efcuage 

* runs in the faid kingdom; or inftead thereof 8 s. Irifh, pay- 

* able yearly at Eafter and Michaelmas, by even portions. 
This charter and patent of Hen. Vllf. was confirmed and ra- 
tified by queen Elizabeth, by letters patent, dated the 26th of 
June, 24th of her reign. " And the faid mafter, brethren, and 
** poor, ihall and may take and poifefs any lands or tenements, 
" in any city or borough within the kingdom of Ireland, for 
** ever, to the value of 26 1. 13 s. 4d. without further licence, 
** notwithftanding the ftatute of Mortmain. The queen alfo re» 
** mits all adVions for trefpafs or oifence, on account of a fuit, 
" for a melTuage in Bread-ftreet, in the city of Briftol, and a 
<• garden m Grope-iartfe, in the fame city, fued for and claimed 
" by the faid mafter, brethren, and poor of the faid hofpital." 

I know not whether it be to this hofpital, that William 
Dobbjn, efq; left 10 barrels of wheat yearly for ever, as ap- 
pears by his will in the regiftry of the prerogative-oifice, Dublin, 
anno 1663, or to the leper^houfe. 



1 84 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

wounded poor, as (hall offer themlelves to the at- 
tending phyfician or fur geon to be cured. There 
are, at prefent, two houfes fitted up with beds, 
and other accomniodations, for 40 fick ; one of 
thefe houfes, is endowed by the corporation out of 
the Leper fund ; the other, by the earl of Ty- 
rone, who is poflefTed of the eflate of the founder? 
in this county, by a fund of 31 10 1, put to interefl: 
at 5 per cent, for this purpofe ; the houfe being 
given by the city. As thefe houfes are contiguous, 
the fame perfons attend both. The phyfician at- 
tends gratis, and the furgeon has a falary from the 
city of 30 L per ann. and 20 1 from lord Tyrone. 
There is one houfe-keeper, at 6 1. per ann. and 
four nurfes, at 40 s. per ann. each. Out of the 
remainder of the Leper fund, the corporation gives 
100 1. a year to decayed houfe- keepers. 
Widows Oppofite to the W. end of the cathedral, is an 
apartment hofpital, called the apartment, built on the fame 
ground where king John's palace flood. Upon 
erecting this building, many remains of king John's 
houfe were obferved, as foundations, vaults, &c. 
This houfe, purfuant to the will of Dr. Hugh Gore 
who bequeathed almofl all his fortune to publick 
and pious ufes, was erefted by fir John Mafon, in 
1702, for ten widows of poor clergymen -, he pur- 
chafed lands, within the liberties of the city, for 
their maintenance at lol. per annum each; but, 
it is faid, nothing remains for keeping of the houfe 
in repair. It is a large, plain, brick building, 
with an hip roof, and two returns, fronted with a 
court-yard and iron pahfades. The feveral apart- 
ments are well difpofed, and the whole, on* the 
outfide, makes a regular appearance. Over the 
middle door, on a plate of black marble, in gold 
letters, is this infcription : 

" This apartment, founded by the right reve- 
*' rend Dr. HUGH GORE, late lord bi(hop 
". of Watcrford and Lifmore, for the ufe of cler- 

*' gymen*s 



WATERFGRD. i8j 

f^ gymen's widows ; and was eredted, in the year 
f' of our lord 1702, by fir John Mafon, knight, 
*' furviving executor of his lordfliip*s laft will and 
^* teftament." 

The bifhop's palace is a fine building of hewn Biihop"* 
ftone, with two fronts, whereof that next the mall palace 
is beautifully ornamented with a handfome portico, 
iuflained by pillars of the dorick order, the frieze 
properly adorned with triglyphs, drops, and me- 
topes. Over this portico is a nich, intended to be 
filled with a ftatue. To this front, the late bifhop 
Efte defigned a beautiful terrace, which would afford 
an extenuve profpedV, not only of the mall, but alfo a 
confiderable way into the country. The top of the 
building is adorned with an handfome cornice ; the 
other front, next the church-yard, has the doors, 
window-cafes, and coigne ftones of plain ruftick 
work. 

The city court-houfe, or guild-hall, fituated inOtbec 
Broad-ftreet, is an handfome ftrudlure, the outfide publick 
whereof is fupported by a range of columns of the q ^^•[j"^'jj 
tufcan order ^ the front of the building ferves for 
a corn market-houfe ; and the inner part for a court- 
houfe, where the aiTizes for the city, the quarter- 
ieflions, and other affemblies relating t6 city af- 
fairs are held. Above flairs, are apartments for 
the grand and petty juries, v/ith convenient gal- 
leries, &c. The outfide of the building is adorn- 
ed with a clock, on each fide of which are the 
king's arras, and thofe of the city • on the top, is a 
bandiome odtagon cupola, covered with a fpire of 
ftone. Over the judges feat, is an ancient painting, 
reprefenting Juflice and Judgment, being removed 
hither from the old city court-houfe in High-fl:i eet ; 
under which, is a very tedious Latin infcriprion, in 
the Saxon character, too long to be inferted. 

The exchange, together with the cuflora-houfe xhe ex- 
adjoining, are charmingly fituated on the quay, be- change, 
i^ng here confiderably broad, which has a Very no- 
ble 



i 86 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

ble effedt, the natural beauties of the river being 
enlivened by thofe works of art. The magnificent 
. buildings of the city of Venice, receive no inconfi- 
derable luftre from their fituation, on the fides of 
the numerous canals, with which that city abounds. 
The water, the gondolas, and other veflels enliven 
the fcenery. The exchange is a neat, light build- 
ing, fupported by pillars of hewn Hone of the tuf- 
can order, the outfide being adorned with the arms 
of the king, and thofe of the city, with an hand- 
fome clock. It has an Italian hipt roof, with 
a beautiful oftagon cupola, and a dome at top, 
the cupola being furrounded by a baluftrade, about 
which is a walk. The fpace below flairs for the 
merchants to alTemble in, is fufficiently large and 
fpacious ; on one fide whereof, is the town-clerk's 
office, feparated from the reft. Above ftairs, are 
the council-chamber, and a large alTembly room, 
befides other apartments. In the council-chamber, 
is a very large perfpedtive view of the city, finely 
painted by Vander-Egan. 
The cuf- Adjoining to the faid building, is the cuftom- 
torn houfe houfe, built of brick, the door and window cafes 
ruftick work of hew-n ftone •, the top adorned with 
an architrave, frieze, and cornice of ftone. The 
afcent of the firft ftory, is by two flights of ftone- 
fteps, landing upon one half pace, defended by a 
range of iron baluftrades. The ground cellars 
ferve for ftores, and the land- waiters offices. On 
the firft ftory, are the feveral other offices peculiar 
to the edifice ; and above ftairs, are the colledtor's 
apartments. 
The fifli- ^^^ fifivhoufe, conveniently fituated on the 
houfe. q^^'^y» is a neat, plain building, fupported by feve- 
ral arches of hewn ftone ^ and within, are blocks 
or ftone tables, for the kying on of the fifli, which 
are kept conflantly clean and fweet. Over the 
houfe is a neat lanthorn, with a bell, which is toird 
to warn the inhabitants v/hen the fifh is arrived. 

This 



W A T E R F O R D. 187 

This houfe was but lately eredted at a confiderable 
expence. 

The city-goal, fituated on St. Patrick's gate, city-goal 
is an handfome flrudure of hewn flone, the arch 
fupported by pilafters of the tufcan order. The 
firfl flory is vaulted with flone ; to prevent accidents 
by fire from the prifoners, or efcapes, the chimneys, 
fhores, windows, and other apertures are double 
grated ; and the whole ilrongly built, and commodi- 
ous for this intention. 

John's-gate, being the remains of one of the old County- 
city ^ates, now ufed as the county-goal, .is a flrong go^l* 
building, and rented from the city for this pur- 
pofe. On the outfide, cut in ilone, are the arms 
of king Henry Vill. In this cadle, it is faid, the 
family of the Wifes held a court-leet, when they 
enjoyed a manor-privilege in this part of the town. 

In Chrift-church-yard, is a Latin free-fchool, the Schools 
patrons of which are, the mayor, fheriffs and com- 
mons of the city, who pay the fchool-mafler 20I. 
per annum. Above flairs, is a writing- fchool, for 
the conveniency of the Latin fcholars. 

The free-fchool, or blue-boys fchool, (21) is fitu- 
ated 

(21) Nathaniel Foy, blfliOp of Waterford and LiTmore, be- 
fides endowing this free-fchool, left to the poor of the city Anno 
20I. He mentions, that he had expended 800I. on the improve- 1707. 
nien^ of the epifcopai-houfe; and bequeathed that v/hat-ever 
iliould be got out of that fum , from his fucceflbr purfuant to 
the act made for that purpofe, fhould go to the mayor and cor- 
poration, to be laid out on good fecurity, the yearly profits to 
be applied in putting outproteftant children of the inhabitants of 
this city, either boys or girls, apprentices ; and give the nomina- 
tion of the perfons to be bound out, to the bifhop, dean, and 
mayor of Waterford, or any two of theinj whereof the biiliop to 
be always one. 

Legacies to the poor of this city *. 

Mrs. Eliz. Hallam, to the poor of this city, 300I. this was 
dian'buted. 17^2* 

Miniard ChriTcian, of Waterford, efq. to the mayor and cor- 
OOiauon, to ciotne the poor yearly, the intereft of iooL '7H« 

* Wilis regiltered in the prerogative cilice, Dublin, 17 19, 

Johft 



1 88 Natural and Cml Hi/lory of 

ated at the lower end of Broad-ilreet, and corner of 
Arundell- flreet. It is a neat building, of ruilick. and 
plain afhlar work of hewn flone, adorned with an 
o6tagon tower, over which is an handforae fpire, 
with a clock and bell. Before the building is a neat 
court, enclofed with iron palifades and hewn flone. 
On the infide, the W. half is the fchool-room, di- 
vided into regular clalTes, and forms for the boys ; 
the upper end is adorned with the founder's pidure, 
the late Dr. Foy. The E. end of the building is the 
fchool-mafler's apartment. Over the entrance, in 
gold letters, together with the arms of the fqunder, 
is this infcription ; 

"In 

John Vaury, efq ; to the french church of Waterford, lol. 
Robert Gibbon, of Killworth, clerk, for a ring of belis at Wa- 
terford, 3ooi. this was expended by alderman John Moore, tq 
whofe care it was given. 

To ringers, for ringing on the day of his death yearly, 20 s, 
perann. this is paid yearly, on the 12th of June, when he died. 
Anno The reft of his efFefts to the charity fchool of Waterford. 
1723. Richard Chriftmas, to the poor and poor houfe keepers of 

the city 200I. 
1732. Stephen Lap, to the poor of Waterford, zol. 

Mrs. Ab. Sandoz, to the poor French of Waterford, 5I. 
^734- Mrs. Jane Waltham, to the poor of Waterford, lol. 

Thomas Power, of Garranmorris, to the poor, and for his foul, 
40I. 

Katharine Elliot, alias Keating to the poor of Waterford, 
to be diftributed by Mr. Ignatius Roch, lol. alfo 220,1, in the 
hands of Mr. And. Snow, carpenter, to be diftributed there, from 
time to time, as he (hall think fit. 
1^38. J°^" Mafon, efq ; to the poor of Waterford, lool. this dif- 
tributed, he bequeaths 300I. to be added to his fifter Sarah Ma- 
fon's legacy of 300I. both to purchafe lands, the income there- 
of, to be laid out for ever, to provide fchooling and clothing 
for 20 poor female children, after the manner of the blue-coat 
girls now at Waterford. Hen* Mafon, executor to this 600I. 
has added 300!. more of fir John Mafon's, for which the city 
pays 60I. per ann. for the ufe of the poor girls* 

Peter Chelar, to the french church in Waterford, lol. 
1 740. Dr. Thomas Milles, late biftiop of Waterford and Lifmore to, 

th?: 



WATER FORD, igj 

" In the year 1728, the revd. Nathaniel France 
** obtained an ad: of parliament, to perpetuate^ 
•' and better regulate^ this charitable foundation • 
" by which (befides the encouragement of inftruc- 
" tion) he, and the fucceeding truftees for ever^ 
" are enabled to clothe 75 boys annually, on the 
*' feafl of St. Michael, and to put out fdme of 
" the moft worthy of them apprentices to protef- 
" tant mafters of the eftablilh'd church." 

Under the faid infcription in another compart^ 
ment. 

" This fchool was founded by the right revd. fa- 
** ther in god. Dr. Nathaniel Foy late lord bifhop 
*' of Waterford and Lifmore, for the education of 
" the poor children of this city, and was eredted the 
" year after his lordfhip's death (viz. 1 708) by the 
" rev. Thomas France, precentor of the cathedral ' 
" church of Waterford, and Mr. James Medlicott, ex* 
*^ cutors of his lordfhip's laft will and teflament." 

The plan of this building was defigned by the 
bifhop ; and as an encouragement to fo good an 
undertaking, the ground was generoufly conveyed 
by the corporation of Waterford. The executors 
purchafed lands, to the amount of 191I. as. 2,d per 
annum, for the ufes of his lordfhip's will, and pur- 
fuant to the powers therein, upon the death of Mrs, 
Elizabeth Moore, his lordfhip's fifler (by which 

48 L 

the le£lurer of St. Olave, and St. Patrick's churches, the intereft 
of 266I. 13s. 4d; the faid money to be put to intereft by the 
corporation. He takes notice, that the re6torial tythes of the 
parifti of Cahir, bequeathed by bifliop Gore, for rebuilding and 
repairing churches in that diocefe, did not come to his hands un- 
til 1723, after the death of fir John Mafon, executor to the 
faid bifhop ; out of which, he had expended for that pious ufe, 
1177I. 15s. 5 d. which fum he left to his heirs, as chargeable 
upon the faid tythes. Anno 

Benjamin Morris, to the poor of Waterford, 30I. «74>. 

Jofeph Rea, gent, to the poor of Trinity parilh, Water- 
ford, 5 '• . . 

Ann Langrifli, widow, to the poorof her jneeting, 5 I. 



I go Natural and Civil Hi/iory of 

48I. per annum came to the foundatloij) they raiTed 
the mafter's falary from 40I. to 60I. a year ; and 
increafed the number of boys from 50 to 75. To 
fruftiate this defign, a popifh fchool, fiipported by 
fubfcriptions, was ereded ; which gave the fame en- 
couragement, by teaching children gratis to read, 
write, and caft accounts; this projed had the in- 
tended efFed, for the number cf boys daily decreaf- 
ed in the bifhop's fchool, and for many years toge- 
ther threefcore could not be had : while the popifh 
fchool had its full complement of fourfcore boys. 
This evidently appeared to a committee of the right 
honourable the lords of the parliament, and after- 
wards to his majefty's mofl honourable privy- 
council. To remedy this evil, the revd. Naih. 
France, executor of the furviving executor, petiti- 
oned the parliament for a confirmation and fettle- 
ment of this fchool and eftate ; and admitted that 
after building, purchafing and difcharging all debts 
. and legacies, there remained in his hands the fum 
of 774I. 15s. 3f. In pujfuanceof this petition, an ad 
of parliament palTed, to perpetuate, and better regu- 
late, this charitable foundation to veft the ground, fo 
conveyed by the corporation, together with the lands 
purchafed, in the faid Nathaniel France, during his 
life, and after hisdeceafe, in the bifLo p, dean and 
mayor of Waterford for the time being, and their 
fucceiTors ; upon truft, that out of the yearly rents of 
the faid eftates, they fhould maintain and repair the 
faid fchool-houfe, pay 5I. a year as a falary to the re- 
ceiver, to the catechiil 15I. a year, and to the raafter 
60I. a year, v/ho fhould be obliged to inflrud 75 poor 
children of the city of "Waterford gratis. And it fur- 
ther provides, that the mafter fhould have no other 
office, nor teach any other children than the number 
above mentioned, except his own : that the overplus 
arifmg after thefe difburfements, fhould be applied 
to the clothing the 75 children ; and if there ftill 

remained 



W A T E R F O R D. 19s 

remained an overplus, that it (hould be applied to 
the binding out the boys apprentices ; and the fum 
of 774.1. 15s. 3t in the hands of Mr France, fhouid 
be laid out on fecunty, or a purchafe to the fame 
trufts. 

To the year 1745, there had been bound oyt 
to trades no boys, to each of whom were given 
a bible, a common-prayer book, and a whole duty 
of man. The clothing of the boys comes to about 
861. per annum ; the fum of 5I. is generally given 
as an apprentice fee; and by the prudent and 
careful management of this foundation, the fchool 
has already produced many eminent tradefmen to 
the city, who by this means, are become ufeful 
members to the publick. 

In Lady-lane, fo called from a chapel dedicated Blue girls 
to the Bleffed Virgin Mary, the ruins of which flill School, 
remain, is a charity fchool for poor girls, eredled 
by Mrs. Mary Mafon, daughter of fir John Mafon, 
which cod her 7 50I. The houfe is a very neat 
building of brick, the door and window cafes ruf-- 
tick- work of hewn flone, and, in a pediment on the 
front, are the arms of the foundrefs, cut in Portland 
Hone, with this infcription in a fcroll, PjETAS 
MASSONIANA, 1740. In the infide, are a very 
handfome fchool-room and other apartments, for the 
foundrefs and fchool-miflrefs. Here thirty poor chil- 
dren, of proteftant-parents, are taken in, from 7 
years old, are clothed and maintained, taught to 
read, fpin, and needlework, till fit for fervice. The 
children are catechifed, once a week, by a clergyman 
of the church of England. The fchool- mi ft re is has 
a falary of lol. a year. The whole expence is de- 
frayed by an annuity of 60I. a year, paid by the 
corporation of Waterford, on account of 900I. given 
to them for this purpofe, by the charitable bequefts 
of fir John Mafon, Sarah Mafon, and John Mafon, 
efq; 

The 



%gi Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Mall, The mall is a beautiful walk^ about 260 yards 
long and proportionably broad fituated on the E. end 
of I he city. The draining and levelling the ground, 
which was formerly a marfh, was done at a very 
confiderable expence; it is planted with rows of 
elms, and the fides of the walk are fenced with a 
flone wall. Near the centre, facing thiis beautiful 
walk, {lands the bifhop's palace, which not only 
adds a confiderable beauty to tjfie mall, but alfo 
reciprocally receives the fame from it Here the la- 
dies and gentlemen aflemble on fine evenings, where 
they have the opportunity of each others converfa- 
tion. Nothing, can be more agreeable than to fee 
this (hady walk crowded with the fair fex of the 
fcity, taking the air, enjoying the charms of a plea- 
fant evening, and improving their healths; nor need 
I inform the reader, that this city has been long 
fmee peculiarly celebrated for the beauties of its fe- 
male inhabitants. Near the mall, is a pleafant bowl- 
ing-green, for the diverfidn of the citizens, which 
is a molx innocent and healthful exercife, where^ in 
fummer time, after the bufinefs of the day is ended, 
they fometimes recreate themfelves. This bowling- 
green is fituated on the E. end of the quay, a little 
beyond the Ring-tower ; from whence to the mall, 
trees are planted, as alfo on the fides of the bowl- 
ing-green, which make this part of the town (afford- 
ing the profped of the river and (hipping) very a- 
greeable. 
Private Many of the private buildings of this city are 
buildings fufficiently handfome and fpacious ; but the feveral 
flreets and lanes, are for the mod part, exceeding 
narrow, and the houfes crowded very thick toge- 
ther ; yet were the flreets more open, and many 
houfes which lie thick fet, ranged in a regular or- 
der, the city would take up three times the ground 
that it does at prefent. 

And now I am upon the article of private build- 
ings? 



W A T E R F O R D. . 

ings, as a fample of the elegant tafleof the citizens, I 
fhali mention the beautiful improvements of the late 
alderman Samuel Barker, which, for the delicacy of 
their tade, rarity, and uncommon fituation in a city^ 
can hardly be equalled; and may juflly afTume that 
infcription placed on the back front of the queen's- ' 
paiace, in St. James's park, RUS IN URBE. 
This gentlem.an's houfe is in King's- ilreet ; on the 
outfide of it is nothing remarkable, more than the 
appearance of a large well built houfe- behind which 
we are agreeably furprifed, with a large hill, beau- 
tifully cut into Hopes and terrace walks ; at the bot- 
tom of which, is an handfome canal, with other refer- 
voirs higher up. In the lower canal, are fountains, 
v/hich play to a confiderable height, the fides of 
which, are beautified with flatuesftanding in niches. 
Higher up is a terrace, adorned with fiatues, and, 
among others, that of a Mercury deferves our no- 
tice, being done in good, proportion, and finely 
poized. The end of this terrace is beautifully ter- 
minated by a fine ruined arch, being the remains 
of a gothic flrudure, called St. Thomas's chapel, 
and which alfo gives name to the hill on which thefe 
improvements are made. From this walk, we have 
the natural reprefentation of a Dutch landfcape. 
Here one fees not only a part of the country, but 
alfo, a profped\ of the city. The elegant improve- 
ments of this beautiful fpot are finely blended with 
a view of rough rocks, and wild uncultivated hills, 
which are feen from the oppofite nd& of the riven 
The flags and dreamers of the (liipping, of which 
we have here a profped, together with the houfes 
of the city, .afford a very pleafing contrafb. 

The other end of this terrace, is terminated by an 
aviary, filled vj'nh feveral kinds of Tinging birds. 
Higher up is a little deer-park, fcocked-with deer 
of feveral colours, a curioiity no lefs rare than re- 
markable in a city; and the refervoirs before- men- 
tioned, are alfo flocked with caro and tench. On 
O the 



^93 



ip4 Natiiral and Ctvil Hijlory of 

the top of the hill, is pkced an obelifk, which i§ 
{ten from the houfe to advantage. 

In -an adjacent garden are Tome curious exoticks, 
among which are fome fine plants of the aloe of fe- 
veral kinds. The Geranium AfFricanum frutefcens, 
Malvce fol. odorato inftar MelliiTae flore purpuraf- 
fente, as delbribed by Miller, being a fpecies of 
Crane's-bill, feveral kinds of cyprefs, and a plant 
called the caroub or locuft of St. John. It is fup- 
pofed (fays Dr. Pocock,) (22) that this is the fruit on 
which St. John fed in the wildernefs, and not the 
Cafhia Fiflula, which does not grow in this coun- 
try i he adds, that the Arabs eat them, and they 
are reckoned a pleafant food. 

The whole of thefe improvements have been cut 
out of a very barren rock, of which there are dill 
fome remains, and carried on at a great expence. 

In this gentleman's houfe, there are feveral fine 
pieces of painting, and, among others, the legend 
of St. Margaret, who, by her prayers, is faid to 
have overcome a dragon, which attacked her in a 
wildernefs, where fhe withdrew to lead a reclufc 
life: this piece is admirably done, and, it is faid, was 
painted by the great Raphael. The folds of the 
dragon twined about the faint, are fo nobly fhaded, 
that they feem to projedl from the canvafs. 

There is alfo a picture of our Saviour, with the 
Virgin and St. John, of which there need be no 
more faid in its commendation, than to inform the 
reader, that it was executed by Hannibal Carachio. 

Among the other edifices, 1 might have menti- 
oned an ingenious mill, eredled by Thomas Wife, 
efq; which grinds, fifts and bolts the feveral kinds 
of meal and flour at the fame time; and near 
to it, are confiderable granaries ere(5ted, which will 
be both an advantage to the town, and a profit to- 
the proprietor. It is fituated on John's river, with- 
out Bowling-green gate. 

In 

(22) Obfervations on the Eaft, vol. 2. p- 46. 



W A T E R F O R D. 195 

In John's-flreet, is an ancient fpacioUs hoiife, 
belonging to fir Peter Aylward's family ^ over the 
him ney-piece of which, in the great room, the fa- 
mily arms are curioufly cut in flone, with this motto, 
Veriis et Fidelis Semper. They are alfo cut on 
each fide of the flreet gate. This houfe joins the 
old church-yard of St. Michael. 

The quay of this city, which is above half a mile Quay. 
in length, and of a confiderable breadth, is not in- 
ferior to, but rather exceeds the mioft celebrated in 
Europe. To it the largeft trading velTels may con- 
veniently come up, both to load and unload ; and 
at a fmall diftance oppofite to it, may lie conftantly 
a-float. The exchange, cuflom-houfe, and other 
public buildings, befides the houfes of the mer- 
chants and citizens, ranged along the quay, are no 
fmall addition to its beauty j which, together with a 
number of (hipping, afford an agreeable profpedt. 
The whole is fronted with hewn flone, well paved, 
and in fome places it is 40 feet broad. To it are 
built five moles or peers, which flretch forward into 
the river ; at the peer heads, fhips of 500 tons may 
load and unload, and lie a-float. In the road before 
the quay, the river is between four and five fathom 
deep at low water, where 60 fail of fhips may ride 
conveniently, clear of each other, in clean ground. 
The tide rifes and falls here three fathoms, the cur- 
rent fetting eall and wefl. At the W. end,, is a con- 
venient place for graving and calking veffels, called 
from thence the Graving-bank. But a much more 
commodious place is the dry dock, which lies 
a htde below to the E. and was built for this pur- 
pofe, by the late Ambrofe Congreve, efq. This 
dock is properly fitted with flood-gates, and is ve- 
ry convenient for the repairing and fitting out vef- 
fels. It is 160 feet long, 48 broad and 15 deep. 
The flood-gate, or entrance, is 28 feet in the clear, 
O 2 receives 



1^6 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

receives fhips of large burden, and is kept in good 
order for that piirpofe.(23). 

For the conveniency of velTels taking in water, 
conduits and pipes are placed on the quay -, fo that, 
in this refpect, firangers cannot be at a lofs. Thefe 
are no iefs ufeful to the inhabitants, who have alfo 
feveral other conduits and pipes, placed in the.inoft 
convenient parts of tht to7/n, for fiipphying them 
with water. The old conduit in High-ftreet, at the 
corner of a iane called Conduit-lane, was ereded in 
1 59 1, as appears from the date on the front of it. 
Many towns abroad are much admired, by travel- 
lers, for the conveniency of having two or three 
fountains in a town ; but although thefe may con- 
tribute to the beauty of a place, yet ii mufl: be al- 
lowed, that the advantages of having water convey- 
ed by pipes to every ftreet, are much more prefer- 
able and convenient (24). 

As a fpecimen of the trade of this city, the fol- 
lowing abdradt of his majefty's revenue, from the 
year 1738 to 1744., inclufive, is offered to the reader. 

Waterford port and difl:ri£l. An abftraft of his majefty's re- 
venue, for feven years, ending the 25th of March, « 745. 
CUSTOMS. i 



Years. 


Inwards. 
~L ' s. d. 


Outwards. 
1. s. d. 


Imported Excife 




1. s. d. 


'738 


3^-64 00 01. 


1530 10 o3 


3186 13 06 


»7 39 


3.900 f 5 08 


1774 02 10 


2819 Ii 05 


1740 


3/oS 16 00 


1151 17 o5 


3375 03 04 


1741 


5189 J 2 08 


1655 16 10 


3754 10 o( 


1742 


42*0 16 09 


1592 16 06 


3383 02 06 


1743 


320S 13 04 


2065 10 05 


2084 J9 09 


?7i4 


;2C9 ! 2 03 


x-ji,^ 09 07 


2074 c6 10 



(23) This dock has been (ince filled up, and converted into 
meadow. 

(24) The feveral fprings which fupply the tity, areas follow: 
I'ft.and 2d, the upper and lower refervorrs. 3d, St, Michael's 
well. 4th, St Catherine's. 5th, that of the old Bowling-green. 
.6th, Ballytruckle. th, St. Stephen's or Lady's-well. 8th, 
Alexander-lane well. Ail which curdle but a little with foap, 
but lather foon afier ; as do alfo St. Patrick's and the rope-walk 
well, though they are not fo foft as number 7 and 8. But the 
water of Tobber-Scheiin, and fugar-houfe pipe, Ihew their fu- 
perior purity, by their lathering inftantly with foap, which has 
been ever deemed one of the bell teib of a pure and vvholefome 
water. 



WATERFORD. 

ADDITIONAL DUTIES 



Years. 



Tobacco 



1738 |2 

1739 ' 

1740 
I74I 

1742 

1743 
1744 



37 



s. d. 

1601 

I Z033 01 oi 

J2788 01 09 



280^ 

2757 



06 1 1 

i8 01 



Wine ill. 



2623 03 oB 232 09 o 



L s. d 

623 o I 2 

"73 »^^ 5 

776 u 2 

712 16 2 

789 04 (; 

446 !3 



on 

. . I f . 

Spirits. iCottonlPrifage, 

I. s, d.jl. s. d. }. s. d. 

568 09 03 o 2 270 o o 

196 09 5|o o o 345 o o 

383 14 s'o o o 240 o o 

293 19 5b o o 195 o o 

()'/ 1 03 o|o o o i8o o o 

323 02" f|o o o ! 20 o o 

5:29 I r 3:0 O O 2 !0 o o 



197 





Light 


Fines and 


Inland Ex- 


Quit and 


Hearth- 




Money. 


Seizures. 


cife and JJ- 


Crown 


Money. 


Years. 






cences. 


Rents. 






i. s. d. 


1. s. d. 


1. s. d. 


1. s. d. 


1. s. d. 


1738 


15 8 9 


^73 I 3i 


1821 9 4 


1387 I 1 


5IO 4 


• 1739 


45 ^9 J 


541 10 8| 


i860 13 6i 


1387 I I 


S13 4 


1740 


34 2 9 


120 17 4 


1679 ^6 2 


1387 I I 


3i4 16 0, 


1 741 


35 II 


36 9 2i: 


1507 II 5 1387 I I 


815 6 


1742 


55 4 10 


6 9 9i 


1505 55- 1387 I I 


815 10 


1743 


51 10 5 


258 19 I 


1883 16 71 1387 I I 


816 6 


I744i49 4 ^0 


14 16 oi 


1691 17 9 1387 I I '8 1 7 100 



APPROPRIATED DUTIES. 





To 


Loan. 


/ 




Ciiina. 


Years. 


Wine 2d. jSilkMan. 


Vineg'ir. 
1. s. d. 


Hops 




&c. 




J. s. d. 1. s. d. 


I. s. 


d. 


1. s. d. 


1738 


459 02 1 1 00 00 039 01 09!! 57 12 


00 


12 10 03 


^739 


491 02 1 1 pi 03 920 14 03075 00 


06 


13 10 05 


1740 


570 II ot^oo 00 004 Oi 07 


125 ob 


02 


09 17 O! 


1741 


507 19 0900 00 037 07 00 


083 10 


1 1 


09 06 05 


1742 


576 05 0900 00 009 06 07I083 10 


07 


12 10 02 


1743 


329 03 I r 00 00 


12 01 001194 09 


10 


15 07 07 


i744h33 17 oi|oo 03 7 


00 oq; !ojoo7 ^4 


07 


oS 07 OQ 



A P P R O P R I AT E D D U T I E S\ 
I TO TILLAGE, i TO LINEN. 



Years. 

1738] 

1739I 
1740 
1741 
1742 
1743 

^744 



Coaches, &c.j Plate Imp. |Linen,, &c 
"TT^T"!! i^ 1. d |1. S. d 



Tea, &c 



TOTALS. 

foi' each Year. 

T 



. i- s. u. j 1, s. d, 

15 Oo'ol 18 0616 03 11232 18 O3I17426 17 II i. 



19 1 5 oo'oo 00 00 



25 09 o8|oo5 08 03! 16043 10 00 



8 05 oo'oi 17 0300 09 i!i!ii3 05 10117251 03 09 
18 15 oojoo 00 0006 II o6'i46 19 05 20192 04 07 - 



id 15 00 00 00 oojOo 00 oo'pii 14,-01 
19 .10 oo;oo 00 ooioo 01 iobo7 03 10 
17 00 00:00 00 oOjOo 00 oo|io9 13 00 14905 00 01 ■?- 



10109 03 01 i 

l6f;o2 



10 



o 



The 



i^$ Natural and Civil Hiflory 0/ 

The Waterford merchants have the greateft (hare 
cf the Newfoundland trade of any port in Ireland, 
occafioned, as it is faid, in a great meafure, by the 
goodnefs of the pork fed about thi? place. For 
farther particulars relating to the inland trade and 
manufadlures, I refer to Chap. XIl, 

Some accounts mention a bridge to have Hood 
formerly over the Suir, leading from the city to the 
county of Kilkenny, which mufl have been no other 
than a wooden one. I have been informed, that not 
many years fince, there have been feveral piles, and 
other pieces of this work, difcovered in the river j 
when it was eredled, no certain account can be given ^ 
nor is it known at what time it was demolifhed. 
Govern- The government of this city refembles that of 
ment. moft Other great towns, it being incorporated by 
the name of the mayor, llierifFs^ and citizens of 
Waterford (25). 

The members of the corporation (26) confift of 
pfHcers. a mayor, two (herifFs, a recorder, eighteen alder- 
men, and nineteen afliftants or common-council 
men ; and the whole together are named the com- 
mon-council 

(25) Among the records of this corporation, I find [Liber 
Secundus] the rollowiog very Angular entries : 

"Memorandum, That in the eighth year of the reign of 
king Henry the fixth, one William Lawlefs was brought to 
anfwer the mayor and bailiffs, by reafon that, contrary to the 
ftatute of that city, he did receive a prieft and his concubine, 
uiing fornication in his houfe ; notwithftandingthe proclamation, 
that if any, within or without the city, would receive any 
priefis with their concubines, and thereof fhould be convicted, he 
iliould lofe all his goods, and his body to remain in prifon ^ 
twelvemonth and a day, and then to make his fine. That 
hereupon, the faid William put him to grace, which was 
fered and tajjed at five marks, of wliich was paid fourteen 
quarters of fait, at four fhillings the quarter. 
^ In the ninth year of king Henry the fixth, by Common con- 

fent it was ordained. That no prieft Ihould have a wife o^ 
concubine within the city ; and if they may be found, the 
finders fhall have all their cloaths ; and their bodies to the 
goal of the faid city, unto the time they ihall make a fine." 

(26) Charter Car. i. Ann. ii. fol. 3. 



W A T E R F O R D. jgg 

mon-council of the city. The prefent recorder is 
Robert Dobbyn the younger, efq. 

The majority of the mayor and council, on the 
monday after the vifitation of the blefled Virgin, 
chufe one of the aldermen to be mayor (27) for 
the next year, who is fworn, on Michaelmas-day, 
into his office, before the old mayor, or before the 
council in his abfence. 

At the fame time, the (heriffs (28) are eledled 
out of the affiftants, and are fworn with the mayor. 

The mayor and council chufe their recorder (29), 
who is removeable; for mifbehaviour, by the cor- 
poration. They alfo eledt a fword-bearer (30) who 
may carry a fword of fbate before the mayor, unlefs 
the king or his heirs be prefent. The mayor and 
fheriffs appoint four feijeants at mace, who are to 
attend them, to ifllie mandates, writs, procelTes, 
&c. and to bear gilded or filver maces, adorned 
with the king's arms, before the mayor. The 
council alfo eledt a public notary, a coroner, clerk 
of the crown and peace, town-clerk, marefchal, 
fearcher, water-bailiff, &,c. who are removeable on 
mifl^ehaviour. The prefent town-clerk is Theodore 
Cooke, efq-, (31), 

By the charter, the mayor and recorder may hold 
a court of record (32) every monday and friday, Courts, 
for a6tionsof debt, &:c. for any fum without limi- 
tation ; ^s alfo, they may hold pleas for lands, &c, 
withjn the liberties. They hold a court-leet {^^) 
twice a year, within a month after Eader and 
Michaelmas, The mayor, recorder, and four eldeft 
O 4 aldermen, 

(2-) Charter Car I Ann. 11. fol. 3. (28) Id. lb. (29) Id. 
fo). 4.fd. (30) Id. ,b 

(3O The falaries ot the city officers are as follow. Mayor, 
300I. SherifFs, each, lool. Recorder, lool. Town- clerk, 70I. 
Coroner, 5I. Sword-bearer, 15L Marfnai or goaler, 14!,. 
I^'our Serjeants at mace, each, -iol, Two Beadles, each, 5!. 
Rridewel-keeper, 2I. Water-bailiff, 20I j and Public Notary, 
no falary. 

(32} Fol. 5. (53)I.t?. 



oo Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

aldermen, are impov/ered, by the charter, to be 
juftices of goal -deli very (34), and to determine all 
felonies, &a done in the city and liberties, except 
for treafon ; and no other perfon is to deliver the 
goal, except one or more of the juilices of the 
benches, mailer of the rolls, or barons of the ex- 
chequer, the mayor to- be always joined with them 
in commifiion. 

They have pov/er to hold an admiralty-court {o^^) 
within the limits of their harbour, and not to be 
difturbed therein by any other admiralty-court in 
England or Ireland. They can hold a court of 
orphans {0^6) once a week, v/ith the fame power as 
that of the city of London. 

They can appoint a fenefchal (37) who may hold a 
court of pye-powder, and pleas of matters belong- 
ing to fuch a court. 
Privileges The mayor, befides his prefiding in thefe courts, 
has power to call and adjourn the fame; and in cafe 
of abfence or ficknefs, he may appoint a deputy, 
who has the fame authority as himfelf, fach deputy 
to be one of the aldermen (38), who is to be fvvorn 
into the office. In all cafes of eledion {o^g) by the 
council, the mayor mull be one of the majority j 
he has conufance of all forts of pleas, and a fuit 
once- begun, fnall not be removed from his court 
before it is determined, as the charter fays (40). 
Fie and the corporation are to have the returns of 
affize, precepts, bills and v/arrants, as alfo the 
fumraons and eftreats of the exchequer, and the 
precepts of the itinerant judges. He and the re- 
corder, with the four fenior aldermen, are juilices 
(41) of the peace v/ithin the liberties, and alfo for 
the county of Waterford ; but not as fuch to pro- 
ceed to the trial of any treafon, felony, 8z:c. to the 
lofs of life or limb, which, by the charter, they can 

do 

(34) Foi. 6. (35) lb. 7. (36) lb. TO. (37) Id.ib. 7. 
i3b} lb. 4. (39) ib. 4. (40} lb. 5. (4O lb. 6. 



of the 
mayor 



W A T E R F O R D. 201 

do in the city. The mayor and council have 
power to tax. the citizens, tov/ards defraying any 
necefiary expence, and to dillrain, &c. for the re- 
covery of fuch tax. The mayor and town-clerk 
(42) may take recognizance o[ debts, according to 
the (43) form of ftatute-maerchaiit (44) and theflamte 
of A<fton-Burnel ; and to have a ieal, confifcing of 
two pieces, to feai fuch recognizances. The 
mayor may puniih unlawful fiihers, can make lavv^s 
to regulate the fiihery, (45) and has power to pu- 
nifh the breach of them by fine and imiprifonment. 
He is alfo confervator of the waters, and may puniin 
according to the ilatute in that cafe provided. No 
Oiip is to load or unload in any other part of the 
harbour but at the quay of Waterford, unlefs by 
licence from the mayor; except the burgefs of 
New-Rofs, in the county of Wexford. The mayor 
and council may m.ake a guild as the city of Briflol ; 
no guild or fraternity to make by-laws without a 
licence from the mayor. 

The mayor and corporation, by the charter, had 
power to grant licences for the felling of wines, and 
other liquors; but this is difufed. 

The (beriffs of the city are excufed from going 
to Dublin to m>ake up their accounts, and may 
account before auditors, or the jiidices of ailize, 
when they fhall come to the city. 

All 



(47) Fol. 9. ^ ^ (43) lb. 10. 

(4^^) Hooker in liis Chronicle, page F39, fays, That, by 
their charter, the mayor of the itaple might take (latutes and 
recognizances ftaple, not only in the city concerning themfeives, 
but aifo of fundry towns in Leiniler and Muniier, and the 
counties of Kilkenny, V/exford, and Tipperary : and that the 
citizens could not be compeiled to ieive in any hofting, unlefs 
the king himfeif, or his fon, u'ere prefent. Whoever is curious, 
may reaua long exliorration of the above-mentioned. writer, to 
the citizens, adaioniihing them, to perfevere in their loyalty 
to the crown of England, and that they may alv/ays merit the 
apodiegme of, Waterfokdia semper manst untacte. 

(45) Chart. 7. Car. i. 



%0Z Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

All manner of fines and forfeitures recovered in 
any of the aforefaid courts, belong to the fole ufe of 
the city. 

Here is alfo a corporation of merchants of the 
flaple, who are to have a mayor of the llaple, and 
two conftables, with the fame power as the ftaples 
of London or Dublin. 
Franchifes In the preamble to the charter, among other in* 
and Privi-ducements for refloring it, it is faid, That it is an 
leges. ancient city ; that, from the firfl reduction of this 
kingdom to the prefent time, the inhabitants have 
been of civil copverfation, endowed with good 
learning, and generous education, following raer- 
chandife^ that it appears from their furnames, they 
were derived from old Englilli families ; that the 
city has been honoured v/ith the perfonal refidence 
of feveral kings of England, and for their happy 
and faithful fervices to the crown, it has been na^ 
med in fome charters, the untouched or virgin 
. city, and the chamber of the king. The city liber- 
ties, as mentioned in the charter, are, befides the 
city and its precindls, the mount near the W, 
gate, on which ftood a fortrefs at that time ; the 
houfes, ground and foil of the church and chancel 
of Black-friars, and a place there called our Lady's- 
chapel ; as alfo, the great port of the city (46), 

which 

(46) Hooker, in the fame Chronicle, p. 139, alfo fays, 
that the river was bounded and limited from the mouth of the 
feas, betwixt Rindowan, where Hooke tower (lands, upon the 
E. fide, and Rodibanke upon the W, fide ; and from thence 
unto Carrick upon Suir, and as far beyond as the river ebbeth 
and floweth thai way ; and from the faid mouth unto Inoftaige, 
upon the river Nore, and as far as the fame ebbeth and floweth j 
and likewife from the faid mouth unto faint Molins, upon the 
river of Barrow, and fo far beyond the fame as the water 
ebbeth and floweth. 

The inhabitants of Rofs jiave frequently, in ancient times, 
difputed the priviledges of the citizens upon their river, claiming 
an exclufive priviledge, by virtue of the gift and grant of 
Roger Bigod, earl marfhal of England, who niarried ifabel, 

the^^ 



W A T E R F O R D. 20$ 

whieh enters between Ruddy-bank and Ringdown, 
pp to Carrick by water, and as far as St. Catherine's- 
pyll reaches to the bounds of Kilbarry, and from 
thence to the bounds of Clontredane, and from thefe 
to the bounds of Portfidim, with the town and 
villages of Killoteran, Ballynakilly and Kiilbarry, 
v/ith their appurtenances, extending themfelves from 
the Suir to the bounds of Killure, as alfo the ambit 
and precinds of Killculeheene on the N, of the Suir, 
with the village of Newtown, alias LumbardV 
town, Ballytruckle and Grange, with all the lands 
lying between thefe villages and the city, to be a 
diftindl county of itfelf, and to be feparated from 
the counties of Kilkenny and Waterford, for ever. 
Saving to the crown a power to keep the aiTizes, 
goal-delivery, and feffionsof the peace, in the city, 
of things happening in the county, and to build 
fortreffes, goals, &c. either upon St. Thomas's- 
hill, or within, or upon the church or chancel of 
Black-friars. 

Thjs charter grants and renews feveral privileges 
to the citizens and freemen. 

They, may by it remove the mayor for mifbe- 
havioqr ^ and the council may, upon his death or 
removal, proceed to eledt another. The great cuftom 
palled pocquet, is granted to the city (47), which 
may arife within the fame, faving to the king the 

little 

the eldefl daughter rf Walter, earl marflial, in whofe right he 
was lord of Rofs and the river Barrow. Whereupon certain in- , 
quifuions were taken, in the time of king Edw. Ill and king 
Rich. II. at Clonmel, by the oaths of fix knights and eighteen 
efquires, by which the above bounds were found and determined 
for the city of Waterford ; and that no ftip (hould be laden or 
difcharged but at the quay thereof, there to pay fuch duties and 
cuftopis as are due ; and that the citizens have alfo the prizage 
of wines, and the jurifdidtion of the admiralty, within the 
bounds aforefaid; ail which they enjoyed, by virtue of fundry 
grants and charters, from feveral kings of England. 

(47) ^^ho have a clerk in the cuilom-houfe to receive 
Jlicir duties. 



2>04 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

little cuflom, i. e. 3 d. in the pound to be paid by 
adions only, and faving alfo the fubfidy of pound- 
age, i.e. i2d. in the pound for all merchandifes 
imported, to be paid by all fubjeds as well as aliens, 
except by the freemen of the city, who are dif- 
charged of paying this cuflom of 12 d. in the pound 
in ail the ports of Ireland. The citizens are ex- 
empted from all toll, loilage, poilage, portage, 
murage, pillage and pannage, and payment of all 
fiich cuftoms throughout the king's dominions. 
No citizen to be indided of any mercy of money, 
unlefs according to the law of the hundred, i. e. 
by forfeiture of 40 s. of which half Iball be forgiven, 
and the reft reftored in mercy, except fines of 
bread, ale, or watching, which (hall be in mercy of 
2S. 6d. the firft time half to be forgiven, and the 
other half to be reftored in mercy. 

The citizens have power to diftrain their debtors 
by foreign attachments, and not by their own 
pledges. 

No citizen to be compelled to come before any 
itinerant judge out of the city. 

No perfon, not being free, (ball retail, except 
at lair or market, under the penalty of forfeiting 
"the goods or the price to tlie city. 

The charter grants two markets, to be held 

v^eekly on wednefday and faturday, and a fair on 

Si. John Eaptift ; all tolls and profits to go to the 

city, with murage of all faleable commodities, as 

. fully as the city of Briftol enjoys. 

No citizen, for the time to come, fhall combat 
for any appeal of treafon or felony within the city. 

Ev the charter, the n:ayor and (lieriffs might 
cbuie two hogllieads of wine out of every fiiip, 
one before, and the other behind the maft, for 
40 s, 20 s for each, one to go to the king, and 
the other to the mayor. This privilege the cor- 
poration fold to the houfe of Ormond. The com- 
miiiioners now farm the fame from the earl of 

, Arran,. 



W A T E R F O R D. 205 

Arran, who has the prifage of wines throughout ^ 

the kingdom. 

The city has a duty of one meafe of herrings 
from every boat, called cadle-meafe ; and out of 
every other fifhing boat, one principal fifb, as often 
as fhe arrives, and this granted for ever, for build- 
ing and maintaining a block-houfe at PalTage. 

The charter fays, no lord Heutenant, or chief 
governor, fhail feize upon the franchifes of this city 
on any account whatfoever for the future ; but that 
the perfon offending only fhall be punilhed accord- 
ing to their crimes, notwithflanding any law or 
ftatute to the contrary. 

The city militia confided in the year 1746, of Militia. 
500 men, being divided into 10 companies of foot, 
under the command of col. Thomas Chriftmas, 
of which the grenadier company, commanded by 
capt. Francis Barker, were in uniform, having blue 
coats, with fcarlet linings and gilt buttons, icarlet 
waifhcoats and breeches, and gold laced hats. 

There was one independent troop of horfe alfo, 
in much the fame uniform, under the command of 
col. Thomas Chriftmas, the younger. Thefe, to- 
gether with the grenadier company abovemen- 
tioned, confided of fuch as were willing to clothe 
themfelves in uniform. They made a fine appearance, 
and were exceedingly well difciplined. 

The following companies are incorporated by Compa- 
charter, from the mayor and council. nies. 



I. Merchant retailers, 2. Smiths, 3. Carpenters, 
mafons, flaters and coopers. 4. Bakers. 5. Brewers, 
malflers and diftillers. 6 Barber-furgeons. 7. Shoe- 
makers, tanners, fkinners and glovers. 8. Clothiers, 
weavers, dyers, &:c, 9. Vidtuallers, butchers, &c. 

The city arms are pari per fes. vert, in the upper 
divifion ; three lions pafTant gaurdant in pale in the 
lower three row-galleys or. Crefl:, a lion rampant 

holding 



ao6 Natural and Civil Wjiory of 

holding the harp of Ireland, or, fupporters, a lioii 
and a dolphin ; the motto which they received from 
king Henry Vil. Urbs intada manet Waterford. 



CHAP. Vf, 

Of the Mountains and Bogs of this County. 

NOtwithdanding the greateft part of this county 
may be juftly reckoned mountainous, yet 
there are feveral obfervable elevations, which rife 
much higher than the reft, and of which it may be 
proper to make particular mention. 

The firfl I (hall take notice of, are the mountains 
of Cummeragh, which are a chain of rocky hills, 
beginning about three miles N. of Dungarvan, 
running N. E. for about eight miles, elbow away 
W. and end at no great diftance from the river 
Suir, near the W. extremity of Middlethird. The 
S. eminence of this ridge is called, by the Irifh, 
Crookane, probably, from Cruach, an heapj it 
Hands N. E. from the town of Dungarvan, at the 
diftance of three Englifti miles and three quarters* 
On the top of this pike, the mercury fell one 
inch three tenths ; which, according to Dr. 
Halley's account, gives 390 yards above the level 
of the fea. 

By keeping the range of the mountains from this 
pike, one proceeds to an high table land called, 
Monevullagh(i) which, by the barometer, appears 
to be about 500 yards above the level of the fea» 
The tops of this range, are deep and boggy ; pro- 
ceeding ftill to the N. this range rifes higher, till 
one arrives near the middle of their length. On 
the higheft land hereabouts, the mercury fell two 

inches 

(i) Monad-vailleadh ilgmfies the roating mountain, prc^- 
bably from the falls of water from its top. 



WATERFORD. 207 

inches four tenths, being about 720 yards perpen- 
dicular. On the fides of this ch^in, there are many 
horrid precipices, and fteep declivities, with large 
naked rocks, not only towards the tops, but alfo 
in mod of their other crags, till one defcends into 
the vallies, where confiderable chips, or parings, 
lie in prodigious heaps, confifting of ftones, inter- 
mixed with fand and gravel, and fometimes of 
large rocks, and broken fragments. Thus, in time, 
thefe mountains are wafted, no doubt, from their 
being expofed to the vafl: quantities of hail and 
fnow, which fall on them. 

On the fummits of moft of thefe mountains, are 
large heaps of ftones, many of a great fize, but of 
all the irregular ftiapes imaginable ; fuch heaps may 
be obferved on the tops of fome mountains, where 
there is fcarce a ftone to be feen for a great way, 
lying in as much confufion, as the ruins of a build- 
ing can be fuppofed to do j but there are no remains 
of mortar fticking to them. Some think, thefe rude 
heaps to have been the Ikeleton of the hill, expofed 
to view by rains, fnow, &c. but they lie in too much 
confufion to be fuch ; the moft probable opinion is, 
that thefe heaps are the remains of Speculae, or 
places for making fignals, by fires, for alarming 
the country, as occafion offered ; fuch as Virgil 
more than once mentions. 

' Dat Signum Specula Mifenus ab Aha. 

Eneid. Lib. 3. v. 2^g. 
And again, 

HancSuperinSpecuhsjSummoqueinverticeMontis. 

Lib. XL V. 526.. 

Livy (2) in his account of the war between 
Sulpitius the proconful, and Philip, which he copied 

almoft 

(2) Lib. 28. No. 5. Edit. GrutexL 



2o8 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

almoil verbatim from Polybius, takes notice of the 
ufefalnefs of thefe kind of fignals, and gives us this 
account of them. 

Philippus, ut ad omnes hoftium, motus Podet 
Ocurrere, in Phocidem atque Eub(sam & Pepare- 
thum mittit, qui loca alta ehgerent, unde editi 
ignes apparerent: Ipfe in Tilfeo (mons eft in alti- 
tudinem ingentem cacuminis editi) Specuiam pofuit, 
ut ignibus procul fublatis, fignum, ubi quid moli- 
rentur holies, Momento teraporis acciperet. 

Whether thefe watch-places were eredled by the 
ancient irifh before the invafion of the Danes, or 
by thefe later people, is uncertain ; but it is well 
known, that the Danes made ufe of them, both 
here and in England, to communicate intelligences, 
of invafions or the like, in a few hours through the 
kingdom. 

In thefe mountains are four confiderable loughs, 
two of which are called, by the Irifh, Cumme- 
loughs, and the other two, Stilloges, the largeft of 
which contains about five or fix acres. In thefe 
loughs, are feveral kinds of trout ; and in the 
former, are a fpecies of fiQi, called charrs, about 
two feet long, the male grey, and the femiale yellow 
bellied ; Vv'hen boiled, the flefh of thefe charrs is 
as red and curdy as a falmon, and eats more 
delicious than any trout. It is remarkable, that 
this kind of fifh is often found in fuch lakes, fituated 
in moiintainous places, as we learn from Dr. 
Robinfon's Nat. Kiil. of Weftmorland and Cum- 
berland (3j. 

In the Stilloges, are a black hungry trora, called 
by the name of the lough, which are very indif- 
ferent food. 

About thofe lakes, are very fine echoes, where a 
finde difcharge of a piece, will feem like a volley of 

fmall 
(3) P. 6q. 



W A T E R F O R D. 209 

^mall armSj which is again anfwered from the adja- 
cent hills ; and this circumdance is moft remarkable 
on the largefl: Jough, the banks of which are fojid 
rock, high and fteep, and therefore proper to create 
and multiply an echo. 

Mr. Addifon (4) mentions a lake on the top of 
mount Cenis, between Turin and Geneva, fomewhat 
refembling thofe of Cummeragh. He remarks, 
that the inhabitants thereabouts pretend it is un- 
fathomable ; and he queflions not but the waters of 
it fill up a deep valley before they come to a level 
with the furface of the plain ; he adds, that it is 
well (locked with trouts^ The Iriih report the fame 
of moff of thefe mountain loughs. I founded one 
of them with fixty fathom of twine, yet did not 
reach the bottom. 

Though the chain of thefe mountains proceeds 
from S. to N. yet the range of each particular hill 
has its ends E. and W. they are rather vafb confufed 
cluders, than regularly ranged, as mountains are. 
In fome places, they meet in angles, while others 
belly out toward the middle, and enclofe horrid pre- 
cipices, called glinns ; and this irregularity caufes 
thofe deep lakes above-mentioned. 

Among another ridge of high mountains, which 
divide the N. W. part of this county from that of 
Tipperary, is the mountain of Knockmeledown. 

From the Black-water river, you proceed north- 
wards, for about four miles, by a gradual afcenr, 
till you arrive at the foot of this great mole, the 
eafieft accefs to the top is on the W. fide, up vvhich 
one miay make a ilirft to ride. On the S. TidQ it is 
lleeper, and almoft perpendicular towards the N. 
Stones row led down this fide, from the top, run 
with an amazing rapidity, till they reach the bottom ; 
and if they meet with a rock in their pailage, they 
% to pieces. By this kind of diverfion, we unbar- 

bo u red 
(4) Travels, p. ^^42. 

p ' ■ 



2 1 o Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

boured a ftag, which ]ay concealed at the bottom.. 
Half way upon the S. fide, the mountain bellies.out, 
like a vail buttrefs, which feems to fupport the mon- 
firous cone at top. The fummit of the mountain is 
a pretty fharp ridge, of no great length, compofed 
of loofe iiones, covered with heath. The mercury 
fell here exadlly three inches lower than at the level 
of the Black-water river, which, according to Dr. 
Halley, by allowing 30 yards or go feet to an 
inch, gives 900 yards for its perpendicular height, 
or 2700 feet; or if, as fome allow 32 yards to a 
tenth, it will be 60 yards higher, or about 29 yards 
lower, than the mountain of Slieve-Donard, in the 
county of Down (5). 

A piece well loaded, made no great report on the 
top of this mountain ; the rarihcation of the air, and 
the expanfe every way, making the noife much lefs 
than it would be in the lower grounds, as we after- 
wards found it (6). 

From the top of this mountain, is a mod agreeable 
and extenfive profpedl. One fees the delightful 
plains of the county of Tipperary, extending thirty 
miles to the N. the rock of Cafhel, fifteen miles 
. difcant, is very vifible, with the cathedral ; a large 
tracfl of the Suir, is feen for fom.e miles ; the Com- 
meragh mountains obftrudt the view to the N. E. and 
the Galtees to the N. W. To the S. E. the view is 
open, affording a profped of the ocean, the harbour 

and 

(5} When \.\\t(t experiments are made, care fliould be taken 
to note at what heigiit the mercury Hands in the tube on the 
plain ; for upon my mealuring the fame height m.ore than once, 
I was furprifed to find a very confiderable difference , and when 
the mercury flood high, viz. at about thirty inches, it feJl more 
in proportion than when it flood lower. When this height was 
meafured, the mercury in the plain v/as at 29 inches; had it 
been lower, it vi^ould not have funk three inches at the top j and 
was it higher, it would have fallen more, as I have found by 
repeated trials ; which I mention, as not having met elfewhere 
with thefe remarks. 

(6) Yid. Vaienius Gsogr. lib. i. cap. 19. prop. ult. 



WATERFORD. 211 

fend town of Dungarvan, and all the pleafant vale 
extending W. from it to the Black- water ; more S. 
you fee the open of Youghal harbour, and a large 
tract of the fea-coafi: towards that of Cork. The 
river Black- water is feen for many miles. Here is 
alfo a profpedl of Lifmore, and many feats, farm- 
houfes, &c. Having defcended the mountain on 
the W. fide, we came to a road, called the Devil's- 
caufeway, fo named from its ruggednefs ; a mile 
N. whereof, there is a Jake, called Beal-lough, 
which, though in the county of Tipperary part of 
thefe mountains, being fo near, curiofity led us to 
take a view of it. It is of an oval form, furrounded 
on the S. fide by an high hill, in the form of an 
amphitheatre, and very fleep. 

This lake may contain about fix acres, is very 
deep, of a black colour, occafioned by the tindlure 
of the turfy foil on which it lies. It is flored with 
a black trout, of a middle fize, but not pleafant to 
eat. Oppofite to the concave of the mountain, a . • 
piece being difcharged, went off v/ith a clap like 
thunder^ and v^'as again re-echoed from the adjacent 
rocks, by feveral repetitions, which died away, at 
laft, into a noife, refembling that of the waves of the 
ocean. At one end of the lough, there feems to 
have been a channel intended to be cut, in order to 
drain it, to which purpofe the IriQi relate a ilory ; 
but the attempt mifcarried, probably the great depth 
hindering its being drained. The Romans often 
drained fuch lakes as thefe, and hev/ed out a paffage 
for them to fome neighbouring river; the draining 
of the Fucinus, by the emperor Claudian, is a well 
known piece of hiftory. 

As moil hills abound with minerals, one may 
judge from the chalybeate fprings, v/hich ilTue out 
of thefe, that they afford iron. Thefe hills run £. 
and W. as Mr. Ray has long fiace obferved moft 
of the ridges and chains of lofty mountains do • the 

P 2 tops 



ZIZ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

tops of them divide the counties of Waterford and 
Tipperary. 

Having mentioned the higher eminences of this 
county, it would be needlefs to defcend to the other 
inferior hills, which are almoft every where difperfed 
through it. I (lia!l therefore proceed to the fecond 
article, viz. that of the bogs of this county. 
Bogs. What we call bogs, are the fame as the Loca 

Paluftria, or Paludes, to which the ancient Gauls, 
Germans and Britains retired, when beaten by the 
Romans, as abp. King takes notice; and he juftiy 
attributes the true caufes of bogs to the want of in- 
duilry. 

Bogs (he tells us) have great inconveniencies, as 
the rendering ufelefs great tradls which might be 
meadows, and our eveneft plains ; they keep people 
£fr.nder, and confequently hinder them in their 
affairs. They are a great deftrudlion to cattle, who 
often fall into the pits, and are ioft. They have af- 
forded fhelter to rogues, &c. The fogs and vapours 
(7) which arife from them, defile the air; the over- 
flowing of the bog- holes, fpoils the adjacent rivers, 
and probably hurts the fifh. The advantages of 
them, which he alfo reckons up, are, iil. By them 
the natives were preferved from the conquefls of 
the Englifh. ad. They fupply a great part of the 
kingdom with firing; he lays, he has feen turf 

charked 

(7) As the turf pits are ufually tilled with rains, theftagnat- 
ing v.'aters being feated, v/irh the bituminous fubftance ot the 
earth, emits un^'holelome vapours, and would be of iliconfe- 
quence, were it not that moft of our bogs are liiuated on high 
grounds, and in nnountainy places; fo that the gentleft breeze 
of wind bruihes off the noxious exhalations, which renders 
thefc places more healthy than they would otherwife be. When 
thefe hills were formerly thick fet with trees, the country muft 
have been weiy unwhoieionie; becaufe they hindered the dif- 
perfion of thefe thick (learns, and added a quantity of moid ex- 
halations of their own j and when this kingdom was formerly 
th'ck planted with woods; fiuxes, and fuch like endemical di- 
feafc'S, weie much more ripe than at prefent. 



WATERFORD. 213 

charked (8) ; then adds, it ferves to work iron, and 
accounts it to be the fweetefl: fire that can be 
ufed in a chamber. 3d. He takes notice that bogs 
preferve things flrangely, and gives many inflances 
of it ; as leather, butter, and timber, which 
were long preferved in them. Birch and alder, 
though very fubjed to rot, have been found entire 
in them (9). 

In the bog of Crofs, in the parifh of Kil-St. Ni» 
cholas, there is a large quantity of fubterraneous 
timber, moflly fir and oak ; and the latter is tinged 
exceeding black, occaiioned, no doubt, by the vi- 
triolic juices of the earth, of affinity to common 
copperas, which changes the oak, as it does ink- 
galls, into this colour. In this bog, are feveral vitri- 
olic fprings. 

The loofe earth of this bog is furprifingly in« 
flammable, a fpark, from a pipe, having fet the ground 
on fire for feveral yards round ; another fpark, 
being again fcattered at a di (lance, fet fire where it 
fell, and fpread very faft. This inflammable quality 
is only in one triangular fpot, being about half 
an acre, which is not fo low as the other parts of 
the bog. 

Moft bogs may be made profitable land by drain- 
ing, the methods of doing which would be needlefs 
to repeat, being given us by many authors, among 
others, the reader is referred to the Weekly Eilays of 
the Dublin fociety ^ Rye's Confiderationson Agricul- 
P 3 ture ; 

(8) Mr, Boyle, in his ufefulnefs of natural philofophy, faysj 
that in Holland they have a way of charking peat, (which is a 
combuftible turf) which they dig under ground; and a flcilful 
dilliller commended it to him as a good fevvel in chymical fires. 
(Eirays 5. chap. 7,). If this material would anfwer, inflead of 
charcoal, in the making of iron, the dilcovery might be of 
great ufe. 

(9) For feveral curiofities relating to fubterraneous timbsr, 
I refer the reader to Mr. Evelyn's Sylva? B. 2, chap. 3. and to 
Dr. Merret's Pinax. 



Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

ture ; and fir William Dugdale*s Hiftory of imbank"- 
ing, and draining fens and marilies (lo). 

Such land as has a turfy fod, and will neither 
bring barley, or other grain ; it is advifeable to graff 
up the turf fods and burn them ; afterwards to fet 
potatoes on the fpread afhes, which trench fo deep, 
as to bring up fufficient mould and clay to cover them, 
and to mix with the remaining turf unburned, to 
rcake mouM hereafter. Ground, fo ordered, will 
bring a crop of good potatoes, and afterwards a 
crop of oats, if the potatoes be fet in January, or 
the beginning of February, and are of the kidney 
Idnd, they may be dug out in July, or the begin- 
ning of Auguft, and turnip feed may be then fov/nj 
which will be fit to pull and clear off the ground, 
by the time they plow it for oats ; fo that in a year 
and a half, there maybe had three crops out of this 
fort of land, which, in its own nature, was not 
worth a fhilling, and, in fome places, not fix-pence 
an acre. If the potatoes be dug in September or 
0<^ober, turnip feed then fown, will be fit for the 
pafture of fheep or black cattle, till the time of 
plowing for oats, which, in fuch fort of land, will 
be bed in March. 

It may be objedled, that if the inland parts of 
this kingdom, having fuch ground, fhould run much 
into this potatoe culture, that our maarkets would 
be glutted with them. In anfwer to which I v/ould 
offer, that the main defign is to alter the nature of 
fuch landsj and make them arable ; and it is im» 

poiTible 

(lo) To prevent the drains, or trenches, from filling up» 
Dr Plot gives the following method in his hiftory of Oxford- 
fhire, chap. x. §. 82. An ingenious countryman having dug 
his trenches about three fttt deep, and two feet broad, he 
firft laid at the bottom, green black thorn buflies, and on 
them a ftratum of large round ftones, fuch as would not lie 
clofe, and over thefe another layer of black thorn, and upon 
thern ftraw to keep the dirt from falling in between ; by which 
meanshe kept his trenches open, and procured fo conftant a 
drain, that the land foon funk eighteen inches, and becam^ 
f.rm enough to fupport carriages. 



W A T E R F O R D. 215 

poflible there can be a glut, when hogs are fattened 
with potatoes, which pork is excellent in its kind, 
will afford a good price, and is eafily brought to 
market; and that without this management, fuch 
lands cannot be made arable. 

Allow the charge of burning and graffing to be 
twelve pence an acre, the oat crop defrays all the 
expence, and the others are clear gain. When the 
oat crop is off, nothing ought to be done to the 
land, except the owner would fow it again with 
turnips, till the May following, then he ought to 
fallow it, and to manure it with fand or lime, and 
fow it with wheat in Augud, not venturing to flay 
till September, for then wet weather beginning to 
fet in, would make fuch grounds too poachy. This 
kind of culture, Mr. Rye informs us, was but 
lately known in the county of Cork; and as it is 
yet a ftranger in this and mod of the other counties 
of this kingdom, in v/hich this kind of land much 
abounds, it v/as thought neceiTary to inculcate it 
here. 

Marfh earth, as Mr. Evelyn obferves (11), though 
of all others the moll churlifh, a little after it is 
firfl dug and dried, may be, with labour and ex- 
pofure, brought to an excellent temper; for it 
being no other than the produd of rich fume, and 
the fediment of land waters, which are ufually fat, 
as alfo the rotting of fcdge, and the fpray of trees, 
become, when converted into mould, a very profi- 
table foil. Befides thefe materials, mofi: of our 
bogs are com^Dofed of a congeries of mofs, which 
this kingdom abounds with. The turf-holes, in a 
fhort time, grow up with it again, which, by flop- 
ping the fprings, contributes greatly to the thicken- 
ing the fcurf in moft bogs. Dr. Plot fays (12), that 
thefe ilringy roots, that make up the fubtlance of 
turf, never flourifh above ground ; from whence 
P 4 he 

(11) Phil. Difc. on Earth, p. 4. 

(12) Hiftory of Stair. Chap. III. § 14, 



2 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

he imagines, that there are many fubterraneous 
plants not noticed; and adds, that in the N. of 
England, the pits grow up with this mofs again in 
Vvventy or thirty years time (13), 

CHAP, VIL 

Some Hints relating to Agriculture. 

A R T H, as almofl every one knows, is a 

conipofition of gravel, fand and clay. Clay, 

without fand or gravel to open it, is unfit for the 

produdlion of vegetables; and fo are mere grave! 

and fand v/ithout clay. 

Salts may, by opening clay, fupply the place of 
fand or gravel. 

Thus, clay, gravel, fand and falts, are to each 
other proper manures, as their proportions vary ^ 
clay being as proper for fand, as fand is for clay. 

Agreeable to this, is the pradlice of manuring 
v/ith fand, fea-fliells, lime, fait, afhes, &c. 

The 

(!3) That the growth of bogs is very quick, appears from a 
relation of the fanie author, in his Natural Hiftory of Stafford- 
fhire, where he tells us of a parcel of timber, cut down near 
Bifbop's-caftle, in the county of Salop, by fir Robert Howard, 
in the late civil wars ; which, being neglected by reafon of 
the war, in fix years rime, was half overgrown : though by 
the vvay, fays he, it mull be noted, that fuch a weighty body 
as timber, finks more in proportion the firft years, than they 
do after. But it is probable, from another iniiance, that thofe 
mcfks do not rife above an inch in a year, from a lump of 
coins of Edward i V. (fnppoied to be loft in a purfe, which rot- 
ted away) taken up in fuch a mofs, in Yorklhire, eighteen feet 
deep, which, being about 200 years, this mofs grew about a 
root in eleven years, ?, e. about an inch per annum, and a half 
proxime. This calculation, if it be true, may give fome hint 
towards gueffing the time, that horns and other materials lie 
buried ; but 1 do imagine bogs grow much fafter than one inch 
per annum in foaie places, having k^n a tobacco-pipe at Cur- 
raghmore, which was found buried feveral feet deep, but 
could not have lain there many years ; ic being not veiy long 
fiiice their firft ufe in this kingdom. 



WATERFORD. ai7 

The propereft fort of fand for manure, is that 
taken up on the fea-coafls; which is a connpofition 
of fea-liiells, feveral kinds of flones, divided into 
frnall grains, as parts of lime- (lone, fparrs, free- 
ftone, rag-Hone, flints, &c. all which generally 
lying promifcuoufly together on the fea-fhores, have 
their fides fo rubbed again ft each other, by the 
rolling of the waves, that they are confcantly pro- 
ducing what we call fand. 

Sand abounds with more of that kind of ftone, 
of which the adjacent promontories are formed, or 
which moft abounds on the fpot. Thus it differs 
in its qualities in feveral bays ; and, upon trial, all 
fea-fand is not found equally good for the improve- 
ment of land. In Dungarvan harbour, the fand is 
of a light grey colour, and weighty ; the greater 
part of its compofition, are particles of lime-ftone, 
the fand affording lime by calcination, with a mix- 
ture of Mic;s or glittering particles, which, upon 
wafhing off the lime, were found to be grains of 
fparr, or tranfparent flint ; and thefe, as well as 
the lime ftone particles, have their ufe in improving 
land. 

The fand of Youghal harbour, is of a reddifh 
colour, and not fo much prized as the former; the 
adjacent rocks being of the fame colour as the fand, 
i.e. a brown grit or free-flone, lighter than that of 
Dungarvan, and confifts of but a few fhining par- 
ticles. What may alfo contribute to the leffening 
the value of it, is its being taken up near the mouth 
of the Black-water river, which may wafh off its 
fairs, and render it frelher than the other (i). 

Sand 

([) Dr. Cox, in the Philofophical Tranfaflions, gives us an 
account of the methods ufed in Cornwall and Devonfhire, of 
manuring with fea-fand, together with a delcription of the fe- 
veral kinds of fea-fands taken up on the coaiis ; as at Plymouth, 
a bluiih fand J near Scilly and the Land's-end, white and glit- 
tering. On the N. fea, about Padilow, and E. towards Lundy, 
jhe fand is rich and of a brown red colour, compofed nioftly 

of 



%i i Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

Sand jufl drained from the fait- water, (o that it 
can be conveniently carried, is better than that 
which lies long expofed to the weather; for the 
rain hurts it by walliing away its falts ; but our 
country people generally let it lie in heaps a confi- 
derable time before they remove it, in order to have 
it dry, and confequently the lefs weighty for car- 
riage. The common expence of a lighter load of 
this fand is a crown, befides the charge of bringing 
it up the country upon horfes. Dr. Cox tells us, 
that, in England, they lay out about 300 facks of 
fand on a Cornidi acre, which is about a twelfth 
larger than oar ftatute acre, and maybe about 275 
facks to our acre, each fack being generally about 
an horfe load. Gervais Markham in his farewel 
to hufbandry, allows fixty or eighty buHiels to an 
acre. One remark made in this country is, that the 

farther 



of broken cockle-fiislls. He alfo mentions a difference of the 
grain in che fatiie harbour, as in Plymouth the larger grained, 
which, becaufe it remains longeft in the ground, he fays, 
is bell for the landlord j but the fmallefi for xh^ tenant, who 
only til's for ''our years, becaufe it works fooner, and yields 
a fpeedy reiurn. 

In Falmouth haven, he mentions a fort of fand, or rather 
coralline, (I fuppofe from its red colour, which it may have 
from a great number of fmall (hells, whofe infides were red, 
and may be had in plenty on our Ihores, by naturalifts called 
Concha; Corallins) v^hich lies a foot deep under the ooze, and 
being removed, is taken up by a dredge. Of all thefe diffe- 
rent kinds, he fays, the reddi/h is the bed, next the blue, 
then the v;hite, and that taken up from under the falt-wafer, 
either by dredges, or being left open by the ebbing of the 
tide, bell of all. 

Mr. Rye alfo recommends the large grained ihelly-fand, 
which, he fays, is nsuch efleemed by the hufbandinen of 
Ibarun and E. Carbery, in the county of Cork, and gives us 
fome particulars of its great fuccefs. Probably, this fand con- 
fills of a great quantity of fea-lhells, mixed with lime-flone, 
which every one knows are of the fame nature. For the 
goodnefs of thefe iLells in manure, I refer the teader to arch- 
bilhop King's difcourfe on that fubjefl, publidied in the Phi- 
lofophic-il Tranfa6tions, and in the appendix to Boaie's Natu= 
ral Hiilory of Ireland. 



W A T E R F O R D. 

farther it is carried from the fea, the lefs quantity 
ferves in proportion, and that land near the coaft 
requires much more. Pure fandy foils are not fre- 
quent in this kingdom ; but if there be fuch, a 
mixture of clay is certainly the properefl manure : 
for an account of which, I refer the reader to 
Lowthorp's abridgment of the Philofophical Tranf- 
adions, vol 2. page 781. §. 76, 77, as given by 
Mr. White and Dr. Lifter. 

Scarcity of hme-flone in many parts of the coun- 
try, or elfe the great and frequent ufe of fea-fand, 
has, in a manner, quite laid afide this other method 
of improvement. The little lime that is burnt 
with us for manure, is made in large round furze 
kilns, with one door; and for other ufes, generally 
in fmall round running kilns, Vv^ith culm. As turf 
is plenty in moil parts of this county, the turf-kilns 
for burning great quantities of lime for manure are 
preferable to any other. The barony of Muilcery, 
and other parts in the county of Cork, exceed mod 
other places of Ireland in the great quantity of lime- 
flone burnt there, and in the number of kilns. 
The ftrufture of thefe kilns is fo very eafy, that the 
common labourers in that county fet down their kilns 
and burn them, without the help of a mafon. 

Marl is but little known among us ; yet much 
of it might be had in mod bogs, fituated near lime- 
ftone ground ; and fome has been already difcover- 
ed in this county, in a few places mentioned in 
Chap. III. In the gardens of Lifmore, an excellent 
kind has been found. This manure was firfl faid 
to be introduced by the Romans into Britain, is of 
excellent ufe for moil foHs, and of feveral colours, 
as white, grey, blue, red, &c. It is preferved, 
according as it is more or lefs apt to diiTolve after 
wetting i and as it ferments more or lefs ilrongly 
with acids. But few marls difcover their virtues 

the 



ti$ 



2ZO Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

the firfl year (2), When it is rich and undious, 
it is advifeable to apply it the lefs copioufly; for 
the too thick covering is the worfl extreme. 

Before I proceed to the different kinds of culture, 
it may be requifite to fay fomewhat of the burning 
of land ; which, by a late adt of parliamei^t, the 
legiflature has, in fome meafure, prohibited. 

The chief objedions ufed againft this pracftice are 
thefe following, which 1 find collecled to my hand, 
by the late archbifhop King, in his difcourfe on 
manuring lands, in the North, by fea-fhells. ift. 
He fays, it defiles the air, and caufes wind and rain. 
z^'i'j^ It is not pradlicable in a w^et fummer. ^dly. 

It 



(2) Pliny informs us (Mat. Hid. lib. 17. cap. 8 ) that marie 
does not always anfwer expedation the firft year, which may 
perhaps difcourage the hufbandman ; but he ftil! ought to wait 
till the next feafon, and to make frequent trials of divers pro* 
portions of it, at a'l feafons of the year, with different kinds 
of grain, upon all forts of foil, till the moR: receffary and 
fuitable circumftsnces be found out; fo fhall he attain to a 
knowledge beyond the expectation, or perhaps imitation of his 
neighbours, 

Agricola fays, Quanto qusque marga eft pinguior, tanto, 
magis ea, pinguefcunt arva, quo durior, eo plures annos du- 
rat antequam folvatur. Dr. Plot, in his hiftory of StaffordfliirCj 
cap. III. §. 22. fays, that in fome places in that county, they 
have hard, ftony, flaty forts of marl, which muft be dug with 
pick and crow, it rifing fometioies in great ftones, as much as 
two men can load ; of which fort there is white, red, and blue; 
they are all, though very hard, diffolvable with eafe, with the 
weather, like lime ; and, in a fhort time, fpread well upon 
the ground. Thefe forts the huibandmen prefer to the clayey 
marls, which, upon long tillage, bind and ftiffen their lands; 
whereas thofe loofen the ftiffeft clay, and make it yield better 
grafs than otherwife it would. Thefe fpending themfelves gra- 
dually, lad longer in the ground, though the others probably 
fatten it fooner. 

This fort of hard marl, is found in the barony of Fermoy, 
in the county of Cork, called there by the name of rotten 
iime-ftone, and is an excellent manure. Somev/hat of this 
kind I have met with in the weflern parts of this county, 
where it it is alfo ufed. But I have lately feen a moft excel- 
lent fort, almoft as white as lime, in the pariilj of Tubrid, 
in the county of Tipperary, between that place and Aidfinane. 



W A T E R F O R D. 221 

It defcroys the Tap of the earth and roots of the 
grafs, and all other vegetables ; and laflly, renders 
it ufelefs for feveral years after the third in which it 
is plowed. To thefe it is anfwered, the fmoak of 
great cities equally defile the air, but cannot be 
laid afide. As to the fecond objedion, there are 
only few fummers but a diligent hufbandman may 
burn his peat. As to its deftroying the Tap of the 
earth and roots of the grafs, this is the defign of 
burning, for he talks here of reducing heath and 
bog. Sour grafs, andcoarfe fmall fedge, will have 
their nature altered by the fire; and the beft method 
of changing the nature of the heathy mountain, is 
to grafFit up by the roots and burn it, which will 
afford a quantity of lixivious fait, fufficient to open 
and meliorate the foil. As to his laft objedion, of 
rendering the land many years ufelefs after the 
third, it is anfwered, that it is not fo much the 
burning of the land, but the working the heart of 
it out that produces that efFed of flerility. Inftead 
of burning, his grace recommends the pradice of 
manuring with fhells ; but this, although it is very 
good, yet it cannot be ufed on land but within twelve 
miles of water-carriage ; fo that for all inland parts 
further off, the countryman muft have recourfe to 
burning his heathy and boggy ground ; and more 
efpecially, if marl or lime-flone are not to be had 
within that diflance. 

To this pradice of burning, it is we owe the 
taking in of a great trad of our heathy and boggy 
mountains in this country; but it mufl be confeffed, 
that in lower grounds, and where the manures are 
to be had at a reafonable diitance, the pradice ought 
not to be allowed. The bed, cheapeft, and eafiefl 
method of burning ground, is to raife the ground up 
with a plow ; then the workmen have no farther 
trouble than to lift up the fore part of the fod with 
the graffer, the fides of it having been firft cut with 
thepio7/: thus all coarfe, rough, molly and heathy 

grounds, 



222 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

grounds, may be burned. Every field carries \ti 
own manure for that time ; but more than two 
crops ought not to be taken off; and the next year 
to fallow, manure the ground, and fo leave it in 
heart. By this pradice, the countryman will do 
juflice to himfelf and his landlord ; and it feems 
jufl, that a perfon, who quits his farm in a ruined 
condition, Ihould be branded, by law, with igno- 
miny. 

The fuccefs of this method, as in mod other 
cafes, depends upon the judgment and difcretion 
of the hufbandman. It muft be a, piece of indif- 
cretion, v/hen the farmer cuts up and burns fods, 
which are one or two thirds of the foil ; for then 
befides the confumption of the ground, he forced 
too great a quantity of falts for the prefent, and 
flarves the remaining crops. But when he only 
fhaves off the upper fward, taking up no more of 
the foil than what the roots of unprofitable vege- 
tables flick in, and then provides a fufScient quan- 
tity of furze, briars, &c. to burn with the fods, he, 
in this manner, doubly improves his land, by clear- 
ing his paflure, and manuring his fallows. Thus 
fan burning feems not fo bad. But when they 
over-do the thing, by reducing the fods to perfect 
afhes, whereby miuch of the falts are wafled, this is 
not the de/iCTH of burning; • but to clear the land of 
rubbifh, to expel the redundant humours, and pre- 
pare wet tough clay for breaking and fpreading, 
and to make it more light and tradable with ma- 
nure, which before, becaufe of its cold and clammy 
quality, it could not incorporate with. Another 
fault, is the making the heaps too large ; thus the 
middle will be overdone, while the outfide is fcarce 
v/armed through ; befides, this caufes an unequal ferti- 
lity ; for thefe large fires cannot draw to them the 
juices of the contiguous earth ; thefe fpots, though 
pared ever fo low, have ftill the advantage of the 
refl of the ground j the truth of which, afterwards 

appears 



W A T E R F O R D. 22^ 

appears In the vifible inequality of the ranknefs and 
greennefs of the corn in thofe places, when it firft 
comes up : therefore, the fires ought to be as nu- 
merous as pofTible, whereby a m.ore equal fertility 
will follow, and the work be as foon done. Ano- 
ther miftake in this method, is the letting the heaps 
lie too long after they are burned, till heavy rains 
wa(h away tlieir falts. But the moft promifmg way 
is, to fpread them as foon as the hills are tolerably 
well burned, and to cover them with the other foil. 
The hot afhes will dellroy the vermin, and the feeds 
and tender roots of noxious plants. They will alfo 
warm the earth , and expel the barren juices ^ and 
therefore come with double advantage. 

But to draw this to a conclufion. Burned land is 
fo far from being quite ufelefs for many years, that 
it is known to throw up a confiderable coat of grafs 
the firft year after it is laid down ; and it is obferv- 
ed by perfons not a little curious in affairs of this 
nature, that this kind of grafs is better liked by 
cattle, and is found to be better, both for milk and 
flefh, than fields of the fame kinds of foil that have 
not felt the fire. 

I now proceed to fay fomething of the different 
kinds of culture of wheat, barley, oats, &c. 

Of all the feveral forts of wheat (3), thefe three \Yheat 
are principally recommended, viz. the white bald 

lam. mas, 

(3) In the choice of feed, Dr. Plot tells us (Hifl: of Staf- 
ford(hire, p. 347.) they naveadouble refpett, firft to the grain 
itfelf, and zdlj, to the land it grev/ on. As to the firft, they 
take but little care how fmall their feed wheat is, fo it be free 
from fmut and feeds : for as ftrong and fair feed degenerates 
into a poorer grain, fo on the contrary, the latter will produce 
that which is fair and full breafted ; nor do they matter how 
poor and hungry their land be, which affords the feed, though 
to be fown on their richeil foil, in general, they chufe corn 
for feed, that grew in land of a quite ditferent temper from 
that it is to be fown upon ; thus they chufe their feed barley, 
that is to be fown on their clay lands, from the fandy ; and i'o 
the contrary, fomeuojes the northern exchanging feeds with 

the 



224 Natural and Civil Eijiory of 

lammas, the red bald lammas, and the bearded 
wheat ; and this lafl particularly for cold moifl 
grounds, not that this grain delights in this kind of 
land, for it therein often degenerates into reyly. 
Wheat ought to be fown with us in Auguft", which 
is the practice of Germany and Flanders, where they 
generally end with the lird new moon in Odober (4). 
But with us, they rarely begin before that time. The 
old faying, which came originally from hot coun* 
tries, will prejudice the farmer, if he minds it, viz. 
fow wheat in the dirt, and rye in the dufl. This 
is proper for Spain and warm climates, where the 
rain does not fet in till the autumnal equinox; but 
in this country, we have rain at all feafons. In order 
to fow wheat in Auguft, we ought to make our 
fallov/ in Odtober or November before, that the 
winter's froll and fnow may meliorate the ground. 

He that defigns to fow wheat in the beginning of 
Auguft, muft firft have old feed (5) ; and fecondl}^ 
he muft foak it in brine, and lime it. This method 

prepares 

the fouthern parts of the county. For fhould they go on to 
fow, each his degenerated feed, it would (fays he) come at laft 
to be very bad corn. This is a method which feenris fo ra- 
tional, that it is to be wifhed it was pradlifed among us. 

(4) In Spain, Italy, and the iflands of the Mediterranean, 
they begin to fow wheat the firft new moon in September, and 
fo go on ; and end with the new moon in November. In Spain, 
land fown in September, was found to yield a better crop than, 
that which was fown in Odober ; and that in 0>flober, better 
than that in November ; which proves, that it is of more ad- 
vantage to fow it early than late. They have obferved alfo, 
that it is very profitable to fow \u. the new moon, becaufe it 
will (hoot forth and thrive the fooner. Abridg. of the Phil. 
Tranf v. 2. p. 741. by the earl of Sandvv'ich. 

(5) For feverai liquors and experiments for the foakmg of 
grain, I refer the reader to Houghton's collection. Sir Hugh 
Plat tells us of a poor countryman, who paffing over an arm 
of the fea, with his feed-corn in a fack, by mifchance at his 
landing fell into the water, and fo his corn being left there tili 
the ebb, became fomewhat brackift ; fuch was the necelfity 
of the man, that, notwiihftanding he was out of all hopes 
of any good fuccefs, yet not being able to buy any other, he 

fowed 



W A T E R F O R D. , zcig 

prepares it for fprouting, when the weather is dry, 
s^nd prevents fmut (6) ; a buihel and a half is fuf- 
iicient for an EngliHi acre ; for wheat Town fo early 
wilJ plant prodigioufly upon the lirft frofls, and 
would be too rank if fown thicker. Thus when 
the ground is mellow, the days long, and the cattle 
flrong, this work will be over, and will be reaped 
the feafon following in July, when the fun will make 
it hard, and lit for an early market ; whereas wheat 
fown in October, will not be ripe till the latter end 
of Augufl, when the great dews happen, which 
prevents its being hard, and iit for prefent ufe. It 
hath not time to be up in a planting flate when the 
frofts come, and will require two bufhels and an 
half to an acre. The days are fhort, and bad 
weather interrupts the courfe of the bufinefs, if 
fown in the beloved alihallowtide dark in November. 
The frofls often kill it in its time of fpring ; the 
countryman then upbraids the land and the weather, 
but not his own negled. Thefe rules may be laid 
down as maxims not to be changed. Lay lime or 
fand on the fod, fallow in Odober or November, 
drag in March, turn in May, and fow in the begin- 
ning of Auguil old feed, pickled and limed. When 
accidents happen, that wheat cannot be fown till the 
beginning of November, Mr. Rye advifes, to defer 
it till the beginning of January or February. If 
the frofty feafon threatens, provided the land has 

any 

fowed the fame upon his plowed grounds ; and in fine, he reap- ^ 
ed a crop of goodly wheat, fuch as in that year none of his 
neighbours had the like. PJat's Jewel-houfe of Art and Na- 
ture, Chap. 104. 

(6) In Oxfordfhire, Dr. Plot tells us, when their wheat is 
fmutty, they have a way of whipping it firft, and then threfli- 
ing it afterwards. Their manner of whipping, is fxroaking the 
corn, by a handful at a time, again ft a door, fe? on its tdgQ ; 
and when a (heaf is thus whipped, they bind it up again for the 
flail J by which means, though tedious, the fnmr-bags or bails, 
are preferved unbroken ; and by the ftrength of a good wind, 
and care in the raying, moft part of them may be gotten out, 
and the wh^at left clear. Hifl. of Oxf. Chap. ix. §. 107. 



p 



^z6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

any declination to the S. and S. W. he tells us, after 
the froft is pafl, he has feen wheat Town in January, 
upon graff ground, that was reaped the 20th of 
Augufr, and the grain good, though a backward 
fummer. 

The wheat brought into the haggard, ought to 
be put on flands, whofe feet (hould have caps of 
flone (7), to prevent rats and mice from deftroy- 

ing 

(7) It may be v/orthy of remark, that there is fcarce any 
thing which drives away rats and mice from a houfe or barn, 
more infallibly than laying birdlime in their haunts,: for though, 
in other refpe6ls, they are not over cleanly ; yet being very 
curious of their furr, if but daubed wich this ftufF, it is fo 
very troublefome to them, that they will even fcratch their 
fkins from their backs to get it off, efpecially rats, and though 
they do not deftroy themfelves on this account, yet they will 
never frequent a place where they have fuffered in this way. 

Mr. Jethro Tull in bis hufbandry (Chap. 1 1.) fays, that the 
beil way of keeping a great quantity of wheat is drying it. 
He tells us, when he lived at Oxford, one of his neighbours 
was very expert at this, having pradtifed it for a great part 
of his life. When u?heat was under three fhilHngs a bufhel, 
he bought in the markets as much of the middle fort of wheat 
as his money would reach to purchafe. His method was to 
dry it on a hair-cloth, on a malt kiln, with no other fewel 
than clean wheat flraw, never fuffering it to have any ftronger 
heat than that of the fun. The longeft time he ever let it re- 
main in this heat was twelve hours, and the fhorteft time about 
four hours ; the damper the wheat was, and the longer in- 
tended to be kept, themdre time it required to dry; but how 
to diftinguiih nicely the degrees of dampnefs, and the number 
of hours proper for its continuance upon the kiln, he faid, 
was an arc impoffible to be learned by any other method than 
by pra6lice. About tv/enty-three or twenty-four years ago, 
wheat being at 12s. a bulhel, he had in his granaries 5000 
quarters of dryed wheat, none of which coft him above 3s. 
a bu(hel. This dryed wheat was eileemed by the London 
bakers, to work better than any new wheat the market af- 
forded. His fpeculation, which put him upon this project, 
was, that 'twas oqly the fuperfluous moifture of the grain that 
caufed its corruption, and made it liable to be eaten by the 
wevil i and that when this moirlure was dried out, it might 
be kept fvveet and good for many years -, and that the effedl of 
all heat of the fame degree was the fame, whether of the ftraw 

or 



W A T E R F O R D, 227 

ing it, V'/hera' It may fafely remain to the March 
following, to be threihed out and delivered to the 
buyer. About 12s. a barrel is faid to be a faving 
price to the feller. 

Beer barley requires the richefl:, mellowed, and Beer 
dryefl foil. In a moifl foil, it is faid to degenerate birley^ 
into oats and reely (8). A (lifF land, except it be 
well meliorated by culture, is not good for it, the 
crop not coming fuant ; but fome parts will be 
green^ when the other parts will be ripe. It thrives 
befl in lirae-ftone land, next in grit-ftone land, as 
alfo red-fcone land, when dry and not fpringy, well 
cultivated and manured, will bring a crop of good 
beer barley. Potatoe ground, after one crop, is ex^ 
cellent for producing this grain ; alfo the ground 
of Iheep-v/alks ; but thefe are inconflderable in this 
county. 

The flifFer land mull be fowed from the middle 
of September to the middle of Ocfiober ; the lighter 
iiiellow foil, may be fown from that time to the 
middle of November ; but if froft fhould fet in, the 
remaining fowing may be delayed to the end of 
January. The potatoe ground may be fowed lafl 
of all. 

What is called Englifh barley (in order to didin- EnsHHi 
guifh it from beer barleyj and fmail barley) is a barley, 
tender plant, and cannot bear the frod. it has two 
tows of grains, and delights in a warm rich foil; 
but does not ripen, and turns oaty in cold grounds. 
It is more difficult to fave liere than in England . 
the grain having a thin ilcin is early penetrated by 
wet, whereby it fwells. If not well dryed, it heats, 
and changes rts colour. This grain^ though not 
0^2 cultivated 

or of the fun. As 1 proof, he would (hew that everv grain of 
his wheat would grow after having been kept (Qven years. 
Mr. Tuil adds, that he was a moftfmGere honell: yeoman, who, 
ffooi a rma!l fubitance he began with, left behind hitn about 
40,000!. the greateft part where(^f was acquired by the dryin| 
Djetliod, 

(8) Loliurn darnel, or ivray. > ' ' 



zzS Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

cultivated among us fo much as beer barley, is cer- 
tainly better for malt than it, which, having darnel 
generally mixed with it, is of fo intoxicating a na- 
ture, that its effeds feem as fudden as thofe from 
opium ; but in Englidi barley, no fuch grain is 
found. 
Sanall Small barley, Hordeum Diflichum Praecox, fo 

barlev. called by Dr. Plot; and in England, rath ripe bar- 
ley, from its early ripening -, it having been fown, 
and returned to the barn again in two months time ; 
and commonly in nine or ten weeks. 

It is originally a native of Parney, in Wiltfhire, 
where the foil, as the dodlor informs us, is of fo pe~ 
culiar a nature, that whatever other barley is fown 
there, it is turned into this fort; a feat, which, they 
fay, -no other land will perform. He adds, that in 
a few years, in 'Oxford (hire, it again degenerates 
into common barley. Nat. Hilt, of Oxf chap. vi. 
§.29. 

The conveniency of this grain is very confidera- 
ble in wet and backward fprings, and moid autumns, 
as was that of the year 1^44 ; for when many other 
ccuntries lofe their feafons ; and fome of the more 
northern ones, perhaps, their crop ; this may be 
fown the latter end of May, and will come to be 
ripe in the worfl of fummers. 
Oats. Among us, we have thofe different kinds of oats, 
viz. the com.mon white, which are fair to the eye, 
and coveted by feeders of horfes ; but rejeded by 
the experienced meal- man : for they have two very 
thick coats, that take up fo much fpace, as that 
the mealy grains are very fmall. The true Englifh 
black oat yields the moft flour, having very thin 
i"hells, and is the mofl profitable to the meal- man. 

The wild grey oat, being a poor hungry kind, 
is very common. Thofe have tails or fpires, and 
feem to be an oat degenerated from poverty of 
ground ; it being difficult to keep the black oat free 
from them. The white oat thrives well m light, 

hot, 



W A T E R F O R D. 2.29 

hot, gravelly land, that would not agree with the 
black oat ; which flourifhes beft in flifF wheat land; 
likewife in the cold red- (tone foils (of which, there is 
much in this county) inclining to moifture ; and on 
the tops of bleak hills, expofed to the rigid north. 
So that where neither wheat nor barley will thrive, 
oats, of this kind, will make plentiful returns. The 
culture of oats is fo well known, i need fay little of it. 

The potatoe is a bacciferous herb, with efculent Potatoes, 
roots, bearing winged leaves, and a bell-flower. 
They were originally brought out of Virginia, by fir 
Walter Raleigh, who, flopping in this kingdom, 
fome were planted here, where they have fince throve 
very well, and to good purpofe : for in the war time, 
when all the corn above ground was deftroyed, they 
fupported the people. From this kingdom, they 
were fent to Lancafhire, where they are very nu- 
merous, and began to gain ground in England. 
There are feveral kinds of this root known to us, 
viz. I. The kidney potatoe, yellow and white, fiat, 
and fhaped fomewhat like a kidney-bean, but longer 
in proportion. 2. The round white potatoe. 3. The 
yellow large potatoe, difbnguifhed in Dublin by the 
epithet of the yellow M under potatoe. 4. The 
round red; .and 5, the black and blue ikin potatoes. 
The flat kidney potatoes, are fown or fet in Ja- 
nuary or February, in order to have them ripe the 
earlier, viz. about the end of June; but if kt later, 
they come in alfo later in proportion. They do not 
bear keeping as the others will, and are never fent 
to diflant markets. The round white are generally 
fet with thefe, and are much of the fame nature. 
The yellow potatoe is peculiarly valuable for kiiep- 
ing moil' part of the following fummer. 

Thefe are the kind which are fent to Dublin, and^ 
in times of fcarcity, are a feafonable reh'ef to the 
poor. The round red is a good kind, and increafes 
much; but, with us, it is never cultivated by itielf, 
a few odd ones being generally thrown into the 
0^3 earth 



Natural and Civil Hijiory of 
earth by accident with the others. The black or 
blue fein potatoe, is but little cultivated here; but 
in fome places, in the counties of Cork and Tippe- 
rary, it is much efleenied, and is faid to afford the 
labourer a ftronger and more invigorating diet, than 
any of the others. 

All thefe different kinds are fubjedl to be deftroyT 

.. ed by hard frofts, not only in the ground, but in 
the houfe after they are dug. Some recommend 
their being buried in the ground fo deep, as that 
the froft cannot reach fo far • but the beft method 
feems to be, after they are timely dug out, viz. in 
Odober, to have them v,q\\ covered with draw or 
fern, and to keep fires burning near them during 
the continuance of the frofl. Notwithftanding ail 
thefe precautions, the great froft in the year 1 73^ 
made dreadful havock of them. 
rare. The ground being plowed or dug, the beds being 
iirfc marked cut, if the potatoes are very fmall, they 

. fet them whole ; or if large, they may be cut into 
many pieces, having an eye to each, and generally 
lay them about a foot or more afiinder, covering 
them with earth and the fods out of the trenches ^ 
and this is called the firfl coverings Then, with the 
plow or fpade, the earth is loofened in the trench, 
in order to be thrown on with (hovels at the fecond 
covering, which is done when they begin to fhoot 
above ground 5 and this they name trenching. Some- 
times a third covering is given, when they begin to 
furmount the fecond, v/hich is alfo dug out of the 
trench. The breadth of a bed is faid to be bed at 
iix feet; for then there will be a fufficient covering 
of earth on it. Fern roots rot potatoes; and in 
fummer it is requifite to weed" them out with other 
incumbrances. The bloiTom of the potatoes are 
fucceeded by a fruit, called the potatoe-apple, 
which, Vvhen ripe, fhews the potatoes are alfo come 
to maturity. They generally dig them quite out 
before the frofts fet in. 

Notwithftanding 



WATER FORD. 231 

Notwithflanding what fome perfons think to the 
contrary, the culture of potatoes is beneficial to this 
kingdom, and the merchant finds a profit in export- 
ing them to our garrifons of Port-Mahon and 
Gibraltar, and to other places. 

In this county they are much cultivated, as they 
deferve to be in other parts of the kingdom, where 
there are confiderable rrads of rough, moiTy and 
fpewy ground, neither fit for wheat or barley. Thofe 
roots lie fafe under ground from fcorchirig heats, 
and thrive bed in the greateil rain, and they are 
jurtly called under-ground granaries : For whenever 
our oats are deftroyed by high winds, as they were 
in the years 1728 and 1744, or our wheat harveft 
fpoiled by a moid cold fealon, thefe roots may be, 
and are, a certain relief. 

Having touched on the different kinds of culture, 
I (hall only mention one article much negleded 
among us, and that is, the fowing of grafs- feeds, 
which are a great improvement of land; and did 
pur farmers confider the great benefit arifing from 
it, they would furely, for their own profit, come 
more into diis advantageous method, for the ad- 
vantages of which, and the well ordering this piece 
of huibandry, i refer to Mr. Pierfon's trads on 
this fubjedt. 

I fhali conclude this chapter with a few words on 
the ufefulnefs of publick granaries, which, after the 
fcarcity of the years 1728 and 1729, the winter of 
the former and the fummer of the latter, the terrible 
didrefs of 1740, and the following years, can we 
make any doubt of the ufefulnefs of thefe pubjick 
flores, if properly and wifely regulated, as they 
feem to be the only remedy againfl: thofe calamities? 
Befides what has been urged by other late writers 
on that head, I fhali only remind, that all wife nations 
find their account in them ; the tvyclve companies of 
London, and fome other companies and private per- 
fons, had their granaries; a defcription of whigh 
0^4 may 



232 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

may be feen in the abridgement cf the Phil 
Tranfadtions, vol. IL p. 628. by Dr. Merrit. Corn 
has been kept in granaries 32 years, the longer it is 
kept, it affords the more flour, and in proportion 
to the quantity of corn, yields the better, and 
makes the purer and whiter bread, the fuperfluous 
moifture only evaporating. 

Dr. Pell, at a meeting of the Royal Society, men- 
tions, that they kept corn at Zurick, in Helvetia, 80 
years, where alfo may be feen, in the fame tranfac- 
tion, a defcription of the granaries of Dantzick, and 
thofe ufed in Mufcovy, which are made under 
ground, by digging a d^tD pit, in the fnape of a 
fugar-loaf, broad below, and narrow at the top, 
very clofely covered with flone, in v/hich they put 
their corn, being exceedingly well dryed, either by 
the fun or fire. Shall this kingdom alone want thefe 
convenient (lores, to fecure its people from the acci- 
dents of bad feafons, when even the northern 
Ruffians have them ? Ought we not to imitate the 
providential care of Holland, England, Poland, and 
other countries, rather than have again a renewal of 
thofe evils, which have been fo often feverely and 
extremely felt, more than once in a few years? and 
was it not for foreign fupplies, which, by the way, has 
drained us of our cafh, the confequences had been 
infinitely worfe. 



CHAP. VIII. 

Of the Rivers of this County^ their Rife^ Progrefs^ 
and Navigation, 

Suir-fir^HE river Suir, together with the Nore, rifes 
7iver. J^ out of a fpring, at the foot of BandufF moun- 
tain, in the county of Tipperary, where they imme- 
diately divide, the Suir taking a courfe S. W. of 
Cionecanny, about four miles from its head -^ from 

thence. 



WATERFORD. 

thence, proceeding due S. it pa fifes through Thurles, 
which is about ten miles from the former place, 
where it has a Hone- bridge, and begins to grow into 
a confiderable river. From whence, palling by 
Holy-crofs, where there is alfo another bridge, it 
proceeds towards Golden-bridge, about four miles 
from Thurles, leaving Cafhel on the E. At this 
place, there is alfo another bridge over it, having in 
its pafTage received feveral confiderable dreams, 
which increafe its appearance. It proceeds flill to 
Ardfinane, about ten miles from Golden-bridge, 
where it has alfo a fair bridge over it, with feveral 
arches. About a mile more to the S. it receives a 
fmali river, called Owan-tarr; after whichj taking 
an eafterly courfe for a fmall way, it begins to 
feparate the counties of Waterford and Tipperary, 
where it receives the river Nier from the former, 
which gives name to the barony of Glanehyry in 
this county. In this place, it winds off for about 
four miles to the N. and N, E, where paffing by 
Clonmel, it runs to the tov/n of Carrick, about eight 
miles from the former; at which places, are two 
well built fair bridges, of feveral arches, which give 
an immediate pafTage out of this county into that of 
Tipperary. At Carrick, towards the E. end of the 
town, are feveral large rocks in the river; and as 
they confifl: moftly of ftones, cemented together 
with lime-mortar, people imagine them to have been 
the ruins of an ancient bridge. Here this river be- 
gins to be navigable, for velfels of confiderable bur- 
den, down to the quay of Waterford, to which place, 
the river firfl winds S. eafterly for ten or twelve 
miles, and then proceeding N. for above a league 
(which laft turn is called the long-reach) it foon 
afhes the quay of that city. It will be needlefs to 
mention its further progrefs into the ocean, or its 
union with the Nore or Barrow, having touched on 
thefe matters in the tfiird chapter. The ufefulnefs 
m^ of this river to the city of Waterford, and to the 
UL^ ieverai. 

r 



233 



||mi 



2^4 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

feveral Inhabitants who live near its banks, need not 
be repeated. 
Nore- Having mentioned the Nore, although its pro- 
river, gj-efs through this county is only after its jundion 
with the former, I (hall fet down its coiirfe. 

It rifes together with the former, out of Banduff 
mountain, which is an high black mountain, to the N. 
of the Devil's- bit. After its feparation from the Suir, 
it runs down by Clonecanny, to the pafsof Curraga- 
peen, and is a very fmall brook till it com.es into the 
bog of Moonahinch, where it grows a little larger, 
and from thence to Burres in Oilory, which is about 
eight miles fi'om the head. From Burres, it comes 
tp Caftletown, three miles, to Abbyleix, three miles, 
to Ballyragget, five miles, where it is a good river, 
having, betv^een Abby leix and Ballyragget, received 
two rivers, viz, Grenaa river, and Durrow river, 
alias the Erkin. Two miles below Ballyragget, 
Frefhford river runs into it, and within three miles 
of Kilkenny, it receives the Dmein, as feven miles 
below that city, it does the river of Callen. From 
thence, paffing by Thomas-town and Inifteague, 
keeping a S. E. courfe for about fifteen miles below 
Kilkenny, after receiving feveral flreams, it unites 
with the river Barrow to the N. of New-Rofs; 
whence, pafTmg by that town, and keeping a fouthern 
courfe for about eight miles, they both unite with the 
Suir, oppofite to Ciieek-point. The progrefs of the 
Barrow, before its union with the Nore, more pro^ 
perly belongs to the defcription of the counties of 
Kildare, Carlow, or Wexford. I fhall therefore 
omit it here, becaufe a better account may be ex- 
peded from thofe places, than can be given at this • 
difcance (i). 

The 

(j) Varenius, in his fecond clafs of rivers, places the Rhine, 
the Elbe, the Euphrates, Tanais, &c. in his firt't clafs, the 
Nile, the Nyger, Danube, Obey, Ganges, &c. and in his third 
clafs, fuch liv-^ers as the Thames, or Severn in England. Con? 

fidering 



W A T E R F O R D. 235 

The Black-water, anciently the Avenmore, takes ^'ack- 
its rife in the county of Kerry, in the mountain of ^^^^'^' 
Sh'eve-loiigher, runs about forty miles an E. courfe 
before it enters this county, making but a fmall 
allowance for its turnings^ and holds the fame courfe 
about eight or nine miles further, till it changes to 
the fouth at Cappoquin in this county ^ from 
whence it runs almoft due S. for above ten miles 
into the ocean ; fo that its whole length may be 
juftly reckoned about fixty mjiles; but if all its 
windings were taken in, much more, and falls not 
much fhort of the Severn in England, if the 
difference between ours and the Englifh miles be 
aliov^ed for. During its courfe through the county of 
Cork, it receives feveral fmaller rivers, and, in this 
county, the river Bride empties itfelf into it ; boats 
and veiTels of confiderable burden, may fail up to 
Cappoquin, from the harbour of Youghal, and may 
there load and difcharge. Other Hat boats may run 
up much higher beyond the bounds of this county. 
Its depth is variable, in many places ; at the bridge 
of Cappoquin, it is above twelve feet at low-water. 
This river feems to be m.ore choaked up at prefent, 
and of a lefs depth, than formerly. Lord Orrery, 
in his letters, lately publifhed, fays, that it v/as, in 
his time, navigable up to Mallow, forty miles from 
its mouth, which it is not at prefent for boats of any 
tolerable burden. There are feveral trads of low 
and level grounds fpread along the fides of this river, 

which, 

fidering the tra6^ a river may pafs through in Ireland, the river 
Shannon nriay juftly rake place among thofe of bis fecond clafs; 
and the Suir. above its confluence with the Nore and Barrow, 
among thofe of the third ciafs ; thonah after thefe rivers fall 
into it, did it run for any conflderabie length before it reached 
the ocean, it might jutlly be placed in the fecond clafs: And 
our Black-water * famous in the time of Ptoiomy, might alfo 
claim a place in the third rank. Bernard Varenii Geog. 
General. Lib. i. cgp. i6. 

* Called alfo the Broad-water, and fometimes Nem, 



236 )sfatural and Civil Hijiory of 

which, in winter- time, become almofl ufelefs, by 
their being overflowed ; and in many places, they 
only produce, at bed, a rank and ibur grafs ; even 
the mofl valuable meadows are often injured by 
fummer floods; and if they be overflowed before 
they are mowed, the grafs is fanded, and not fit for 
cattle ; or if they Ibould be mowed when the flood 
comes down upon them, the grafs is fpoiled, in a 
great meafure, perhaps carried off the land, and the 
• produce of the ground, and the farmer's labour and 
expence, all lofl together. The only remedy, 
which feems to be for this inconveniency, is, by 
removing the obftrudions and iloppages in the river, 
and to widen its channels, befides which, Hoping 
banks might be raifed, in proper places, to confine 
the river, and fecure the land againfl an inundation. 
Sufficient direclions for the making of thefe kind 
ot works, may be met with in the Dublin Society's 
Weekly Obfervations, Numb, xviii. to which the 
reader is referred. But, on the other hand, inunda- 
tions are not always to be accounted hurtful ; for 
true it is, that the flirae fometimes depofited by the 
river, enriches the foil ; therefore it may be fome- 
times as proper to admit them, as, at other times, 
to exclude them. To this end, the farmer may fix 
one fiuice in that part of the bank where the river 
firfl comes on the land, and another in that part 
where the river leaves it, the firfl, to let in, and the 
other, to difcharge the water. The winter is the 
proper itdion for flooding low lands, and the 
beginning of a flood is dit befl time to let it in, when 
it is foul and muddy, a.:d, as it Hnes, depofits a rich 
ilime. equal to the bell manure ; that being done, 
the v/ater will foon clear, and then is the time to dif- 
charge it. If a flood lies long upon the ground, it 
will chill and fpoil the grafs ; but if it lies two or 
three days only, it will enrich the foil without doing 
any damao;e. 

In 



WATERFORD. ^37 

In fummer-iime, the country people near this 
river, when the water is low, between Cappoquin and 
Lifmore, gather up a fpecies of mufcles, of the 
larger kind, commonly called horfe-mufcles, in 
which, as I am well informed, a fmall kind of feed- 
pearl has been often found, and, now and then, a few 
of a larger fize. It is not fo much, it feems, either 
for the fake of the mufcle, or the thoughts of a 
pearl, that the fe people gather up thefe fifh, but for 
the fhells, which they ufe for fpoons. This fifh is 
the very fame as are defcribed in the hiftory of the 
county of Down (2), to which place, for a defcriptioa 
of the pearls, and a philofophical account of their 
produ<5tion, I refer the reader. 

The river Bride rifes in the barony of Barry more, Brfde- 
in the county of Cork, near a place called Glanpre- "^«^"- 
ban ; takes its courfe eafterly through this barony, 
and it is banked in for a confiderable way, as it runs 
through the bog of Kilcrea, where one may ride a 
mile on the bank of one beautiful canal, having 
woods on each lide of it. It then proceeds, in a 
ferpentine manner, through the barony of Kilnataloon, 
in the fame county. Here the tide flows, and, by 
that means, fea-fand can be brought up, and goods 
carried down, in flat-bottom boats to Youghal. 
From its rife to its entrance into this county, without 
allowing for the windings, which are remarkably 
very many, is about fourteen Iriih miles, and about 
four more to its mouth, v/here it falls into the 
Black- water. From the hill over Slat- wood, near 
Tallow, this river has a very beautiful appearance 
from its ferpentine meanders, which, though naturalj 
have ail the exadl regularity of art. 

From the mountains of Cummeragh proceed Other 
feveral rivers,, which, not having a fufficient trad of "vers, 
land to run through between the foot of thefe moun- 
tains and the fea, they cannot airive at any thing 

confiderable. 

(^}.P. 146. 



238 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

confiderable. The river Tay takes its rife In thofe 
mountains, and running through the parillies of 
Kih'offinta and Stradbally, a S. S. E. courfe of (tvtn 
or eight miles, empties itfelf into the ocean, at a 
cove below Woodhoufe. This river is, in time 
of floods, deep and rapi(^, and over it, on the high* 
road leading from Dungarvan to Waterford, at 
Foxe's-caftle, is a ftone bridge, and another at 
Woodhoufe. In this river, are good trouts, both 
yellow and white. At its exit into the fea, it forms 
a litde harbour or bay, ufeful to the country-man 
for the taking up of fea-fand. 

The river Mahon (3) alfo rifes in the fame moun- 
tain, fomewhat to the W. of the former, and in 
its defcent from the mountain, forms an agreeable 
cafcade. This river empties itfelf, after a courfe of 
feven or eight miles, into the ocean, at a place called 
Bun-mahon bay ; it has one ftone bridge over it at 
Kilmac-thomas, is well ftored with feveral kinds 
of trout, and fome falmon. 

From the fam.e mountains, rifes another river, 
called the Nier, which, running W. for about five 
miles, difcharges itfelf into the Suir, at its entrance 
into this county, as already mentioned. This fmall 
river has an hand fome bridge over it at Four-mile- 
water, fo called from its being at that diftance from 
Clonniel. 

There are feveral other leffer rivers in this county, 
as the Phinifk, which rifes near the N, vV. bounds 

of 



(3) Dr. Plot, in his Nat, Hid. of StafF. (Cap. II. §. 78.) 
fays, he finds among the remarks of the hon, Mr. Boyle, who, 
traverfing this maricime county of V/aterford, faw a aiountain, 
from whofe higher parts there ran precipitoufly, a pretty broad 
river, that, within two or three years, broke forth, without 
any manifeft caufe, froni a great bog, that had been immemo- 
rially at the top of the mountain, and hath fupph'ed the country 
with a river ever fince. I do believe, from the defcription, 
that this mufl; have been the river above mentioned, the fall of 
the water being very confpicuous from the high-road leading 
to Waterford. 



WATERFORD. S39 

of the county, at Ballynamult ; and, after a courfe 
of fix or feven nniles, enipties itfelf into the Black- 
water, to the N. of Drumana. 

The Bricky takes its rife near Clonkardine, not a 
mile's diflance from the courfe of the former river, 
and empties itfelf into the bay of Dungarvan, after 
a courfe of about five miles ; the fea flowing up into 
this little river at fpring tide, makes it navigable for 
a fhort way; but were the former river turned into 
it, this might, at a fmall expence, be made navigable, 
almoft from Dungarvan to the Black- water well- 
wards. Another great advantage which might enfue, 
would be the making the whole harbour of Dungarvan 
much the better ; for thefe rivers being reunited, 
would foon form a confiderable channel, which is, 
at prefent, but very fmall. Though in dry weather, 
this little river is very inconfiderable, yet in rains, it 
is much increafed, by a great number of fmall 
ftreams, which fall from the range of hills lying to 
the S. of it. 

The Licky takes its rife in the mountains of 
Slieve-grine, between Dungarvan and Youghal, and 
empties itfelf into the Black-water, near Clafnmore; 
though its courfe is but fhort, yet, in time of floods, 
k is confiderably large and rapid. 

Among thefe rivers, which take their rife from the 
mountains of Cum.meragh, I fhoald have m.entioned 
the Clodugh, which runsN. E. from thefe mountains, 
and palfing by Clonea, where it has a bridge over it, 
runs by Curraghmore, and fo into the Suir. This 
little river is alfo remarkable for the fime kind of 
pearl-mufcles as are above-mentioned. 

Of navigable rivers in this country, for very large 
veffels, there may be between thirty and forty miles, 
including only the Black-water and the Suir, but 
for flats, near four times as much. The chief and 
principal ufe of the fea and rivers, is certainly for 
the eafy carriage of commodities; for a chaldron 
of fea-coal, for example (as is fhev/n in a difcourfe 

read 



240 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

read before the Royal Society, anno 1675) may be 
brought 300 miles for four fliillings, which is in 
weight 3300 pounds ; but the land-carriage of this, 
by waggon, would be about 15 1. viz. feventy-five 
times as much, and on horfeback, about an hundred 
times as much. 

The falmon fifhery of the Suir, though a very 
large river, is^ut inconfiderable, but on the Black- 
water, and particularly at Lifmore, it is very great. 



CHAP. IX. 

Of the medicinal Waters hitherto difcovered in this 
County^ with an Analyjis of them, 

WE underfland by the general acceptation of 
the words mineral water, fome water im- 
pregnated with a fpecific virtue, arifing from its 
being mixed with a mineral fubflance, through 
whofe ftrata or beds it has paiTed. Of thefe, there 
are feveral kinds, as chalybeate, vitriolic, aluminous, 
faline, nitrous, fulphureous, and calcarious. 

The principal waters hitherto taken notice of in 
this county, are either of the chalybeate (i) or vitrio- 
lic kind ; of which I fnall give a fummary, and 
diftinc^ account, in two fhort fedions. 
§ I. Of the Chalybeates. 
I. The Clonmel fpaw, is a pretty flrong chaly- 
beate water, as appears by its keeping good near a 
year in bottles ; and being brought to Dublin, re- 
tained its tinging quality with galls. It fprings 

out 

(j) Some may objefl again (l this diftinfllon between chaly- 
beate and vitriolic waters, becaufe an acid fait diffolving the 
metallic particles, feems alfo to be cfTential to the conftitution 
of the foVmer ; but, befides that their diftintlion is fupported 
by the authority of Baccius, &c. the greater predominancy of 
the acid fait in thofe I call the vitriolic, the diftin6l colour 
they ftrike with galls, and, what is more than all this, their 
different virtues, feem to juftify this diftin<^ion, 



WATERFORD. H^ 

out of the fide of a rifing ground, over which hangs 
a pretty fleep hiJJ, on the county of Waterford fide 
of the Suir. It affords a thick fcum, particularly in 
the morning, being yellow and white. It has been 
drank, not only in cachectic cafes, but alfo for the 
fcurvy, and other chronic diforders, by numbers of 
perfbns, many of whom have received confiderable 
benefit by it; and its operation have been found 
moftly diuretic. Six pints of this water were ex- 
haled in Dublin, by a mild heat, the operation 
being performed in not lefs than the fpace of forty- 
eight hours J it yielded, of a dark brown ochreous 
powder, feven grains, which, without calcination, 
was attraded by the magnet ; a further evidence of 
the flrength of the impregnating principles. 

In the water feafon, a few years ago, this place 
was thronged with company, in order to take the 
benefit of this fpaw ; but of late it is lefs frequented, 
moft of our fafhionable water-drinkers making 
choice of the waters of Mallow or Bally fpellan, few 
confidering, that thefe waters, though excellent in 
their kind, are of a quite different nature. Such 
who intend to drink mineral vyaters for the recovery 
of their healths, ought to confult an able phyfician 
in the choice of what water is proper for their 
refpedtive complaints. 

In the mountains between Dungarvan and Yough^ 
al, is ^ chalybeate water, ifTuing out of a rifing 
ground, or the left hand of the road, near a plap^ 
called the iron mines. Three or four more chalybeate 
fprings rife near the fame place -, but this, that I now 
mention, is the moft impregnated : It is of a ftrong 
ferruginous tafte, and on the fpot tinges a deep pur- 
ple with galls ; but when brought to Dungarvan, 
loft fomewhat of its tinging quality, ftriking then a 
more dilute and pale colour. A quart of this water, 
being flowly evaporated, afforded near three grains 
of an ochrey fediment, of a dark brown colour ; 
much of this ochrey matter lie$ in and about the 
R wells. 



242 Natural and Civil H'lftofj of 

wells, infomuch that about half a drachm of it was 
colleded, and being dried and calcined, turned 
reddifh, and was confiderably attracted by the 
magnet. This water has not been very long taken 
notice of; fo that except one gentleman who drank 
it in a fcorbutic cafe, and who found much benefit 
by it, its operation being chiefly diuretic, I could 
not learn that it v/as drank by any other perfon ; yet, 
as this water may be juflly ranked among the 
chalybeates of the firft clafs, and if accurately faved 
would undoubtedly bear carnage todiftant places, it 
would be very well worth fending for in the cool of 
the morning, as is the pradice of other gentlemen in 
places iituated near fuch waters, and where fimple 
chalybeates, fuch as Tunbridge, Aftrop, &c. are 
prefcribed, it might be drank with the fame ad- 



vantages. 



The water of Two-mile bridge, within that dif- 
tance of the town of Dungarvan, is a chalybeate 
fpaw, which differs from the former in its being of 
a weaker degree, and tinges on the fpot only a light 
purple with galls. A quart of this water afforded 
two grains of an extratt upon evaporation, being 
firft filtered before the operation was performed, in 
order to clear it from forne ochrey particles, which 
were obxcrved to float in it. At another time, a 
quart of this water, upon evaporation, afforded three 
grains of extract; but haying been taken up very 
clear, it was not filtered. Some perfons who drank 
of it lafl fumnier, found it very diuretic ; and one or 
two, who drank of it in a large quantity, it purged. 
The different earths that lay near and about this 
fpring were, ift, a reddifh kind of flate, of a fofc 
texture, and of this the rifing ground above the 
fpring feemed to be chiefly compofed. ad. At the 
bottom of the well, there was much ochrey matter, 
as alfo a thick film of various colours, fuch as a prifm 
affords, is generally floating on the water, efpecially 

in 



W A T E R F O R D. 

in the morning before it is difturbed ; this film has a 
flrong fmack of the iron. 

About midway between Lifmoreand Cappoquln, 
at Ballygallane, is another light chalybeate water, 
which tinges of a light purple with galls, but does 
not retain this tinging quality for any confiderable 
time, letting fall its ochre in two or three days. 
This water has been found to be diuretic, to fit 
light upon the ftomach, and to create an appetite. 

Between the mountain of Knockmeledown and 
Lifmore, there is another light chalybeate water, near 
a ford, in the little river Oon-a-fhad, called Aghna- 
fack, and in thefe mountains feverai other fprings of 
the fame kind. 

The water of Kilmeadan, breaks out in the high- 
road, a little to the W. of it, between two rifmg 
grounds, out of a fmall fpring, which, in a few yards, 
trickles into a little brook that crolTes the road, it is 
a light chalybeate ; at the fpring, affords a tolerable 
good tindure with galls, and being tranfmitted to 
Waterford, retained its tinging quality, though not 
in fo great a degree. Some of this water being fent 
to Dublin, eleven days after it was taken up, Itruck 
a pink colour with galls, fo that it may juftly deferve 
a place among the chalybeates of the fecond clafs. 
The operation of it is diuretic ; about fifty feven years 
ago, it was very much in vogue, and prefcribed^ 
with good fuccefs, in feverai cafes. Moft of our 
chalybeates feem to have fomething very volatile in 
their nature, which they lofe by carriage, even in a 
very few hours ; for which reafon, thefe waters arc 
drank in the greatell perfedion at the fountain head. 
This is what gives the German fpaws fo much the 
advantage over ours; but perhaps there may be 
fomething very ufefui in thefe volatile kinds of 
waters (if one may fo call them) which the others 
may not have, and which the patient may reap a 
greater benefit from, by. drinking them at the 
R ?, fountain 



«44 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

fountain head, than the German fpaws, which are 
fent at fo great a diflance, will afford ; and it is 
reafonable to imagine that, though even thefe latter 
retain both their ftrength and their tinging property 
a long time, yet that they alfo lofe much of their 
brilknefs and adivity, which they have at the 
fountain head. 

Thefe four laft chalybeate waters, though but 
nightly impregnated with the chalybeate principles, 
are not, on that account, to be defpifed ; but, in many 
delicate habits, where a larger proportion of the 
mineral cannot be borne, they are adlually found to 
be preferable to other flronger waters. 

The experienced praditioner well knows, that, in 
fome cafes, even the German fpaw proves too harfh 
and irritating; and that thefe weaker chalybeates 
have often been happily fubflituted in their room. 

It is not to be expe&ed, that there fliould be op-= 
portunity for reciting hiftories of cafes, wherein thefe 
waters, fituated in fuch remote places, have been 
ufed ; but fince mod of our Englifli and Irifli chaly- 
beates differ in nothing but the greater or lefier pro- 
portion of mineral they contain, and whereever they 
have been tried, appear to have the fame genera! 
efFeds, as there is no room to doubt but thefe alfo 
have, it fhall fuffice to refer, for a comparifon of 
both the general principles, and general virtues of 
thefe, and all others like them, and of the German 
fpaws to chap. ix. § i. of the ancient and prefcnt 
ftate of the county of Down, where this matter is 
more minutely handled. 

I fhali only add, that many of our chalybeates, if 
carefully corked and waxed, and put into new 
bottles, bear carriage, and keep very well a long 
time, as do the above-mentioned at the Iron Mines, 
and feveral others. 

§ 2. Of the vitriolic kind we have thefe fol- 



lowing. 



About 



W A T E R F O R D. 

About midway between Clonmel and Cappoquin, 
in the parifh of ModelligOj is a mineral water, which 
is limpid, of an acid auftere tafte, like a weak 
folution of white vitriol. Being taken up and tranf- 
mitted to Dublin, it kept fweet above fix weeks, 
though it was fent by fea. The refult of Dr. Rut- 
ty's obfervations, compared with my own, upon 
this water, are as follows. It precipitated a brown 
and green fediment, with a folution of fait of tartar, 
and with fp. of fal armoniac, even as happens to a 
weak folution of Englifh vitriol, mixed with the 
fame alkalis. At the well, it turned of a pale blue 
with galls, which, though it in a great meafure loft 
when brought to Dungarvan, and in a few days 
began to turn ropy, yet fome of it being afterward 
tranfmitted to Dublin as aforefaid, it exhibited a 
pretty intenfe blue with galls, and was fweet and 
limpid, a difference, that may be poffibly accounted 
for by the water recovering its fait at fea, and by the 
difference of the galls ufed in the feveral experi- 
ments; as may alfo another variety in the refult of 
the analyfis made of it in the country and in Dublin, 
be alfo probably folved, by the different circum- 
ftances attending the operation. For whereas, with 
me, a quart of it, upon evaporation, yielded but 
five grains of fediment; the doctor aforefaid aifures 
me, he obtained, in a broad brown earthen veikly 
by a flow fire, twelve grains of fediment from the 
fame quantity. This extradt plainly fhewed its 
vitriolic nature, by the tafte, and by its folution 
turning blue with galls, fo that it is undoubtedly a 
folution of native vitriol, and, in all refpedls, like 
the following one from Crofs. To which agree 
fome cafual experiments made on it by country 
people, fome of whom it vomited, and made others 
extremely fick. Such a water, however, in the hands 
of the iear^ied, may be a very ufeful medicine, and 
R 3 the 



246 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

tbe rather, as it is but fparingly impregnated, and 
is adlually found, upon comparifon with the hygro- 
meter, to be hghter than common diftilled water. 
Some further iliuflration of its virtues will be given 
in the following water. 

The waters of Crofs arife out of a great number 
of different fprings, all lituated on the verge of a 
bog, called Crofs- bog, in the parifh of Kill-St.-Ni- 
cholas, about half way between Waterford and Paf- 
fage. Thefe waters, by their tafte, by their affording 
a fine blue tindure with an infufion of galls, by 
their appearance with alkalis, and laftly, by the 
refiduum they afford upon evaporation, Ihew them- 
felves evidently to be no other than a folution of 
Dative vitriol, perfedly refembling the lafl men- 
tioned waters; and fome fpecimens of thefe yielded 
alfo the fame quantity of contents. To the S. E. 
of the feverai fprings, is a rifmg ground, from 
whence they fiow ^ the bog extends a confiderable 
way to the N. and though there are many fprings 
which lie below thefe that are impregnated, yet 
they have not the leafl fmack of the mineral tafte. 
The ground about the fprings, although fown feverai 
times, yet the corn never came to perfedlion ; 
befides, it feems quite bare of any other vegetables. 
The foil feem.ed to be no other than dry turffy 
mould, mixed with the brokenpiecesof bog timber, 
and the rotted fprays of nees. Near the fprings, I 
took notice of a whitilh kind of clay, which had a 
rough iixivious tafte, but did not ferment with acids. 
This earth lies below the turfy foil. 

Lail feafon, this water wasufed by the fex, both in 
the iluor aibus and fuppreflion of the catamenia, and 
many received confiderable benefit by its ufe. That 
it may be M^\y taken internally, is certain, from a 
cafual, but fuccefsful, experiment of its effed, in 
curing the jaundice, vn one Robert Newton, a 
victuaiier, in Waterford : He attributed his diforder 

to 



W A T E R F O R D. 247 

to fatigues and hard riding, having, for fome time, 
loft his appetite, fo that he took little folid food, and 
fell away ; he drank a pint of this v/ater every day 
for fifteen days fucceffively, and found no other 
effedt from it than its proving llrongly diuretic, 
and its removing all the fymptoms of his diforder ; 
he grew at leaft four inches thicker after his re- 
covery, eat and drank heartily, and faid he never 
was better in his life ; it is twenty nine years fince 
he drank this water. 

Thefe waters have been kept, in the city of 
Waterford, above a year, without any feniible 
diminution of their qualities. 



C H A P. X. 

An Hydrographical Defer iption of the Harbours^ 
Creeks^ Bays^ Roads^ IJlandSy Points and Head- 
lands^ on the Co aft of this County j and other 
matters relative to the fame. 

TH E whole fea coaft of this county extends, of the 
allovv'ing for the curvature, about twelve coail in 
leagues, and may be reckoned, for the mofl: part, an general. 
embayed fhore ^ the tower of Hooke, or point on 
which it flands, forms the eaftern extremity, and 
Ardmore head, the weftern extremity of this large 
bay. But as this bay is not deep, there is no great 
danger of veffels being embayed in it ; for a Imall 
flant of wind will bring them out, fo as to clear the 
headlands either way. Nor do the currents fet fo 
ftrong as in the Offing. On the coaft, they run from 
half ebb to the next half flood, about fix hours to 
the weft ward, and from half flood to half ebb, the 
currents fet other fix hours to the eaftward, but in 
the Offing, clear of the headlands, the current runs 
R 4 three 



248 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

three or four hours later than near the coaft, and 
with a much greater force and rapidity, which is 
increafed or diminifhed proportionably, according to 
the moon's age, and as the wind happens to fit on this 
or that point of the compafs. The ground in the 
bay above defcribed, is moftly clean and fandy, and 
the tides and currents being of no great force, is the 
reafon why this coafl has been, time out of mind, 
remarkable for a good fifhing coaft. 

?^h 1 d Mariners take notice of feveral remarkable high 
^ ^" lands on their approach to this coafl ; the chief of 
which are thofe called by them, the high lands of 
Dungarvan, and thofe of Cappoquin. Thefe moun- 
tains are feen feveral leagyes at fea, particularly the 
high lands of Cappoquin, called Knock-mele-down, 
and the Cumeraghs, fliled in the common charts 
Killgobonet hills. Befide thefe, mariners obfervc 
the high mountain of Slineman, when they fail on 
the eaftern coaft of this county, off the harbour of 
Waterford, which mountain lies in the county of 
Tipperary. Alfo, about mid-way between Dun- 
garvan and Youghal, mariners notice another re- 
markable high land, called, in the charts, Sleivegrine, 
but when feen at a great diftance, is but low land 
in comparifon of the former. 
Land- When Knockmeledown, or the high lands of 
marks. Cappoquin, (which confift of what the feamen call 
three exceeding high hammocks) appear at fea 
bearing N. N. W. and fhips fail right in with it, 
they v^ii) then fall in with the harbour of Dungarvan ; 
when it bears N. and fhips fall in with the coaft, 
they then come into Youghal harbour. Being 
N. N. E. they then fall in with Cork, but when it 
is N. W. and fo run in, they fall in with the har- 
bour of Waterford. 

In giving a particular defcription of the fea coafts, 
I fhail begin with the harbour of Waterford, as that 
county is bounded on the E. by the W, fide of this 

harbour, 



W A T E R F O R D. ^49 

harbour, (hall then proceed wefterly, and finidi at 
that of Youghal. 

Waterford harbour lies about eight leagues to theWaterford 
W. of the S. E. point of Ireland -, its eaftern (hore harbour, 
is the county of Wexford, on which fide it will be 
requifite to mention fome particulars relative to this 
harbour. 

At the extremity of the eaflern point of this Hooka 
bour, ftands an excellent light houfe, called Hooke- tower, 
tower, and, by fome, the tower of Waterford. 
This is a very ancient building, and is above lo© 
feet high ; it has been only of late years ufed as a 
light-houfe, and, it is faid, this tower fubfifted in 
the time of Strongbow, who landed not far from it ; 
there arc the remains of a fort, about four miles to 
the N. E. called Strongbow-fort. On this point, aa 
E. by N. and a W. by S. moon, makes high water 
on the full and change days, and the tides ordinarily 
flow about thirteen feet. 

The falling of the flreams of the tower, and the 
E. and W. coaft adjacent in offing, is governed by 
an E. S. E. and a W. N. W. moon, on the full and 
change days, and the current fets E. N. E. and 
W. N. W. alternately ; the rule is v/hen at Water- 
ford city, where, on faid days, an K. and W. moon 
makes high water, 'tis half ebb and fo to half flood, 
which is fuppofed fix hours, the current fets to the 
weftward, and from half flood to half ebb, the cur- 
rent fets other fix hours to the eaflward, which 
ought to be well confidered by mariners frequent- 
ing thefe feas and harbours. Hooke- tower, by 
obfervations made with a good aftronomical quad- 
rant, is in lat. 52^. z north, and longitude W. 
from London 7^ 15'. the latter being determined 
by obfervations made on the folar and lunar eclipfes. 
The variation of the magnetical needle, in the year 
1738, was 14.^. 15'. wefteriy, but is fmce near id'^, 
as I myfelf have experienced. 

The 



250 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

The point on which the tower ftands is low, but 
the tower is an excellent mark to diftinguifh this 
harbour by, and may be feen at a great diftance in 
clear weather. 

Slade bay. About a mile to the N. E. of the tower, is a bay, 
called Slade-bay, which is foul ground. The beft 
anchoring place in it is found,, by bringing the pier- 
head and caftle in one, oppofite to a ftone wall, ex- 
tended to the fea-fhore, then there is in about five 
fathom water clear fandy ground. An E. by N. and 
W. by S. moon, makes high water on full and change 
days; and in the pier it then ordinarily flows 
thirteen feet. This pier is of great ufe to diftrefTed 
mariners and others, and was founded at the private 
charge of the late ingenious Mr. Mansfield, who 
carried on a confiderable falt-work here ; but the pier 
is, at pre fen t, in a flate of decay, though worthy of 
improvement and repair. 
Credan- Xhe breadth of the entrance of Waterford har- 
^^ • bour, from Hooke- tower to Red-head, is exadly 
two Englilli miles and a half, and lies in at firft 
N. N. E. Credan-head lies about a league up fi-om 
what I call the entrance of the harbour; it is pretty 
high, and runs elbov/ing out from the W. fide of 
the harbour about a mile, forming a fmall bay on its 
S. fide, which takes its name from the head. This 
bay is a good road in northerly winds, and great 
frefhes of the river, and in it, near the land, there 
are from twenty to thirty feet water, though the 
author of the Atlas Maritimus places a fhoal here, 
where there is no fuch thing. 

Dunmore Dunmore or Whitehoufe-bay, lies about two 

hoilfebr" ^i^^s to the S. S. E. or without Credan-head. In 
its mouth there are about eighteen feet water. This 
bay is only frequented by boats. The common 
charts exprefs it to be within fide of Credan-head ; 
but this error has been rectified by Mr. Doyle in his 
chart of this harbour. From Credan-head to the 
oppofite fhore, it is fcarce two miles over. 

To 



waterford; 251 

To fail up this harbour, the courfe is from ^pw to 
Credan-head to Duncannon-fort, which is, by the ^^^"P . 
common compafs, N. N. E. but the true courfe is N, harbour, 
eaflerly 8^. 15'. The fpit and Bally ftraw-ftrand, a 
.dangerous and hard fhoal, lying about two miles 
N. N. E. from Credan, is carefully to be avoided ■ 
as alio Drumroe bank, which lies on the oppofite fide 
of the harbour to Dunc?Tr:;on-fort. Of late, two 
Ian thorns are kept conftantly lighted at the fort, 
which are a good mark, at night, to fleer by from 
Credan-head. Right under the point of the fort, 
are thirty feet water, and in the middle of the 
channel, oppofite to the fort fifty four feet. This is 
the narrowefl part of the channel, it being here not 
above a quarter of an Englifh mile over to Drumroe 
bank. 

The marks for finding out the narrowefl part 
of the channel, according to Mr. Doyle (whofe 
accurate map was confulted on this occafion, and 
out of which many particulars are taken relating to 
the defcription of this harbour) is to bring the late 
Mr. Hogan's houle on the Vv^eftern fide, and Newtown 
trees to bear in one. The lead going you will have 
from 48 to 60 and ijz feet water, in what is properly 
called the eafl channel The channel, which is 
improperly termed the W. channel, is by no means 
practicable, nor is it advifeabie for mariners, even 
at flowing water, with veflfels of confideration, to 
attempt failing over Drumroe bank. On the N. 
point of this bank, a perch is fet up, which is a good 
mark to avoid it^ and having palled it, veffels arrive 
at PalTage, where there is good anchoring, as there is 
almofl in all parts of this harbour. 

In palling from Credan-head towards Duncannon- The Bar. 
fort, veffels fail over the bar, which is a very narrow 
ridge of loofe fhingles, fcarce as broad as a good 
fhip's length, it extends in a right line, from the 
weftern ftrand, which lies about an Englifh mile to 
N. of Credan-head E, N. E. to the eaflern or oppofite 

Ihore ', 



25 a Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

rtiore ; on which narrow ridge, there ar6 about 
thirteen feet water at the lowed Tpring tides. It 
has been known, that on the full and change days^ 
flrong northerly winds prevailing, there have been 
lefs than thirteen feet water even upon the eaftern 
fide, by fome accounted the decpefl; but foutherly 
winds proportionably increafe the depth of the water; 
and, in calm weather, on the faid days, there are 
twenty-fix feet water at high tide ; which is fuffi- 
cient for veffels of great burden. On the bar, it is 
high water forty- five minutes fooner than at the city, 
an E. and W. moon making high water at the latter 
on full and change days* 
Conflu- Two Englifh miles above Paffage, the river of 
enceofthe Rbfs, which confifts of the Nore and Barrow united, 
3 rivers. f^j|g j^^j.^ j.|^g g^jj,^ ^5 j^^g ht^n mentioned in the 

eighth chapter. Thefe rivers have been fometimes 
called the three filters. Rivers, which by their 
far-extended and navigable branches, excellently 
difpofe the city of Waterford for an advantageous 
trade; and its quay is not inferior to the befl in 
Europe, as has been already remarked. In failing 
up the river, a fhoal is to be avoided, called Seed V 
bank, which lies off by a caftle about midway, op- 
pofite to the fhore between Paffage and Cheek-point ; 
but this is eafily prevented, by only taking care to 
keep the lead a going. 
Duncan- Duncannon-fort lies on the county of Wexford 
non-fort, fj^ie of the harbour, oppofite to the narrowed part 
of the channel ; and being well mounted with can- 
non, commands the harbour, and is a great fecu- 
rity to the city. 
Tramorc- Tramore-bay lies about four Englifh miles to the 
bay. W. of the harbour of Waterford, between which 
there is an out point, called Swines-head, with a 
ledge of rocks running out from it. From this point 
to the E. head of Tramore-bay, the land forms a 
kind of bay, v/hich Mr. Doyle, in his chart, names 
Aland*s-bay, (as 'tis fuppofed, in compliment to the 

right 



W A T E R F O R D. ^55 

right honourable fir John Fortefcue Aland, then 
judge of his raajefty's court of common pleas in 
England, a benefadtor to Mr. Doyle's chart.) In 
this bay, are feveral fmall coves, the names of 
which he fets down, but of no great ufe or fignifi- 
cancy. This fhore is fteep and rocky. 

The E. entrance of Tramore-bay is founded by Horflep- 
Horflepor Brownftown-head, and the W. by Great head, &c, 
Newtown head, thefe heads being fomewhat above 
two Englifh miles afunder. This bay is infamous 
for fhipwrecks, and ought to be carefully avoided. 
When Hooke-tower could notbefeen in hazy weather, 
it has been millaken for the harbour of Waterford, 
to the lofs of many veffels. The wind blowing hard 
from S. S. E. to S. S. W. tumbles in a heavy fea ; 
which, joined to a great indraught towards that part 
of this bay, called Rhinefhark-harbour, into which 
the tide fets with great force and velocity, makes it 
almoft impoffible for embayed (hips to weather the 
heads ; and. the ground being, for the mod part, on 
the E. and W. fides, as almofl over the whole bay, 
foul and rocky, cables are frequently cut. In this 
extremity, fuch as cannot obtain Rhinefhark, ought, 
if they poffibly can, endeavour to run on fhore, near 
the neck or narrowed part pf the iflhmus of Tra- 
more, or from the middle of the ifthmus towards 
its neck weilerly ; but the nearer to the neck towards 
Tramore town the better, where, on a loofe llony 
beach, the water flows to a great height ; by this 
means, both men and goods have been faved. Be- 
tween the middle of the iflhmus to the eaflern point, 
it is all fandy ground ; the tide is long approaching 
the fhore, and there flows very little ; and fhips are 
therefore involved in the midft of great and terrible 
breakers, fo that the men are feldom faved. 

Rhinefhark-harbour^ lies on the E. fide of this Rising. " 
dangerous bay ; the tide here flows exadly the fame fliark-har- 
as at Waterford bar, both as to time and heighth bour. 
of water. The eafiern fhore is to be kept very clofe 

on 



§54 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

on board, and being near the bar point, fail over tbe 
bar rod^, where, at the lovvefl ebb, in fprings, there 
are two feet water ; it is flat and about fifty feet 
long : this mud: be done to avoid the fpit, which is 
a fhifting fand, but never incommodes the channel. 
Carefully by the lead going keep the channel, which 
the foundings will diredl. At loweft ebb in fprings, 
this channel has from three to nine feet water; and 
at low water on either fide the fhore, is deep from 
bafa tiera inwards, which is about three: quarters of 
an Englilli mile up, where you may anchor with 
fafety, or run afliore at pleafure. Mr. Doyle's ac- 
curate chart, will be a good pilot to the diftrelfed 
mariner in this dangerous bay, asalfo in the harbour 
of Waterford, but goes no farther. 
Several From Great-Newtown head, the coaft runs nearly 

Bays. due W. for about two leagues to Whiting-head, 
between which it is all an iron coafl, except a few 
fmali bays of little note, as Don-Ifle-bay, Kilmurine- 
bay, Donbrattin-bay, &:c. of little ufe, and there- 
fore not noticed in any former chart. 

Bon-Mahon-bay, is formed by the river Mahon 
' difcharging itfelf here, which river has been already 
Whiting- mentioned. Near to this bay, is Whiting-head, 
head. which is pretty high and fleep. To the weflward 
of this head, about forty yards from the fhore, is a 
mofl flupendous rock, near a place called Temple- 
brick, on which a great number of fhags and other 
wild fowl breed. This rock is fquare, having a 
flat furface on the top, and may be about lOO feet 
high, and is, though craggy, almofl: perpendicular 
on all fides ; notv/ithfl anding which, fome adven- 
turous fellows hereabouts, make no great difficulty 
of climbing up to the top, in order to take the young 
fea-fowl, which is almofl: as bold a feat as that 
mentioned, of the fame kind, by Mr. Cotton, in 
his wonders of the peak in Derbyfhire. 

At an inconfiderable diftance from the fhore, 
about midway between Great-New town-head and 

Whiting-head, 



W A T E R F O R D. 255 

Whi ting-head, are the three fmall ifles of Icane, 
formerly mentioned, on which great numbers of 
fea-fbwl breed ; and they are over-grown with a rank 
kind of grafs, but no cattle are ever fet to feed on 
it. Some plants, which are obferved to grow on 
them, are mentioned in the 15th chapter. 

From Whiting-head to Baliyvoil-head, about a BallyvoH- 
league and a half, the coaft ftill continus high and head. 
rocky. About midway between thefe heads, lies 
the cove of Stradbally, off which there is another 
fmall ifland. This is a kind of a fhingly fliore, but 
the coaft, in general, is very bold ; near to which, 
the river Tay, already defcribed, empties itfelf 

About this place, the coail juts out or inclines Ambergris 
fomewhatmore to the fouthward, running about W. found 
by S. About forty-feven years ago, fome country ^^'^^* 
people found on the beach hereabouts, a large lump 
of ambergris, weighing fome pounds ; but being 
ignorant of its value, they burned mod of it, ad- 
miring its fmell in the fire. They brought about 
an ounce of it to Dungarvan, where it was bought 
by an apothecary, and found to be excellent in its 
kind. This is not the only inftance of this precious 
drug being found on the fea- coaft of this kingdom ; 
but it is faid, that the weftern lliores have been 
more remarkable for it than any other part (i). As 
there are great variety of opinions among naturalifts 
as to its origin and production, the mofl probable 
is, that it is made from the honey-combs, which 
fall into the fea from the rocks, where the bees had 
formed their nefts. A great part of the fouth coail 
of Ireland being high and rocky, feems to be a 
proper place for bees to build in ^ and it is remark- 
able, on many of thefe promontories, there is abun- 
dance of wild thyme, and other flowers and herbs 
which they delight in, and from which they extract 

their 



(1) See Dr. Molyneux's Difcourfe In the Appendix to Boat's 
Natural Hiiiory of Ireland, p. 146. 



25^ Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

their honey. Not to mention the fea- water itfelf, 
which fome naturaiifts affirm they can fcarce do 
without. But many of thefe combs may tumble 
into the fea, and may not happen to form this pre- 
cious fubftance; and much q^ it that tiiight be 
formed, may never be found. 
Clonea- Between Ballyvoil-head and Dungarvan-harbour, 
^^' lies a pretty deep and broad bay, called Clonea-bay, 
from a caftlc of the fame name ftanding a little 
within it. This is a fandy bay, with a bar at its 
entrance, quite dry at low water, and of no ufe to 
any kind of vefTei. 

A low point, called Bally nacourty, or, by fome. 
Wife's- point (from the furname of the family, whofe 
eftate it has long been) forms the E. entrance of 
Dungar- Cungarvan-harbour ; as does a promontory, called 
bour '" Helvoeck-head, the W. fide. Right in the middle 
of this open, lies a large rock, called the black-rock, 
which is never covered at the higheft fprings ; and 
a little way off the E. point of the harbour, lies a 
ledge of rocks, the outermoft of which is alfo al- 
ways above water, and confequently no way dan- 
gerous. Between thefe rocks, at lowefl tides, there 
are above thirty feet water ; and moft velfels, bound 
into the harbour, fail in between them. On the 
rock on the E. point, called Carricknaman, i.e. 
the woman's rock, was a large rock, fome time 
fmce thrown up out of the fea, as will be hereafter 
mentioned. 

Between the bIac>krock and Helvoeck-head, there 
is alfo good anchoring, as there is between it and the 
E. point. The former is called the broad-found, 
where, in clear fandy ground, you have from five 
to (ix fathom water. Pretty near the head, there is 
a good road, in foutherly or S. W. winds ; velTels 
waiting for the tide generally bring to, cither in the 
broad-found, or between the black-rock and Bally- 

nacourty-point. 

Tq 



W A T E R F O R D. 2157 

To fail up into this harbour, the eaflern fhore is 

to be kept on board at firfl: coming in, till you open 

Ballyvoil-head betwixt two houfes, which you will 

do by failing about an Englifh niiie up N. W. by 

the common compafs, then a due W, courfe will 

bring you clear of the fpit; the proper marks to 

avoid which, are, to keep the church and an high 

gable-end wall, which was formerly a part of the 

church, and which ftands a little to the W. of it, 

open ; another mark for veilels to know when they 

are off the point of the fpit, is to bring a fmall 

chimney- houfe, which lies about a mile to the N. 

up the country, and a very remarkable glin in the 

mountain behind it, into one. Thefe marks, well 

obferved, bring a vciM fafe into the harbour, where, 

in fome places, fliips may lie a-float at low water; 

for this is, properly fpeaking, but a tide-harbour, 

though, in bad weather, large veflels may come in 

fo far at low water, behind Ballynacourty-^point, as- 

to put themfelves quite out of danger, 

VelTels of above 100 tuns have been loaded at 
the upper quay here, and have had water fufficient. 
To this place belongs about fifty large coa fling boats, 
which alfo fiHi in the proper feafons, fome of which 
are of forty tuns burden. They are mofl of them 
excellent fea-boats, and as fome of them are gene- 
rally in the Offing fifhing, ilrangers cannot mifs of 
pilots both in here, and for any other adjacent har- 
bour. An E. N. E. and a W. S. W. moon makes 
high water here on the full and change days, the 
ordinary tides flow about thirteen or fourteen feet. 

Helvoeck-head is pretty high, having a fmall Helvoeck- 
illand at its extremity. From this to Mine-head head, 
about a league, the coafl inclines more to the S. 
being all high and rocky ; between thefe there is a 
fmall bay, called Muggort's-bay, in which boat-s 
often bring to to lifh. 

Mine-head takes its name from a large quantity jvjjng^ 
of iron ore in the adjacent mountains, which has head. 

S been 



258 Katiiral and Civil Hijiory of 

been already noticed. From Mine-head, the coaft 
runs in more to the W. till you enter Ardmore-bay, 

Ardmore which is formed by the jutting out of Ardmore-head. 

head. This is a good road for wefterly winds in feven or 
eight fathom water. Ardmore-head is a bold high 
promontory, well known to mariners; a litde to 
the E. of it, flands an high round tower, already 
defcribed, which ferves as a good land-mark from 
the ocean. There is an inward point to the W. of 
Ardmore-head, called Ardigna-head, which forms 
the E. part of a fmall bay, called Whiting-bay, only 
frequented by fifhing-boats. The W. pointof this bay 
is called cabin point ; and about half a league more 
to the W. a low head-land, called Black-ball, forms 
the E. entrance of Youghal-harbour, which finifhes 
the defcription of the fea-coafts of this county. 



CHAP. XI. 

Of the Fijh and Fijberies on the Coafls of this 
County^ and of the Nymph-Bank. 

TH E nature of the fea-coad of this county is 
peculiarly adapted for the rendezvous and 
breeding of vafi: quantities of different forts of 
fifh;, which were formerly taken here in great 
plenty. Dungarvan (i), fituated near the centre 
of this county, has been, for many years, a re- 
markable and noted fifh town ; though the fifhery 

has 

(1) Out of the Bricifh monarchy, written by John Dee, 
anno i 576. ** Yet (llays the author) it is neceflary to leave to 
pofterity fome remeriibrance of the places, where our rich fifn- 
ing is, as at Kinfale, Cork, Carlingford, Sakafles, Dungarvan, 
Youghal, Waterford, &c. And all enjoyed from us by ftrangerS; 
as M it v/ere within tljeir own kicg's peculiar limits ; nay, rather, 

as 



W A T E R F O R D. i^9 

has of late much failed^ which is a general com- 
plaint all over the.kingdom. 

About fixty or feventy years ago, this place was 
frequented by a confiderable number of fidiing vef- 
fels not only from many parts of this kingdom, but 
alfo from England, the owners whereof made a very 
confiderable profit by this valuable branch of trade. 

It abounds with a good number of the largeft boats 
in this kingdom, ufeful both for the fifhing and tlie 
coafting trade. They generally carry five or fix 
men, though many more may fifhin fome of them. 
Our fidiers are reckoned very expert in their way, 
fome of whom, by their going to fiili at Newfound- 
jand, have made themfelves remarkable for. their 
dexterity there, although that place is frequented by 
numbers of the ableft and mofl expert fiiliers in 
Europe. I have already remarked, that the city of 
Waterford has the greatefl: fliare of the Newfound- 
land trade of any place in this kingdom, 

I fhall give an account of the feveral kinds of 
fifh to be met with, at prefent, on tbe coafls of this 
county. 

The fifh taken on this coafl, are, Hake^ Ling^ Species 
Cod, Whiting, Whiting-pollock, Mackerel, Red-nawtaken. 
gurnard. Grey-gurnard, called by fome Knovvds, 
Bafs, Mullet, Bream, Sole, Dab, Plaife, Fluke, 
Turbot, andfbmetimes theHollybird, the Skate or 
Ray, Dog-fifh, Herrings, &c. The Haddack fome 
years sgo frequented this coafb, and were taken in 

S z great 

as if thefe Coads, feas and bays, were of their private and 
feveral purchafes, to our infuperable lofs, difcredit, and dif- 
comfort, and to our no finall damage in thefe perilous times of 
moft fubtil treacher/, and fickle fidelity. Verbum fapienti fat 
efl-. In his time (he fays) black-rock w<!S yearly fiihed by three 
or four hundred fail of Spaniards and Frenchmen, entering 
there into the fifhing at a ftrait, not fo broad as half the 
Thames is at Whitehall i and adds, that kino- Edward Vlthr's 
privy-council was of the mind to have planted a ftrong bul- 
wark, for other weighty refpe£ls, as well as for the benefit of 
filhing of milwin and cod there." This is meant of Baltimore. 



26o Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

great plenty ; but, at prefent, there are none to be 
feen, fcarce one being taken in a year ; nor can there 
be any tolerable reafon affigned for the almoft 
prefent extinction of this fpecies of fifli, which 
formerly fwarmed on the coaft. 
TheHake The Hake being, as I may fay, the flaple-fifli at 
filher/. prefent, it is neceflary to be a little more particular 
on it. It is flenderer than a cod, and larger than an 
haddock. Willoughby ranks it under the non- 
fpinous kind, with only two fins on their backs ; 
it is called by Johnflon, Callarias ; and is generally 
from a foot and a half, to near twice as long. There 
are two feafons in which this fifh are taken in plenty; 
the firfl begins with the commencement of the 
mackerel feafon, that is in June, and mackerel are 
alfo the bait ufed at that time for taking them ; 
during their firft approach, they are much larger 
than towards their fecond appearance, as likewife 
are moft kinds of fifh early in their feafon. A fe- 
cond fhoal of this fifh vifits our coaft towards the 
beginning of the herring feafon, viz. about Septem- 
ber, and commonly holds till Chriftmas. The Hake, 
when taken, are faked and dried for exportation ; 
and great quantities are confumed, both frefh and 
faked, in the country. 

Before the war, and the pernicious pradlice of 
trailing came in, great quantities have been yearly 
tranfported to Spain, where it is faid, particularly 
in Bilboa, they bore a better price than cod from 
Newfoundland. The fidi taken here in the fummer 
feafon, do not fell fo well abroad, as thofe taken in 
the winter; it is obferved, that in dr}'ing of them, 
the heat of the fun turns the fifh of a yellowifh caft; 
but the latter being dried in a more advanced feafon 
of the year, are preferved much whiter, and look 
more beautiful to the eye. There is alfo a diffe- 
rence in the fifh, fome being of a white, and others 
having the flefh of a yellow caft, being probably 
fatter, which, for home confumption, are valued 

before 



W A T E R F O R D. 2,61 

before them. Some years ago, a thoufand of thefe 
fifh, with a confiderable quantity of many other 
forts, was reckoned bin an ordinary fifhing ior one 
night, to be taken by fix men with hook and line in 
the feafon ; but now it is very rare if a boat brings in 
half this quantity. A thoufand of thefe filh is ge- 
nerally worth five or fix pounds ; but when com- 
pletely faved, above twice as much. The people 
of Dungarvan are very expert at faking, faving, and 
drying this kind, and raofl other forts of filli taken 
here, fo as to cure them exceeding well and white, 
which gives their fifh a great reputation in foreign 
markets. 

Cod and Ling are in feafon, on this coaft, in the 
months of October, November, December, January 
and February ; though formerly, like moft other 
kinds, in greater plenty than at prefent. 

Our Cod (2) is much efleemed, is an excellent fifh, cod. 
eaten either frefh or faked ; and is vaftly preferable 
to this kind taken in the N. American feas, as Ca- 
nada, the banks of Newfoundland, &c, probably 
the reafon is, as we have not fifbh numbers of them 
here, ours are better and fuller fed than theirs. We 
do not fait many of them here, mod of them being 
confumed frefh -, nor do we export any, though 
formerly very confiderable quantities of dried cod 
have been (hipped off from Dungarvan. 

Our Ling are excellent in their kind, being a large y^^^ 
and well fed fifh, from three to above four feet long; 
they are, for the mofl: part, faked and dried ; fell 
well, when faved ; and are generally confumed in 
Dublin. Thefe kind of fifh frequent particular banks 
and fhoals in the ocean, witnefs thofe of Newfound- 
land, New-England, Canada, &c. and our own 
valuable Nymph-bank. 

Dungarvan feems a rnofi: proper place to ered a 

fifhery for this bank^ as it abound^ with able fifher- 

S 3 men, 

(z) All thefe fpecies are accuratel/ defcribed, by Mr. Ray, 
in his book of fiHies j ro which the curious reader is referred. 



26 z Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

men, and people well fkilled in the management of 
'that trade ; and though the boats which they have at 
prefent, are not fit for fifhing on the bank, yet they 
might ferve well enough to carry provifions, and 
other necefTaries, to proper velTels, and bring the 
nfh afhore from them : and this particular is well 
worth the confideration of the public, even for a trial. 
Mackerel. The Mackerel is a greedy fifh j whatever it meets 
v/ith, it fnaps at, if in motion; and are often taken 
with a piece of red rag, carelefsly fixed on the hook, 
the veifel being under a brific way, or what they call 
a mackerel gale. To their lines they faften a ball, 
or other weight of lead, in order to fink them ; other- 
wife they would float at top, becaufe of the boat's 
way. They are taken plentifully thus; but, indeed, 
there is more diverfion in it than profit. In the W. 
they take prodigious quantities of them in large 
feine-nets. They are much efteemed everywhere, 
when they firfl come in ; though when they become 
plenty, they are exceeding cheap; but being faked 
and barrelled, they are an excellent lenten provifion 
for the poor. Our hfhermen, when they take them, 
often fpiit them alive, and having dipt them feveral 
times in the fait- water, hang them up to dry between 
each tim.e; by which they are incrufted with fait; 
and, it is faid, when they are brought on fhore, and 
broiled in this way, that they eat very delicious. 

Pollock. The Pollock, both v/hite and black, are generally 
taken in the hake feafon, and with the fame bait 
The Black-pollock is not much efleemed, being a 
coarfe kind of fifh ; many of them are falted, and 
eaten in Lent, by the inferior fort of people. The 
Whiting-pollock is reckoned, by fome, to be as 
good as a Whiting, and is generally eaten frefh. 
Neither fort are ever exported. 

Gurnards. They take, on this coat, a good plenty of Gur- 
nards ('3) both red and grey, at mofl feafons of the 

yearj 

(3) The Red-gurnard, called, by Salvian, pavo, ^s aifo cu» 
cuhs, frojjn the noife he is Hiid to make, like ih^ cuckoo, 

when 



WA TERFORD. 263 

year ; but the beft are taken in the fiimmer months. 
They are never faked, but are confumed frefli ia 
the country. Bafs and Mullet are taken in the 
funimer months commonly, with feine-nets; and 
are alfo confumed fredi. 

The Turbot (4) though fometimes a fcarce fiili, Turbot. 
is, at other times, had in plenty, as in the fummer 
of 1744. The Halibut or Hollybird, a rare fidi in 
thofe parts, have been fometimes taken. They 
eat fomewhat like the turbot ; but are reckoned a 
great curiofity, becaufe of their fcarcity. 

S 4 The 



when he is taken, but which it no way refembles; it is rather 
a kind of groan, like a creature in pain, as I myfelf noticed. 
Rhondoletius figures this tilh with a long fnout, which it has 
not, unlefs it be of another fpecies : the forehead of our gur- 
nards being fquare, and the head almoft cubical. 

(4) Flat fiihmay be divided into oviparous, and viviparous; 
the firft, may be divided into greater and leffer ; the greater 
are either that which has the eyes on the left fide, being the 
biggeftof this tribe, as the halibut, and is much bigger than 
the turbot, but lefs fquare ; or the turbot itfelf, which is of a 
grey marble colour, fpinous, having the eyes on the right fide, - 
called, in latin, rhombus, from its figure ; it wants fcalss, 
having the Ikin of the back divided in dented lines. The 
mouth is large, the jaws armed with teeth, even to the lower 
part of the palate ; the holes of both the noftrils are double, 
the ftomach is large and crooked, and all the fins are noted for 
dark coloured fpots. The luxury of the ancients had the 
turbot among the mofl: delicate filh ; from whence came the 
proverb, nihil ad rhombum, or, nothing like the turbot. 
Mr. Ray, in a letter to Dr. Lifter, fays, that the halibut of 
the welt is the northern and eaftern turbot ; and he aiks the 
doiSlor, how his halibut and turbot differ ? for, fays he, if 
there be another fifh of the bignefs and make of your turbot, 
it is a ftranger to me. He alfo fays, that what they call a 
bret in Lincoinfhire and Yorkfhire, and, as he believes, in all 
the call parts of England, is the turbot of the wed country, 
where the name bret is not known. 

As we make a diftinflion between a halibut, a turbot, and 
a bret, on this coaft ; and as the above learned author feems 
to be under fome difiiculty concerning iheni ; it may not be 
amifs to fhew their difference, as we diftinguilh them. Our 
halibut is far larger than any turbot^ being from four ro fix 

' ■ ' seer 



t64. Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

Soles. The Sole, on this coaft, are excellent, feme a 

foot and a half long, and are in feafon the year 
Plaice, round j as alfo the Plaice, which are little inferior in 

fize 



feet long, and much thicker than the former, but not near 
fo broad in proportion. The bret, though exadlly of the fame 
fhape with the turbot, is diftinguilhed from it, ift, By the 
fmoothnefs of th-e fkin ; the other being rough and prickly on 
the back, adiy, By its being fpotted, like a fluke; the 
turbot being without fpots. 3dly, It is never fo large as a 
turbot, nor fo thick ; and when dreffed, eats more watry, 
fomev/bat like a fluke or plaife ; and therefore, not fo much 
cfteemed. Our turbot is defcribed as above. 

Of the viviparous kind of flat fiflies, are the feveral forts of 
Pvays, of which there are on this coaft, i fir, Tii^-thorn back, 
or raia clavata • a certain and chara6teriftic note, as Mr. Ray 
fays, is its want of teeth. 2dly, The Raia levis vulgaris. 
3dly, The Raia levis vulgata, with two black fpots, one ori 
each fide of the back. 4thly, The Raia oxyrhyncos, called, 
by Rhondoletius, raia osyrryncha major, the great maid, who, 
together with Bellonius, both defcribe this kind. Sthly, The 
Rhinobatos or fquatina raia, fo called by Mr. Ray, and by 
Johnfton, Angelus marinus, who, though be figures it tolerably 
well, yet defcribes it indifferently, but more fully by Rhondo- 
letius, except that of the teeth, which is not true, or qKq he 
means fome other fpecies. Each of the jaws of this fift is 
armed with thirty-fix rows of mofl; fharp teeth, four in a row, 
in all about 228, bent a little inward. The ikin ia u fed for 
the polilhing of wooden and ivory works, 

Ray or Skate differ from all other kinds of fifh, in having ^ 
. broad and flat body, v/ith a long flender tail appendant. Th^ 
end of the fnout, in the great maid, is befet with little fliarp 
hooks, pointing backwards ; and alfo both jaws are filled wirh 
the like hooks, but far bigger, and (landing in feveral rows, 
8, 10, or 12 in a row. The (kin of the ray, being artificially 
reduced to a monftrous fliape, is by fome (hevved, and, in fe- 
veral mufeums, is often taken for a bafilifk. They all bring 
forth their young alive, and have commonly two at a time, 
having had the curiofity to fee many of them opened. The 
young are contained each in a fquare bag, about three inches 
long, which they protrude together with them. In thefe bags, 
befides the embryo, there is always a liquor, in fubftance and 
colour referabliflg the yolk of an egg. Thefe bags are often 
found upon the Itrands, among different kinds of fea-weeds, 
from which their fubftance is fcarce diftinguifhable ; nor 
would it feem probable what they were, except one were a^n 
)?je-witncfs of their being taken out of the fiflj. 



W A T E R F O R D. 265 

fize and goodnefs to a Turbot; and likewife the 
Brets, much refembliiig it. 

Other kinds of flat fifh are Fluke, Jack a Dorees, Fluke,&c, 
Dabs, &c, Thefe feveral forts of flat fidi are taken 
in trail-nets j an hundred pair of large Soles, with a 
good quantity of Fluke, Plaice, &:c. have been 
commonly taken at a draught. But as thefe kind 
of fifli are always confumed frefli, and when taken 
in plenty, fold very reafonable, they turn to no 
great account, it would be of much more fervice to 
the public, and be much better for the other 
branches of the fifliery, that this method of fifliing, 
with trail-nets, were laid aflde, for the following 
reafons. 

The common method of fifliing in this manner 
on the coafl:, is with what they call a beam-trail or 
trail, which confifl:s of a large beam or pole, gene- 
rally between 20 and 30 feet long, headed, at 
both ends, with large flat pieces of timber, which 
refemble the wheels of a common cart, except that, 
infl:ead of being round like them, they are rather 
femicircular, or refembling an heart, cut in two 
lengthways ; they are (hod, like the wheels of a cart, 
with iron ; to this beam, the trail-net or bag is 
fixed, and at each end ropes are fafl:ened ; by the 
help of which the ground is entirely fwept fo clean, 
,that, I have been aiTured, a fiflierman will venture 
to throw his knife, or any other fuch fmall matter, 
over-board, in 30 or 40 fathom water, and readily 
take it up again ; and thus the ground is fwept clean, 
for a confiderable tra(fl, at every put, as they call 
it, the boat cpmmonly failing a mile, or league, 
before the bag and beam are hauled up. 

This is, perhaps, the befl: contrivance yet invented 
for the taking of flat fifh, which generally lie 
grovelling upon the ground ; but it has great incoa- 
veniencies, for ifl:, It fweeps and tears away all 
the fea-piants, mofs, herring-grafs, &:c. v/hich 
fome fifh feed on, making thofe Ipecies to feek 

elfewhere 



266 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

elfevvhere for food, adiy, It difcurbs and affrights 
the larger kinds of fifh, as Cod, Ling, &c. in the 
fame manner as if purfiied by larger fifties of prey. 
And-, ^dly, which is worfe than all, thefe beam- nets, 
and others of the kind, v/hich are dragged along 
the ground, tear away, diilurb, and blend up the 
fpawn of many kinds of profitable fifh, in a terrible 
manner, and often many hogiheads of their fpawn 
are drawn up in the trail-bags ; in which may be 
diftiudly feen, feveral thoufand embryos of young 
fifh, fome half formed, and others alive ; and not 
only what is thus taken up of the fpawn is ruined, 
but alfo large trads of it, which lie on \k\z fandy beds, 
over which thefe delirudtive beams are drawn, and 
which, being covered over with fpawn, is all 
difcurbed, and confequendy hindered from ever 
coming to maturity (5;. It is a matter of fact v/eil 
known in thefe parts, that fince thefe trail-nets have 
been ufed, which is but of late years, the other more 
beneficial branches of the fifhery have every year 
failed (6) more and more, no doubt, for the above 
evident reafons. 

The fize of the raefhes in the nets being enlarged, 
will avail but little. Nets whofe mefhes are confi- 
derably fquare, will do incredible damage (efpecially 
when furnifhed with thefe large beams) by raking 
up, and diilurbing the fpawn. So that there feems 
to be no remedy, but to fet thefe deftrudive 
engines afide, which few will do, till there is fome 
proper law made for the purpofe; and this, it is 
humbly to be hoped, will be efFeded, when the 
flate of the fifhery of the whole kingdom, is fet in a 

proper 

(5) This- manner of fifhing is feverely prohibited in France, 
wheie the laws forbid alfo to take any fifli, except of fuch a 
length limited by the faid laws. 

(6) As a certain proof of the decreafe of the fifhery, the 
ioWavimg account, extraded out of the cutiom-houfe books 
far :he port of Dungarvan, will abundantly latisfy the reader. 

Quantity 



WATERFORD. 

proper light, by the enquiries of the Phyfico- 
Hiftorical Society. 

Ahhough 

Quantity of Hake taken for 
feven years, fince the time 
trail-nets were ufed. 



267 



Quantity of Hake taken for fe- 
veral years before the ufeof 
trailing came in. 

1724. Dryed fifli. 

Exported, and went ig 
by coaft cocquets 3 -• 

1725. 
Exported, and went 7 g 

by ditto, ^yj -^ 

1726. 
Exported, and went) _,q^ 
by ditto, j"^ 

1727. 
Exported, and went ) ^^ 
by ditto, j >> ^ 

1728. 

Exported, and went ") r, 

by ditto, ]9i30Gs 

1729. 
Exported, and went 7 
by ditto, } 

1730. 
Exported only, 47000 



)00 



100 



] 



2S0 



10 



1738. 
Exported by coafl:- 
permits, and by 
coail-cocquets 

1739- 

Exported, and hyl^^^^^ 

coait-per. and coc. j 

1740. 

Exported, and 

coaft-coquets, 

1 74 1. 

Exported, and 

permits, 

1742. 

Exported, and 

permits, 

1743. 
Exported, and 
permits and coc. 
1744. 
Exported, and by 7 ^ 

per. and coaft-coc. j ^99^^-? 

Total the lafl: 7 years, 3144111 



'^}436 



^j 234001 



>oo 



00 



by 



44300! 



Total in 7 years, 4586481- 

3144H? 

Difference, 144236^ 

This differervce would be infinitely more, but for the fir ft 
feven years, none that went by coaft permits can be-difcovered ; 
whereas all is mentioned in the laft feven years ; but by this 
account, though not exa£l, at ten pounds a thoufand, which 
is a very low price^ the difference is 1440 L but would be 
found to be above 2000 1. Sterl. if all could be difcovered. 
Note, This account is for hake alone. 

In Auguft 1745, a poor filher-boy, being about a league off 
from the harbour of Dungarvan, brought up upon his hook, 
a large filk purfe, full of gold, which he had fcarce lifted out 
of the water, the purfe broke, being rotten, and all the pieces 
-went to the bottom ; fo that he had the mortification of only 
a fioht of fortune's fickle favours. I faw the upper part of 
the purfe, which he brought home, and the whole boat's crew 
confirmed the truth of the ftory. 



268 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Herrings. Although Herrings vifit our coafts yearly, gene- 
rally about September ; yet there are none but 
inconfiderable quantities taken of late years, fcarce 
enough for home- con fumption. The moft noted 
part of the fea-coafl: of this county, for the herring - 
liihery a few years ago, was in the mouth of the 
harbour of (.y) Waterford, where a great number of 
boats reforted and took them in vail: plenty. The 
herring-fifhery there, was, perhaps, under the beft 
regulation of any other on the Irifh coaft ; becaufe 
under the government, laws, and infpeclion of the 
members of that corporation (8). It has failed fur- 
prifmgly of late, is now almofl dwindled to nothing, 
and feems, in a great meafure, owing to the above- 
mentioned beam- trails, which have been much ufed 
on that part of the coaft. 

As Herrings fpawn on our coafts, and it is well 
known, that all fi(h of paflage (9), not only return 
to the place where they were fpawned themfelves, 
jn order to breed thereabouts, and depofit their 
fpawn (10); but it is alfo true, that the mother- 

m 

(7) In Waterford, they have an excellent method of curing 
and preparing red herrings, and red fprats, which, being faked 
and waihed, are hung in fmoak-houfes, convenient for the 
purpofe; and this is performed in a month or fix weeks. 
Spanifh fait is the fitteft for curing herrings, and next to that, 
what is made at Liverpool. A barrel and a half is fufficient 
for one laft i a barrel of Herrings contains about 700 large, 
fat herrings, but about 1000 of other forts, and ten barrels 
make a laft. 

(8) The Dutch laws, and thofe of Lewis XIV. concerning 
the fifhery, are worth confuUing towards the regulation of it. 
Vid. Cod. Marin, des Louis 14. Anno 168 1. Tit. 4. Lib. 5. 

(9) Herrings being a fiih of paflage, and looked upon as a 
coniiderable article in trade, for fupplying popi/h countries. 
The popes have, by their decretal, ordered, that they may 
be fiftied /or on fundays and holydays, which fee, Ad Titul. 
Pap Decretal. 

(10) It is as yet doubtful, whether every fpeciesof fifh caft 
all their fpawn at once, or only part of it, retaining fome for 
future paitus's. That herrings caft all feems probable, none 

being 



W A T E R F O R D. 269 

fifh, as they may be called, return to the fame place 
the following feafon, in order to fpawn there again ; 
but, no doubt, finding the great havock made by 
thofe kind of beam trails, will forfake that place, 
as being unfit for the fafety of their young • and 
this is reafonable to fuppofe, from that Sro^yS or 
natural alFedtion, that moft cieaturcs have towards 
their young. 

The Dog-fifh (11) is exceeding plentiful on this Dog-fiili. 
coaft ; thefe, with Rays or Skate, are but little re- 
garded. They are taken with hook and line, but 
rather againft the fifher's confent; for when bait is 
fcarce, they do not care to hook them ; they are 
very troublefome to fuch as fifh with long lines; a 
kind extending two mile in length, being filled with 
a great number of hooks, perhaps four or five hun- 
dred, fixed to fmaller lines, and faftened to the 
long one. Thefe being baited, are fent out, and on 
them, are buoys and marks to find them by. As 
foon as the laft end is let out, they go on to the 

outward 



being found in fhotten herrings. It feems to be a principle in 
nature, that ail animals have, from their very firft formation, 
the eggs or feeds of ail the young they fliali ever bring forth j 
for w^hen they are once exhaufted, the animal becomes effete ^ 
nowr a fifh, at every birth, cafting forth fuch innumerable 
quantities of eggs as are contained in her whole row, it would 
be ftrange, if there (hould remain (ctd eggs enough, let them 
be never fo fmall, as to fuffice many years births j and yet 
their whole mafs to be fo fmall, as not to be taken notice of by 
any naturalifl. 

(11) It may be proper to remark one inftance, which is con- 
firmed by our filhermen, in relation to the Dog-fifh, and which 
is alfo related by Dr. Tyfon in the Philofophical Tranfa<Slions> 
numb. 239, of this fi(})'s care for their young; that upon any 
ftorm or danger they will receive thein into their bellies, which 
come out again when the fright and danger is over. 

Bellonius fpeaking of the Dog-fi(h, affirms that he hath feen 
an indifferent one bring forth thirteen young ones at a birth ; as 
foon as fhe hath brought them forth they fwim along with her, 
and if any of them are afraid of any thing it runs into the womb 
of the dam j and when the tear is over returns again, as if by a 
fecond birth. Vid. Grew'i Mufaeum of the R. S. part i . p. 9*. 



270 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

outward end, and fo proceed to hawl them up. If 
they are let lie too long, the fifh that are caught on 
the hooks will foon be devoured by Dog-fifli, 
Skate Sharks, and other fifhes of prey ; fo that, in 
a few hours, there will be little left, befides the 
heads of the fifh. This is a very profitable way of 
fifhing, and feems to be befl for the banks: But 
then good flout vefTels are required to attend thefe 
lines, otherways they will be often obliged to leave 
them, which would be a very confiderable lofs. 

We have no fuch thing as a fifhery for Pilchards 
on the coail of this county ; yet it is no way impro- 
bable but they vilit us, as v^tW as thofe parts of the 
counties of Cork and Kerry, v/here they are yearly 
taken in vafl quantities. 

Porpoifes, This coafl is pretty much frequented by Porpoifes, 
&c. Sun-fifh, Seals, &c. which, no doubt, confiderably 
hurt the fifhery. In the wefl, they make a good 
profit by thefe kind of fifh ; but few of them are 
taken on this coafl. In the year 1743, there was a 
very large fun-fifh taken, which meafured twenty- 
five feet from head to tail, and proportionably thick. 
Another was taken the following fummer, which 
was not quite fo large ; forty perfons, could not 
move either of them, by endeavouring to pull them 
on fliore with a rope. The liver of the liril afforded 
near 100 gallons of oil, and that of the other but 
jittle lefs. The fiefh being lean, hard, and firm, 
affords none ; though that of whales, porpoifes, and 
feals yield a confiderable quantity, being diffolved 
from the fat or blubber. This filli, inftead of 
teeth, is furnifhed in the roof of the mouth with 
feveral rows of horney bearded Laminae, and feem, 
in this refped, to be fomewhat of the fpecies which 
afibr-ds the whalebone, though unlike it in other 
particulars. They are taken with harpoons, or 
ilriking irons, in the fame manner as they take 
whales. The oil is of ufe to curriers and other 
artifans, and fells well. 

About 



WATERFORD. 271 

About three or four years ago, a fifh was taken Torpedo, 
off the harbour of Dungarvan, and brought in there, 
which, by its figure, was found to be a Torpedo, 
or Cramp-fifh. It was of the flat kind, much re- 
fembling the Ray or Thornback, being of an orbi- 
cular figure, ail but its tail, weighing about fix or 
eight pounds. Its fkin was foft to the touch, 
yellowifh on the back, and whiter towards the belly, 
with white, round fpots, refembling eyes. Its tail 
was pretty thick towards the lower part ; was fur- 
nifhed with teeth like a faw ; its eyes were fmalL 
fituated in the under part of the head. Thefe fiih 
are commonly taken on the coads of Provence and 
Gafcony in France, but are very rarely met with in 
our parts. The French eat them without any danger. 
It is well known, that upon touching this kind of 
fifh, there is an unufual numbnefs felt, which fud- 
denly feizes the arm up to the elbow, and fometimes 
to the very fhoulder and head. The fifh brought 
in here, being fometime killed, did not caufe any 
fuch fenfation, though it v^as a real Torpedo. Nor, 
according to the beit hypothefis of this fifh (which 
is that given us by M. Reaumur of the French 
academy) do they at all caufe this fenfation, but when 
alive: It was in vain to enquire of the fifiiers who 
took it, after its ftupifying faculty; they, in all 
probability, only rudely fhaking it off the hook, 
where it lay among other fifh till it expired. That 
I might be certain this was a real Torpedo, I had 
the curiofity to dilTed it, and could plainly difcover 
the Mufculi Falcati, &c. and their admirable 
fl:ru6lure fo called, and defcribed by the Senrs, 
Redi and Lorenzini. A defcription of thefe mufcles, 
together with the phoenomena, and M. Reaumur's 
ingenious hypothefis of the effecSl of this fifh, are 
well coUeded, under the article Torpedo, in 
Chambers's Didlionary, with an icon of the fifh, to 
which the curious reader is referred. 

The 



272 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Squid. The Rana Marina, {wq Pifcatrix, the Sea-frog, 

5ea-toad, or Sea- devil, by fome called a Polypus, 
and, by our fiiliermen, a Squid, is often taken up 
in trail-necs, and fometimes cail: afnore in a ftorm. 
It is defcribed by Rhondoletius ; and Willoughby 
ranks it under thoie of the plain cartiiagmeous kind, 
in his catalogue of fifhes. It is faid to be a good 
bait for a Cod. 
Shell-fifh. We have great plenty of various kinds of fhell- 
fifh on this coaft, as Lobfters (i2j, Crabs, Shrimps, 
large Prawns, OyftersCij), Cockles (14), iMufcles, 

Razor-fidi 

(12) It may be worth obferving, that Lob(iers ufe their tails 
as fins, wherewith they commonly fwim backwards, by jirks or 
fprings, reaching fometimes ten yards at a Tpring ; for which 
purpofe, the gill fins of other fifhes, which are their oars, are 
a little concave backwards; whereas thefe have the plates of 
their tails, when they bend them down, as they ufe to do, a 
little concave forwards. 

(13) Oyfters are, with us, generally reputed to fpawn in the 
fummer months, beginning about xVlay, Their fpawn or fpat 
refcmbles a drop of a candle in water, about the bignefs of a 
billing; it flicks to ftones and Oyiler-fhelis, and fuch like 
things, at the bottom of the fea. OyJ^ers are fick after they 
have fpatted, but about the end of fummer, they begin to mend, 
and grow perfe6lly v/ell about September, The male Oyfter is 
black fick, having a black fubflance in the fin, and the 
female white fick, as they term it, having a milky fubflance in 
the no. Thefe fifh have no faculty of moving tbemfelves fo 
as to change place ; but where they are pitched, there they 
lie, except they are ftirred by the forc^ of the water, &c. 
They are near two years before they come to perfe«5tion ; hut 
the older they are, the better and larger. It is faid, that the 
age of an Oyiler may be known by obferving the broader 
dii^anccs, or interftices of the fheils amidrt the rounds or rings, 
as it is in an Ox's horns, or as the gardener knows his trees by 
the rings of their fiems. 

(14) The Cockle Petunculus, of wh'ch there are various 
kinds on our brands, as the long gaping Cockle, called by 
Dr. Grew, in his Mufsum, Chama. Thi.^ is thinner, and its 
ftell very eafily broken, the valves are feldom or never clofe 
fliut ; the fides are produced, as in the Cockle, by fimilar lines, 
aid the figu/e of the fhell oblong. 2d, The black gaping 
Cockle, is lefs than the former, and of a rounder figure, ra- 
diated, and lixe edges waved. Of this fort, it is affirmed by 

Bellonius, 



W A T E R F O R D. 273 

Ra^or-fifh, and many other kinds of fiiell-fin}. 
Cray-fifh are pretty plentiful on this coaft; but 
neither they^ or Scallops, are fo comnrton as in 
Other places, although we are not without fdme. 

Mufcles are plentiful on thiscoafl:^ and are irsuch Mufcles. 
ufed as bait for fifning. They are of 9 large fize, 
but I Gould never hear of any pearls being found in 
them, as there are fometimes in the kind taken up 
in rivers. 

Among the other kinds of fliell-fifh common on Murex. 
this eoaft, it may be proper to mention the Murex, 
or Shell- fifh which ftrikes the purple colour. This » 

Shell-fifh is found in great plenty, and are here 
called Horfe-wrinkles ; the fhells are about an inch 
long when largeft, and are about half an inch 
diameter in the thickefl: part ; they are a fingle Hiell, 
turned fpirally like a com.mon fnail, but fomewhat 
longer. It is neceflary to break the hard fhell 
covering the fifh before one can come at the liquor, 
which ftrikes this colour. This is done at fome 
diftance from its opening. The broken pieces being 
removed, a fmall vein, or rather refervoir ftill of 
this liquor, appears which is eafily known, by its 
different colour, from the other flefhy parts of the 
animal, being of a whitilh yellow, and not above 
the twelfth part of an inch in breadth, and about 
the third or fourth part of an inch in length, con- 
taining not above a large drop of liquor. When 
the vtikl is opened, and the liquor preiFed out of ir^ 
linen or v/hite filk (which are the only fluffs I ever 

tryed) 

Belionjus, that they rife up to the top of the water, and fetting 
both their fhells open, with the one under them as a boat, and 
the other on one fide as a fail, they fcour along. BeJlon. hid. 
Animal, lib. 15. chap. 12. 

In all this Ipecies of fifh that I have noticed, from each of 
the two joints at the bafe, there is produced a kind of bony 
epiphyfis, about a quarter of an inch long,, thin, f])arp, and 
fiexile, whereupon fonie of the niufcular parts of the aniaial 
ieetn to be faitened, for the reilraining the opening of the 
Hiell, fiom any inconvenient degree. 

T 



274 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

tryed) having imbibed the liquor, will firfl appear 
of a dirty yellowifh colour, inclining to a green, 
as if the watery juice of a plant had been fqueezed 
on it, but the fame being expofed to the fun to 
dry, becomes of different colours. This colour 
firfl changes to that of a lemon, then follows a deep 
green, which is fucceeded by a deep blue, and, at 
length, fixes in a very charming purple. 

There is a larger kind of fhell-firii, which affords 
the purple dye, and are commonly taken up in trail- 
nets. They are of the fame fhape as the former, 
but weigh fix or eight ounces, and fome of the fhells 
when empty, will contain near half a pint of liquor. 
Thefe have a vein or purple refervdir like the others, 
but larger, and out of it one miay get as much 
juice as one generally takes up of ink to write with, 
of the fame nature and colour of the former. It is 
not unlikely thefe are the kind called, by Pliny (15), 
the BucciniKH. 

M. Reaumur, in the year 1710, found out a new 
fpecies of purple dye, befides thofe above-mentioned, 
prefe*rved in a kind of fmall grains, which Jay dif- 
perfed in the rocks, &c. He preiTed out the juice 
of this kind upon his ruiBie ; which, at firil, feemed 
only a little foiled with i% and he could only per- 
ceive, with difficulty, a fTiall yellowifh (16) fpeck, 
here and there, in tiie (pot. The different objcds 
which diverted his attention, made him forget what 
he had done, and he thought no farther of it^ till 
cafling his eye, by accident, upon the fame rufPiC a 
little after, he was ftruck with an agreeable farprife 
to fee a tine purple colour on the place where the 
grains had been fqueezed. He lays, this liquor 
w^s extraded out of the grains, Vv'hich he calls the 
eggs o. purple, in an eaUer manner than that prad:ifed 
by the ancients in the liquor of the Buccinum. For 

aitfr 



(i 5) Pliny, lib. 9. chap. 39. 

(j6) Vid.Roliirrs Anr. Hidorj, vol. xi. p. 92. Dublin edition. 



W A T E R F O R D. 27I 

after wafhing thefe eggs there was no more to be 
done than to put them into clean cloths, and (6 
fqueeze out the liquor. It is not improbable, but 
that with feme pains, thefe kind of eggs might be 
difcovered on our own coafl which might be of 
ufe in dying. 

There are many beautiful (hells (17) found on this Shells. 
coafl, but which have been of late pretty fcarce, 
fince the making of fliell-houfes and grottos came 
in fafhion, with other works of this kind ; among 
which, the making and imitating of all kinds of 
flowers whatfoever, in fhell-work, deferves particu- 
lar mention. Several pieces of this kind of work 
are in the city of Waterford, many of which are fo 
exquilitely natural, that they would deceive the mod 
curious eye. 

The Star-fifh, or Stella Marina, are compofed Star-fiflt 
of five arms or rays, and have their mouths in the 
middle underneath. Of thefe, there are various 
kinds on thefe coads, often taken up in the trail- 
nets, fome of which are two feet long, and fome 
weigh five or fix pounds. They moftiy feed upon 
fhell-fifli, and feem, faith Rondeletius, to have no 
other palTage for their excrements but their m.ouths. 
They take their prey as the Polypus does, and fwim 
exceeding quick, by (Iretchmg and cortradirjg their 
arms at pleafure. It is faid, that thefe fifh get into 
Gyflers, and fuck them out ^ for which reafon there 

is 

(17) I have feen fome (hells of the turbinated kind found oa 
the coaft, which, though not polifhed, are very beautiful. The 
Concha Veneris, or Venus Shell, is fcarce on this coaft, thoug'^i 
in plenty upon the ftrands of the county of Wexford. They 
take their name either from their being beautiful, according to 
Terzag;, or Quod partem Veneris imperio fubditam referat. 
The larger kind are ufed, by goldfmichs, in fnuff-boxes, &c. 
and the fmailer are thofe fliells which pafs' as coin ^n the Ead- 
Indies. But to mention even the names of the feveral forts 
which are found on our fliores, would be too tedious, thofe 
who have a curiofity this way, may confult Dr. Liilei's Nat. 
hiftory of Ihells, publiihed anno 1692, full of cues, reprefent- 
ing the various kinds. 

T z 



bank. 



of it. 



276 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

is a penalty laid by the admiralty court on thofe who 
do not defiroy them. 
The Having mentioned the feveral kinds of fifh pecu- 

Nymph- jj^^j. |q |.[-jjg county, I (hall fubjoin fome account of 
the Nymph Fifhing-bank, which lies not far diftant 
from the coafl, as it is given by Mr. iDoyle, in his 
relation of this bank. 
Doyle's He having information about this bank, which 
account ]jgg about 1 1 leagues S. S. E. from the high- land of 
Dungarvan, was thereby incited to make thereon 
fuch obfervations, as might conduce to the public 
good ; and being on board the Nyiuph, a boat of 
about twelve tuns, with a company of feven men, 
July 15th, 1736, he took his departure from great 
Newtown-head, at fix in the evening, (leering S. W. 
by W. I W. till midnight, then bringing to and 
founding, he found the ground fmall pebble flones, 
intermixed with cockle and other (hells ; at the fame 
time, he caught a great many Cod, Hak^, Ling, 
Skate of a monftrous fize, Bream, Whiting, red 
Gurnard, and other fifh, which, to him, though he 
had been fifhing both on the banks of Newfoundland 
and New-England, feemed wonderful, and never 
faw equal or better diverfion. In fix hours, they 
filled their filh-room, with Hake, Cod, and Ling 
alone, and all parts of the boat with other fifh. As 
for the monftrous Rays, they were thrown over- 
board, though he fays, in England, France, or 
Holland, they would have yielded confiderably. 
Being fully freighted with fifh, they arrived, after 
a voyage of thirty-fix hours, at Paltage, with their 
fifh in good order, to the furprife of many, as well 
for the novelty of the voyage, as for the number 
and excellency of the fifh. 

Such was the fatisfadion of the firf!:, that he foon 
determined to take another voyage, in order to make 
obfervations in different places, as well weflward as 
fouthward of the firfl flation. For this purpofe, 
volunteers offered themfelves, the profits of the firft 

adventure, 



W A T E R F O R D. ^11 

adventure, being an encouragement for the fecond ; 
in the execution of which, between the high land of 
Dungarvan and the faid bank, they frequently 
founded, and found the deepsft water to be 43 
fathom, Tandy ground, but no fifh. At length, 
continuing the courfe S. S. W. they arrived at the 
bank, and found 38 fathom, fmall pebble- ftones, 
cockle and other fhells. This was on the edge of 
the bank, which he conceives to be 10 or 1 1 leagues 
from the (bore. 

In various places he made experiments, fome- 
times W. again S. E. of the firft flation, till, by 
good obfervation of the fun, having a clear horizon, 
he found himfelf in the lat. of 51 d. 20 m. at leafl 
15 leagues from the land. In ail places, he had the 
fame ground, and very good fifhing ; he thinks the 
fuftenance muft needs be very good, and in great 
plenty, where fuch prodigious (hoals abound ; and 
irpm the premifes it may be reafonably inferred, 
that the fifh continues on the bank all the year 
round. The dimenfions of this bank is not yet 
known ; fome pretend it extends far weflward of 
Ireland ; and it is believed by others, that it joins 
that of Newfoundland j but thefe things are merely 
coniedural. 

The author produces certificates, both from the 
mariners on board him, and feveral gentlemen and 
citizens of Waterford, and alfo of the inhabitants 
of PalTage, the purport of v/hich is, that if proper 
means were made ufe of to promote a fifhery on 
the faid bank, the fame might turn much to the 
advantage of the public, as w^U as of the particular 
undertakers. 

There feems great reafon to imagine, that there 
is an inexhauftible (lore of the bed kinds of fifh on 
this bank, which is further proved by fome few 
trials fince made out of the port of Dungarvan ; 
but the generality of our fifhermen on the adjacent 
coail, are not only unlkilled m the art of navigation, 
T 3 but 



2*]B Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

but their boats are open and too thin-fided, to bear 
or brook tem.pefluous Teas ; the terror of which, and 
going out of the fight of land, .where they fear to 
be drove beyond their knowledge, are invincible 
impediments to the progrefs which might have been 
Jong fince made. Well-boats, fuch as are employed 
by the Hollanders in the North- feas, might be built 
in Ireland, and all the weftern ports of England 
and Wales. This kingdom abounds not only with 
all fidiing-geer, but alfo with expert mariners, 
where all forts of clothing and provifions are to be 
had exceeding cheap. So that were a fifhing- 
Gompany ereded in thefe parts, there is no doubt 
but a fifhery might be carried on at that bank, 
preferable to any company that can poffibly be 
eflablifhed elfe where, as Mr. Doyle has made appear 
in his trad on this fubjed, to which, for brevity's 
fake, the reader is referred. 



CHAP. XII. 

Of the Trade, Arts and Mamif azures of this Coun- 
ty^ or which may he carried on in it, 

THIS County has one difadvantage, in com- 
^^^ mon with the greatefl part of the kingdom, 
to export greater quantities of the natural growth 
of the country, iiich as Beef, Butter, Corn, Worfl- 
ed, &c. than of goods which are completely manu- 
fadtured. Some of thefe commodities being little 
removed from the ilate nature has given them to us, 
require little labour or art to prepare them for ex- 
portation. So that their real value mofliy arifes 
from the natural produce of the earth. Great quan- 
tities of thefe natural commodities mull be exchanged 
for fmall parcels of goods completely wrought, the 
price of fuch being always high in proportion to the 
labour employed about them. 

The 



W A T E R F O R D. 279 

The linen and hempen manufadure Is not, as 
yet, carried on in this part of the kingdom, to any 
tolerable degree of perfediion. which branch of 
trade, has contributed greatly to the value of our 
exports in other places, and, no doubt, means 
might be thought of for promoting a greater con- 
fumption of our own, and leffening that of foreign 
commodities. 

The Dublin Society have already, by prsemiums 
and other attempts, done great fervice towards fet- 
ting up a fpirit of improvement and indulti'y am.ong 
us, from which, and from the encouragement lately 
given by his moil facred-majeily for the fame ends, 
it is to be hoped, that, in a iitrle time, this kingdom 
may be put on fome kind of footing with other 
nations; a parity, which, as yet, it could never 
attain to, although it has given birth to feveial 
eminent genius's. The Cork Society, to their 
great honour, follow the fame fteps, and have 
diftinguifhed themfelves of late by the fame kind of 
proceeding. What may we not hope from fuch a 
noble fpirit? Several times and places have been 
famous for the advancement of the feiences, fuch 
as that of Philip and Alexander in Greece, the tirfl 
Csefars in Rome, the houfe of Medicis in FlorencCj 
and Lev/is XIV in France. What thefe perfons 
and ages were to their refpediive countries, it is to be 
hoped, the laudable endeavours of the above men- 
tioned focieties, added to royal bounty, will be to 
this kingdom. Happy v/as it for this country to 
give birth to a perfon, capable of forming and piiterng 
fuch fchemes in execution, and whofe generous dii- 
pofition has caufed him to beftow fiich AiHiS m this 
way, as his private fortune, compared to the weaUh. 
of thofe princes, equals, if not outdoes all that have 
gone before him in fuch defigns. 

Such branches of trade as are carried on in this 

county are thofe following The filhery of Diin-= 

garvan, which has been, for fome years, in a (late 

T A ' of 



t5o Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

of decay, yet might, with a Jittle care and proper 
regularion, be again in a great meafure recovered. 
This branch alone might lind fufficient emplp\ment 
for more hands than are there at prefent, and the 
trade feems to be naturally adapted to tl^ is part of 
the country. 

Salt. In the city of Waterford are made confiderablQ 

quantities of fait from the rock, and a fait- work is 
now fet up at Dungarvan, which is made in the 
fame manner; but, from the fituation of the laft 
mentioned place, ic feems to lie convenient for the 
manufaifluring of fait from the fea-water only. 

Woad. There is alfo in the city of VVaterford, a manu- 

facture of Woad, a material ufeful for dyers, con- 
cerning which, as it feems to be kept a fecret, 1 
fHall fay fomeihing in the XVth Chapter. Madder 
might be alfo equally cultivated here, but I have not 
obferved any ic this part of the country. 

Rateens. The town of Carrick, on the verg? of this county, 
has been many years famous for the making of 
rateens, a woollen-manufadlory, which our nobility 
and gentry often find to be a mofb light, warm, 
and commodious wear in winter, and which that 
town has brought to a great perfection, fb as tq 
rnake them equal to the fineft of cloth. They 
have them of various colours, fiich as brown, 
black, grey, green, fcarlet, &c. and worth from 
3s. to 30s. a yard. It is incredible what num- 
bers are employed in that little town in this manu- 
fadory, men, women, and children finding- fuffi- 
cient work. 

Every body knows, that this kind of fluff is wove 
on a loom with four treddles, like ferges, and 
other ftuffs that have the crofiing. Some of them 
are dreiled and prepared like cloths, others are left 
fingle in the hair, and others are napped or friezed, 
W'hich is brought to great perfedion, by the means 
of engines for that purpofe. 

Friezes, 



W A T E R F O R D. aSi 

Friezes, which are a coarferkind of rateen, were Friezes, 
ibme time ago made in great perfedlion in the city 
of Waterford ; but this trade is much dropped. 

I have already npticed, that this county abounds Cattle, 
with cattle, which are increafed more of late years 
than ever, numbers having converted large trads of 
arable land into pa (lure ; by which means, feveral 
villages have been deferred by their inhabitants, 
who, for want of employment, were obliged to feek 
it in other places. 

The feeding of cattle requiring few hands, little 
experxe, and not fo liable to caiualties by the bad> 
nefs of the weather, have made many owners of land 
purfue this practice rather than tillage, which would 
have no very ill effed, were it confined to this or a 
few other counties ; but it is to be feared, it will fpread 
to other places, and gain too great a footing, to the 
univerfal damage of the kingdom. The reafons for 
which affertion are as follow. 

id, Numbers are, by thefe means, feta begging, 
and their villages become wafte, to the thinning and 
impoverifhing of the country. 

2dly, Tillage, of which we find, by woeful and Tillage, 
repeated experience, we have not enough to fupply 
curfelves, is, in many places, quite laid afide ; the 
families of one or two cabins, being able to manage 
large dairies, which occupy great tradts of land, and 
can fubfift themfelves with an acre or two of potatoes, ^ 
and a little milk. 

3d]y, Befides, the face of the country lying quite 
unimproved, there can be no encouragement for 
artifts or manufadurers of any kind, to fettle in a 
place, where they fee a probability of a fcarcity of 
provifions. 

In order to promote tillage, fcveral gentlemen 
hiave of late encouraged the diflilling of whiiky; 
but It may be doubted, whether the ufe of this 
liquor amoi-g the comrijOn people, would not in 
time contribute to the rum of ullage, by pioving 
' ^ a flow 



282 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

Q. flow poifon to the drinkers of it, and weaken and 
depopulate the country. 

The Dutch diflil great quantities of all kinds of 
fpirits, and find fufficient vent for them m the more 
northern countries, as in Norway, Sweden, and 
Denmark; and might not we, by fome proper 
drawback or other means, underfell them in their 
markets? In a little time, we might foon imitate 
the Dutch geneva, and perhaps bring it to an equal 
degree of perfeclion, and alfo their other different 
kinds of diftiiled drams. Whether luch a defign 
would not be of great ufe to the kingdom, by en- 
CGurfiging tillage, I humbly leave to the legiflature. 
The public revenue could not, in the leafl, fuffer, 
by allowing a drawback of what is paid at the bill- 
head, at the time of exportation ; for all that would 
be confumed at home, would fliil pay as ufual. In 
the W. of Ireland, we have large quantities of 
juniper berries growing wild, which might eafily be 
propagated, fo as to have enough for the making of 
gin. To fupply the dtf^^i of thefe berries, I am 
well informed, the Dutch throw into their flills large 
quantities of common oil of turpentine. Whether 
v/e might not exceed the Dutch method, by ufing 
the genume juniper berries, I leave to the curious 
to determine. 

In plentiful years of cider, a brandy might be 
drawn from that liquor, which would emulate the 
brandy drawn from wine. In Normandy, the French 
difiil great quantities of cider- brandy, which they 
often fell for the other forr. In the W. of this 
county, our cider has, of late years, been brought 
to great perfe<flion ; and befides enough for our 
own confumption, fome hundred hogflieads are year- 
ly, in good fruit feafons, fent by fea to Dublin and 
other places, to the keeping of conliderable fums 
■ of money in the kingdomp which were paid for 
foreign cider. 

This, 



WATERFORD. 2% 

This, and malt liquor, feem defigned by nature 
for our climate, and tofupply the place of wine; to 
which may be added that wholefome, vinous and 
balfamic liquor, called mead; all which being free 
from tartar, and lefs liable to adulterations than 
foreign wines, feem to be more adapted to our 
conftitutions. 

Having, in the title of this chapter, promifed to 
fay fomething of fuch manufadures as might be 
carried on here, I (hall do it asbrief aspoffible. 

In this county, proper materials might be found 
for the carrying on of mod kinds of lead-work, and 
thofe of iron in particular places, which will be men- 
tioned in the fourteenth chapter. 

Of lead, many materials are made, as white-lead, 
and red-lead, confiderable quantities of both which 
are imported. Befides, this metal is converted into 
many ufes too tedious to mention. 

From the fame chapter, the reader will find our 
having in this county, many ufeful clays, earths, 
and foilrs, proper for the ufe of the potter, pipe- 
maker, druggift, painter, &c. 

Many other arts might here be fet up, with equal 
advantage to the artifts and undertakers ; fuch as 
glafs-works, paper-mills, the making of lamp-black, 
the planting of liquorice, madder, faffron, &c. 

But, above all, this county, as I have above no- 
ticed, feems defigned by nature for the fifhing trade, • 
which, if carried on by a company ereded for that 
purpofe, muft be of .great profit and advantage both 
to the public and the undertakers. But to enlarge 
further on this matter would be tedious, and carry 
iae beyond the intended bounds of this chapter ; I 
Hall therefore refer my reader to a lift of commodi- 
tie.' yearly imported into Ireland, being fuch as may 
be f^iifed or manufadlured therein, together with 
their yearly value, which lifl has been often publiih- 
ed; and Ihaii only fubjoin, that the value of fuch 
commodities, taken ac a medium for three years, 

amounts 



284 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

amount, in the whole, to 507270I. a prodigious 
fum! which we might, in a great meafure, favc by 
our own good management and induftry. 



CHAP. XIII. 

Some curious Particulars and Phenomena relating 
to the Air, 

TH E air of this county, and, indeed, of the 
greatefl: part of this kingdom, is now more 
wholefome and temperate than formerly : for having 
much more woods and bogs than at prefent, it muft 
have been more fubjed to rain and moifture. Pliny (i) 
mentions, that the country about Philippi being made 
dry by fluices, and artificial trenches, the whole dif- 
pofition of the air and weather v^^as thereby altered ; 
and the very habit of the heavens above their heads 
changed. In the fame manner, the American plan- 
tations have been rendered dryer, and much more 
wholefbme, than when the Europeans took poilef- 
lion of them, by their dellroying the woods they 
were over-run with, and laying all open to the folar 
rays : and it is faid, that as they extend their plan- 
tations in Jamaica C2) the rains ftill diminifh. 

Dr. Plot (3) in his hiftory of Stafford (hire, thinks 
the frequency of rain in Ireland, is not fo much 
from the fea, as from the moiflure of the earth; but 
this, I conceive, is a miflake ; for our greatefl and 
more frequent rains come from the S. or S. W. 
diredliy off the weftern or great Atlantic ocean;, 
though certain it is, that dry and fandy tradts, fucli 
as the deferts of Arabia and Africa are, feldom hkve 
any rain. 

(0 Nat. Hid. lib. 17. cap. 4. (2) Phii. Tf atif. foL 27. p.49. 
(5)Chag. II. f. 17. 



WATERFORD. 285 

It is a common obfervation amongfl: feamen, that Weather, 
when the wind backs againft the fun (as they term 
ii) that is, when it fhifts from W. to E. foutherly, 
or from any other point contrary to the fun's courfe, 
fo as to oppofe the fun*s apparent motion, it very 
feldom fails of bringing rain and ftormy weather; 
the caufe of which may be, that the fun, which, by 
its heat raifed the vapours of which clouds confifl, 
drawing them after it according to its apparent 
diurnal courfe from E. to W. and the wefterly wind 
comprefTing thefe vapours the contrary way, do fo 
condenfe the rarified fpungy parts of them upon 
meeting in the S. that they are thereby colledled into 
drops, become too heavy to float any longer in the 
atmofphere, and fo defcend in rain; whereas, on 
the contrary, it is obfervable, particularly in fum- 
mer time, when the fun's rays have the greateft 
force, that when the. winds follow the fun's courfe 
from the E. towards the W. they attenuate and dif- 
perfe the vapours, and bring on a ferenity ; fo that 
the wind's fhifting round with the fun, is a certain 
token of good weather, which feems to be VirgiFs 
meaning in his Jupiter Denfans and Rarefaciens. 

— . . & Jupiter humidus auftro 

DenfatjCrantqua raramodo, & quae den fa relaxat. 

Georg. Lib. i. v. 408. 

In this county, what our feamen call mare's tails, 
they call in England, fS:ag's-heads, which are only 
the fhape of the cloud, branching out into long rays 
or ftreaks from a point like the letter V, and they 
generally prognofticate high winds. The point of 
the compafs from whence the wind is to blow, is 
generally from the fharp point of the clouds, and 
feldom from the more open fide the contrary way, 
as in wind guns, eolopiles, and all other explofions 
of the air, which ftili fpreads as it proceeds from 
the orifice of the inftrument; but fometimes it alfo 

happens, 



2S6 iSlatural and Civil Uifiory of 

happens, that the wind fhifts from the more open 
lides of thefe flreaky exhalations, as in haloes, which 
if entire and not broken, according to the ancients, 
argued a calm feafon ; but if rent on any fide, they 
expelled a wind from that point of the heavens on 
which the circle of the halo was interrupted. Inde 
ventum nautici expedtant, unde contextus coronae 
perit, fays Seneca (4) ; with whom lord Bacon al(b 
agrees, numbering this among his prognoflics. Quae 
parte is circulus fe aperuerit expedtetur ventus (5). 

Thefe haloes are often feen round the body of 
the moon, and fometimes round that of the fun ; 
when they continue for feveral days and nights fuc- 
cefTively, there will be a longer continuation of tem- 
peftuous weather ; and, on the contrary, the (horter 
they are feen, the fhorter time will the badnefs of 
the weather continue. 

It is obfervable, that when clouds are more than 
ordinarily white, they portend wind rather than rain, 
being lefs denfe than watery ones, and fo admitting 
the light to pafs through them ; hence their white- 
nefs. 
Unufual Before an E. wind, the refradlion of the air is 
refradions much greater, efpecially towards that part of the 
horizon bounded by the fea, than at other times; 
at this time, vefTels which feem in the horizon, 
rocks, iflands, promontories, &c. appear mpch higher 
than at other times, and feem in a manner lifted up 
in the air ; and this happens generally a day or two 
before the wind blows from that point, occafioned, 
no doubt, from a great quantity of vapours tending 
that way, which makes the atmofphere denfer than 
at other times, and occafions this more than ordinary 
refradtion. It is well known, that at all times, diilant 
objeds on the hoiizon appear higher than they really 
are, particularly on the ocean, which isamattterof 

great 

(4) Senec. Nat, Queft. lib. i. cap. 1. 

(5} Hift, deventis inter prognoft. ad Art. $z, §. 8. 



W A T E R F O R D. 287 

great ufet efpecially to difcover at Tea the land, rocks, 
&c. But as thefe refradions are much varied, ac- 
cording to the different v/inds which blow from dif- 
ferent quarters, it is impoflible to afcertain the true 
refradlions of the heavenly bodies. Notwithdanding 
which, v/e have tables of this kind given us by 
Tycho Brache de la Hire and other aftronoraers ; 
but with hov/ little certa\inty, I leave the curious to 
judge; and fhall add, that at thefe times I have 
noticed the refradions to be fometimes double, and 
often triple, more than at other times, efpecially in 
objeds which are but a fmall height above the ho- 
rizon ; and thefe again infinitely more refraded 
than higher objeds were at the fame time. 

In this part of the kingdom, the winters are more 
fubjedt to rain than fnov/ ; nor do froil or fnow con- 
tinue fo long here near the fea-coafts, as in the 
more inland parts of the country. The winter 
of 1744, when the northern pa/t of Ireland was en- 
tirely covered with fnow for many weeks, to the 
great lofs and deftrudron of the cattle of that pro- 
vince; there was but little fnow here, and that only 
continued a day or two : and in the winter of 1739, 
when there was one of the greateft froils ever known, 
with large quantities of fnow, i happened fo be about 
fixteen miles up from the fea, where all the country 
round wa^ entirely locked up ; but returning towards 
the coaft, when I came within about fix miles of 
the ocean, the earth was quite uncovered, and cattle 
grazed about as ufual, notwithftanding there was 
little or no thaw in the m.ore inland parts for near fix 
weeks after, which temperature is owing to the warm 
vapours afforded by the fea. In the Philofopbical 
Tranfadions, numb. 324. it is obferved^ that, in 
the great froil of 1708, wherein when Eng'and, 
Germany, France, Denmark and the more Ibuiberiy 
regions of Italy, Switzerland, and other parts, fuf- 
fered extremely, this kingdom and Scotland felt 
very litde of it, hardly naore than in other winters. 

Ill 



588 Natural and Civil Hipry of 

Aurora j^ Movember 1737, there appeared oyer the moft 
Boreaiis. ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ g ^^ Ireland, a mod furprifmg meteor, 
called aurora boreaiis, or the northern light; of 
which^ we had feveral accoumts given us, at that 
time, in the news-papers, and in particular from KiU 
kenny. About eight in the evening, there appeared 
a kind of fiery ball in the zenith, from which pro- 
ceeded feveral rays of lights of a pale colour, inter- 
mixed with red and blue, and thefe, at firfl, were 
darted to the E. and W. even to the horizon, like 
a large rain-bow ; it did not long continue thus, when 
feveral other corufcations fhot, with great velocity* 
to the N. and S. and feveral pillars were alfo ejedled 
to the other points, which continued a confiderable 
time in an undulatory or wave- like motion to 
crofs each other in long flreamers, fome rays, or 
beams, were tinged of a yellow and violet colour, 
which made a beautiful appearance ; and others 
refembled the beams of the fun, refledted on a 
ceiling by a bafon of water. During its continua- 
tion, there was, for feveral moments, fo great a 
light, that one might eafily fee' to read, and the 
whole phaenomena continued about three hours. 
A fufficient number of obfervations have not been 
made by the curious, to enable them to aflign 
the caufe of thefe kind of meteors. In the Phi- 
lofophical Tranfadtions, numb. 347, there is an 
ingenious hypothefis of Dr. Halley's, endeavouring 
to aflign the manner of their production j to which 
the reader is referred. 

The fea, on this coaft, is fometimes of itfelf a 
phofphorus, fhining prodigioufly in the dark ; this 
is not uncommon everywhere in flormy weather, 
but has been alfo noticed in a calm ; the fliining of 
the fea, in winter time, foretels an approaching 
florm ; whether it be, that a great quantity of bi- 
tuminous matter is thrown up, by fome fubmarine 
heat, fermentation, or fteams, afcending from the 
bottom, is difficult to determine. 

Thefe 



W A T E R F O R D. 289 

Thefe fiery particles, in warmer climates, are 
often raifed up from the ocean, and float in the air, 
before an approaching ftorm, fixing themfeives, and 
adhering to the mafts, rigging, fails, &c. as may 
be frequently met with in books of voyages, but 
doing no damage, as real fire would, being no other 
than a kind of phofphorus. Of thefe meteors, there 
are few feen in our feas ; the air being colder, lefs 
rarified, and denfer than in more fouthern regions? 
is not fo proper to afiifl their afcent. 

The fea has been alfo often noticed to be in a great 
commotion, not only at a confiderable diftance off, 
but alfo near the fhore, for fome days before an 
approaching ftorm ; nor is it reafonable to imagine, 
that this motion is communicated by the ocean, in 
other places agitated by high winds. For furely 
the motion of wind being quicker than any that 
could be communicated by the fea, at fuch a dif- 
tance, muft firft arrive; fo that from thence there 
is a great probability, that winds arife from the bot- 
tom of the deep. Though I will not fay all winds; 
for fome there are, that have their origin in the 
earth, and in the atmofphere. 

In calm weather, in fummer time, when the wind 
is S. E. or in any other point betwixt the S. and 
the E. the fait water of the ocean gives fo great a 
light, that, being dafhed upon with oars, ic ieems 
to run off them like liquid fire; nay, it has been 
obferved, to be fo very luminous in ftrong gales of 
wind, near the ifles of Cape de Verd, that pailengers 
have obferved the very keel of their Ihip by it, and 
fifhes playing underneath it (6). 

This (hining on this coaft in the fummer months, 
is modly owing to an oily buuminous fubftance, 
which, at that time, floats on the furface, being 
lighter than the falt-water, and being thinned and . 
warmed by the foiar rays, it mounts to the top. 

Whether 

(6) Vid. Ligon's Hift. of Barbadoes, d, ?, 

u * 



zgo Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

Whether this matter is formed, in the Tea itfelf, as 
Arillotle (7) feems to think, or whether this oily 
fubfcance be produced by fifh, ' fuch as pilchards, 
porpoiies, &c. is not eafy to determine ; but be that 
as it will, it is certain, this fubftance is a kind of 
liquid phofphorus, and is what caufes this fhining 
quality in the ocean (8). 

Echoes. To this chapter of the air, may be added fome- 
thing in relation to echoes, which are either fimple, 
fuch as return the found but once ; and thefe are 
either poly fy liable, fuch as return feveral fyllables, 
or tonical, fuch as return a mufical note only. 
Othei's are manifold; and thofe repeat the fame 
words often, and may therefore be called tautological 
echoes, which are caufed either by fimple or double 
refledion. Of the latter kind, one of the mofl 
curious I have met with in this county, . is on the 
ilrand of Dungarvan, which will diftindlly repeat 
two or three notes, five times over ; the objeds of 
v^hich echo, or the centra phonocamptica, I take to 
be the abbey not a quarter of a mile diilant, and 

another 

(7) AyTrapoy ya^ %jtTiv tv ru aX/*ypw. KyfAw cr))/X£toi» h iKxpmrcn 
ya,^ iT^aiov tv raTq aXixK;: i. e. That fatnefs always accompa- 
nies a faitjuice, wiieicof, fays he, we have this certain fign, 
that in hot weather an oil may be feparated from it. Arifl:, 
Problematum. fe(St. 23. queft. 9. Again, that the fea-water 
yields an oil we have alfo the teftimony of the fame philofo-: 
pher, csTTo yri r^v dhuv '^Xcciov ^(psn^Hrcn. i. e. That oil is gotten 
out of fea-brine. Id. quell. 15. 

This is (Irongly coniirmed by the experiments of count Mar- 
filjy, in hisHittoireNaturelle de laMer. 

(8) The honourable Mr. Boyle and Dr. Bale, in the Philofo- 
phicai TranfaCtions, numb. 89, 125. have given ample proof 
not only of theflelh of a piece of beef, and two necks of veal 
ILininF in the dark ; but they have alfo obierved the fame in a 
pullet^ and in hog's fled), and in all thofe whilft frefli and good, 
before putrefafticn. Nothing is more common than for filh to 
fliine in the fame manner in the dark, moft kinds of it having 
this property ; but none in a greater degree than whiting, 
vvhofe light is equal to that of the Bolonian flone, or any otiier 
phofphorus, efpecially if it be tv/enty-four hours taken, as I 
havs frequently obfsived. 



W A T E R F O R D. z§i 

another caftle which (lands a little way to the N. of 
the fame, as may be feen in the profpeft of this 
place; and the true place of the fpeaker, or centrum 
phonicum, about twenty yards to the N. of the 
town upon the fame itrand. This echo receives 
fome advantage from the water or creek of the Tea, 
which lies in a direct line between the two centres, 
and from the concavity of the fhores, which lies alfo 
between them. For at high water, this echo is 
neither fo clear or diftindl as on the ebb ; neither is 
it fo confiderable by day as by night ; which varia- 
tion confifts in the different qualities and conftitution 
of the medium in various feafons, the air being 
quieter, and filled with more exhalations in the 
night than day, which, in fome fort, retards the 
quick motion of the voice to the objedl, and fome- 
what hinders its return to the fpeaker; which, by 
reafon the voice, mufl needs be weakened in the re- 
flexion, muft neceiTarily give fpace for the return 
of more fyllables (9). 

Under Helvoeck-head, there are many caves made 
by the working of the fea; in one of which, if a 
piece be difcharged, thenoife will feem like a clap of 
thunder, with many reverberated echoes from the 
adjacent rocks ; as foon as the piece is difcharged, 
the fea is immediately fwelled by the repercullion of 
the air, fo as to lift up the boat (in which one mufl 
enter thefe caves) feveral times backwards and for- 
wards ; which, with the noife and gloominefs of the 
cave, is no very pleafant experiment. 

I have already taken notice of fome other echoes 
in the mountains of this county. 

(9) Vid. Kircher's Magia-Phonocamptlca. 



U 2 CHAP. 



igz Natural and Civil Hijlory of 



CHAP. XIV. 

Of the moji remarkable Fojjih^ whether Stones^ Earths^ 
Clays^ or Ores^ difcovered in this County^ with 
ufefiil Hints towards the making of fuch Dif- 
coveries. 



A 



M O N G the feveral kinds of ufeful earths, 
thefe following have been difcovered in this 
county. Potters-clay of various kinds, pipe-clay, 
ochre, bole and marie ; of which I (hall fay fome- 
thing particularly before I proceed to the ores. And, 
§. I. Of thofe kinds of earth and ftones which 
excite no fermentation with acids, which are potters- 
earth, pipeclay, ochres, or painting-earths (ij, boles, 
fmegmatic or foapy earths ; and to thefe may be 
added, fuch ftones, either found or rotten, as make no 
ebullition with acids, of which hereafter. 
Potters- Of potters-clay, there are many kinds in feveral 
day. places in this county. Round the whole town of 
Dungarvan, and adjacent parts, there is great plenty 
of a fliff yellow clay. At Ballyntaylor, in the parifh 
of Whitechurch, there is alfo a white kind. In the 
fide of a cleft, in the parifh of Rineogonagh, is a 
milk-white clay, refembling pipe-clay ; it looks like 
chalk, and one would imagine it to be an abforbent 
earth, which it is not -, for unwafhed, it makes no 
ebullition with the oil of vitriol, though wafhed, it 
does a fmall one. 

In the paridi of Lifmore, between that town and 
a mount, called the Round-hill, is a vein of white 
clay, formerly ufed and miftaken for marie. Near 

Mogehy, 

(i) It is a vulgar error, wliich even fome of the bed writers 
have not efcaped, to place the fat earths, as Bolus Armena, 
Terra Lemnia> &c, among ablorbents or fuch as ferment with 
s^cids J for if pure, none of them do. 



W A T E R F O R D. %9g 

Mogehy, in the parifh of Whitechurch, is a good 
potters-clay, of which earthen- ware has been formed; 
but to enumerate ail the different places, wherein 
this material may be found in this county, would be 
needlefs ; in a word, the potter or brick-maker can 
jfcarce fit down in any part towards the W. of this 
county, but he may find fufficient materials for his 
purpofe. 

Of pipe-clay, there are fome places in this county Pipe-cla,T„ 
where it has been of late difcovered. Firfl, at 
Ballyduff, near the W. bounds of the county, on 
the right-hand of the road leading to Cork, there is 
a vein of good pipe-clay, which, on the other fide 
of the way, is variegated with a red earth or bole ^ 
from the colour of this earth it was fufpeded that 
fome richer mineral might be found hereabouts ; bus: 
although the ground was opened for a confiderable 
depth, nothing more than this kind of earth has beea 
yet difcovered. 

Near Drumana, a good pipe-clay has been of late 
difcovered, which is mixed, in fome places, with a 
bole, in like manner. An excellent kind was found 
fome time ago, near Bailyntaylor, in the pariih of 
Whitechurch, by one who. at that time, (earched 
for marie. Goodpipe clay (hould be unduous, wiih- 
out grit, of an equal confidence, burn exceeding 
white ; when it ferments with acids, it is a fign of ics 
being mixed with marie or lime-done ; and there- 
fore unfit for the pipe- maker's ufe. 

At Bailyntaylor, above-mentioned, is an excellent Ochr**^. 

ochre (2), which is of a deeper yellow than the 

French fort commonly fold m the (hops • when 

calcined, it becomes of a brick colour, and then 

U 3 yields 

(2) This material was called, by PHnj and the ancients, fil. 
which name is now changed into the modern one, ochre, as 
fome fay, from the Greek word u^^o<^. pallidns, or, as others, 
from the river Ochra, which runs through Brunlwic, whofe 
banks yield great quantities of it *. Nat. Hift. lib. 33, c. 3^, 

* Vid. Enceiius de re Metal, lib. 2. cap. 20, 



194 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

yields to the magnet, it caufes no ebullition with 

acids. It affords various colours crude and calcined, 

and is very lit for the painter's ufe -, the formation of 

ochre, as may be here particularly obferved, is oc- 

cafioned by the fteams or faline exudations ifluing 

out of the feverai iron flones into the fubftance of a 

white clay, in the fame manner as copperas- water 

will give a yellov/ colour to feverai kinds of white 

earth, or to a lime-wall. There is alfoagood quan-^ 

tity of a browner kind, which alteration is occafioned 

by the earth's being more or lefs white, and, in 

fome places, v/here it is more or lefs impregnated 

with the mineral juices. The vein here dips frora 

S. to N. its depth is uncertain, nor is it of any 

great breadth, which narrownefs of the vein it has 

in common with the Shotover ochre in Oxfordfhire, 

which, according to Dr. Plot (3), is accounted ex- 

celieiit in its kind. 

In feverai other parts of the county, there are 
fmaller veins of ochre, lefs perfedly formed, of 
which fpecim.ens were tranfmitted to Dublin. There 
is an excellent kind, ufeful to the painter, in the 
liberties of the city of Waterrord, on the county of 
Kilkenny fide of the river 5 but of this an account 
more properly belongs to the defcription of that 
county. 
Bole. At Ballyduff, above-mentioned, Is a red earth, 
which has ail the properties of the true Armenian 
bole ; it is fat, adheres to the lips, does not ferment 
with acids, and calcines red. It has been wrought 
up with oil, and ufed as a red painting earth ; but 
as it is apt to flake off when dry, it is fitter for 
other ufes. It has been ufed as an aftringent in 
the difeafes of cattle, and has been fubflituted to 
the bolus armena by fome apothecaries ; and, pro- 
bably, the fraud is harm lefs, fince this feems, both 
in fenfible qualities and virtues, to come very near 

that, 

(3)Hift. ofOxfordlliire, chap. IIL 



W A T E R F O R D. 29c 

that, the Terra Lemnia, Sigillata, and others dig- 
nified with pompous charadlers. 

However, as we have the humour ofdefpifing 
the produdl of our own country, and of admiring 
only things which are brought us at an high price 
from abroad, I cannot promife the proprietor any- 
great advantage from it. 

Some of the pipe clays above mentioned fetch 
greafe out of cloths, and may be accounted among 
the number of fmegmatic earths, but fall fhort of 
fuller's-earth in that refped, a material very much 
wanted in this kingdom, and which it would be of 
the greatefl: importance to our cloth -workers to 
difcover. Its chief charadter is that it has not the 
lead fand or gravel, but will all entirely dilTolve in 
water, which, fome fay, is the principal reafon why 
it is fo ufeful in fcouring cloth. 

Query, If it would not be worth the pains to try 
if pipe-clay, well feparated from its fand, would not 
ferve inflead of fuller's-earth for the fcouring of 
cloth? to feparate the fand from it, it might be 
diflblved in fair water, and after the mixture is well 
flirred, decanted off from the gritty parts, which, by 
their weight, would foon fall to the bottom. 

To thefe earths, I fhall fa bjoin fuch Hones as will 
not ftir or ferment with acids ; and thefe are all 
flones whatfoever, except thofe of the calcarious 
kind, or fuch as are reducible into lime. 

Such as freeftone, grinding-ftones, rag-ftones^ 
or black building Hone (fo named in Dublin) fire- 
flones, grit, 6cc. ^ 

ift. Of freeflone, or lapis arenarius; we have Preefionc, 
fome in this county, perhaps, as beautiful and lai1« 
ing for building, as any to be met with in other 
places. Near Drumana, they dig up a fine white 
kind, no way inferior to Portland ftone ; I have fcsn 
fome of it worked, which feemed freely to yield to 
the chifel, and was lefs porous than ordinary, carry- 
ing a fine arris, which is a coniideration few make 
U 4 when 



296 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

when they ufe this flone, though of confequence; 
for that of a porous texture muft imbibe the air and 
moifture, and fo moulder away fafler than that of a 
clofer grain. There is, indeed, a kind of this flone, 
which, tho' porous, will harden in the air ; and in 
this cafe, the porofity is of advantage, by its imbib- 
ing the lime and fand the better. 

Near Curraghmore, is an uncommon kind of 
freeflone, which, though white, is beautifully fprigged 
v/ith veins of a reddifn colour j it works ^tW^ and 
(lands the air and weather. 
Grinding- In a quarry at Ballylemon, in the parifh of White- 
'^ontz. church, there is a good kind of grinding- ftones, fit 
for the cutler, carpenter, and other artifans. They 
are of a finegrir, which makes them more valuable, 
of an olive cobur, and may be proper not only for 
giving an eoge to coarfer inflruments, but fuch 
pieces as are large enough to make turning ftones of, 
may well ferve for the grir.ding of razors, knives, 
&c. Another fort of grinding-ftones, of a coarfer 
kind, are thofe called mill ftones, the grit of which 
need not be fo fine, provided it be hard and do not 
fweat in moift weather, which, for grinding of corn, 
is an ui^pardoriable fault. Of thefe, fome are dug 
out of quarries, and others formecj out of great loofe 
ftones ; of which, all parts of this county afford a 
fufficient quantity. 
\\xg~ Rag-ftones, called, in the county of Dublin, black 

fioiies. building ftones, we have in great plenty, and they 
are only uled in walling. 
, I have not obferved any of the right kind of fire- 

ftone in any part of this county, nor of that fort 
ufed for cleaning brafs, &:c. called rotten ftone. 

To thefe may be added, i. A reddifh ftone, 
found in the above-mentioned ochre bed, being ^ 
kind of pyrites, which being expofed to the air, 
becomes covered v/ith a moift kind of ruft ; a quan- 
tity of which being dilTolved, filtered, and exhaled, 
yielded a green vitriol. This ftone affords no 

tindure 



W A T E R F b R D. 257 

tin(^ure to fpirit of fal armoniac, and yielded but 
little to the magnet, either crude or calcined ; yet, 
that it contains iron, appears not only from the pre- 
ceding, but from the following experiment; being 
digefled with the oil of vitriol diluted with water, 
it afforded a blue tindure with galls. It is pro- 
bable, fuch niinerae as this, diflblved by an acid in 
the bowels of the earth, conflitute fome kinds of 
fpaw water. 

2. A rotten ftone, broke from a rock of the fame 
in Dungarvan harbour, which piece difcovers Tro- 
chitas. It is of an olive colour, impalpable, makes 
no ebullition with acids, calcines red, and then yields 
to the magnet. 

§ 2. I now proceed to make mention of fuch 
earths and flones of the calcarious kinds as ferment 
with acids, and thefe are miarle, rotten and other 
iimeftones, marble, &c. Concerning marie, the ^^ ^' 
reader will find fbmething faid in Chap. 7. to which 
he is referred. 

1 fhali here mention fome places where rotten Rotten 
limeftone has been noticed, an article no lefs ufefuU'"^^^<^"^ 
to the hufbandman than the former. 

1. A marie or rotten limeflone, found at New- 
Affane, on the bank of the Black-water river, being 
fnewn in Dublin to perfons converfant in agriculture, 
they judged it to promife well ; it ferments flrongly 
with acids, and being kept eleven hours in a pipe- 
maker's furnace, was reduced into a perfect lime. 
Marie feems, for the moil part, to be no other 
than an unduous rotten limeitone. 1 have, as yet, 
met with none but what fermenred with acids, and 
were, by an intenfe heat, reducible to lime; but as 
there are a great variety of marles, the truth of this 
opinion muit be confirmed by further experiments. 

2. A whue friable ftorie, refembling bunit lime, 
found u plenty at Lifmore, near the Ferry-flip ; this 
was fuppofed, by fome, to have been a kind of plaf- 
ter of Paris, but was found, by an experienced per- 

ion, 



29S Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

fon, to want its ftrongly cementing quality. It fer- 
ments with acids, and burns into lime. 

3. A rotten limeflone, or marie, found at Lif- 
more, on the bank of the Black- water river in plenty, 
though negledled and never ufed for improving 
land; it is lefs undluous than that of number i. 
whitens the fingers, ferments Urongly with acids, 
and burns into lime (4). 

4. A grey rotten limeflone, or rather a flone of 
a mixt nature, and partly metallic, which lies near 
the lead-mine at Lifmorcj it whitens the fingers a 
little, is flaky, and fomewhat flippery to the touch. 
It ferments with acids, and yet is not, by a calcina^ 
tion of eleven hours in a pipe-maker's furnace, 
reduced to lime, but turns of a pale brick colour, 
like the ferruginous earths (5). 

5. In fome rocks, on the coafl of Dungarvan 
harbour, is a friable fpar, like candy, it ferments 
ftrongly with acids, and becomes perfed lime in an 

Limeftone four's calcination. It would be needlefs to recite 
the feverai places in this county where limeflone is 
found, the reader will find them mentioned in the 
third chapter. 

Marble. In this county, different kinds of marble are .dif- 
covered, as at Tooreen a fine variegated fort, com^ 
pofed of feverai colours, as brown, chocolate- colour, 
white, yellow, and blue, blended into various fhades 
and figures, which takes a good polifh. 

Near New-AfFane, at no great diflance from the 
above-mentioned place, there is a black and white 
marble, which alfo takes a good polifh. 

A black 



(4) Briilol or Mallow waters, are probably a folution of fome 
calcarious earth or ftones, fuch as fome of thefe here fpecified, 
by an acid in the bowels of the earth. 

(5) Mod of thefe rotten limeftones feem to be rendered thus 
foft and fri?.b!e by the acid ileams of fome neighbouring mine- 
rals ; and where fmall veins of iron run through the quarries, 
the (tones near them feem to be more corroded than the reft. 



WATERFORD. 2,99 

A black marble, without any mixture of white, 
has been found near Kilcrump, in the parifh of 
Whitechurch, but as it lies deep, has been negledted. 

In the fame parifh, near a place called Ballyna- 
courty, is a grey marble, beautifully clouded with 
white, fpotted like fome kinds of lliagreen, and 
takes a good polifh. 

As marble is only a harder kind of Hmeflonc, 
and of a clofer grain, it makes, when burnt, the befl 
kind of lime for building. There is a fine purple 
marble, near the N. W. bounds of this county, at 
a place called Loughlougher, in the county of 
Tipperary, which, when polifhed, looks exceeding 
beautiful. 

On the fliores, and in fome of the inland parts 
of this county, one may meet with feveral pieces of 
itone, refembling granate (6), which are no more 
than lumps of pebbles cemented together, but fe^;^ 
of them are large enough for ufe (7). 

In 



(6) The ingenious Mr. Ray, in his topographical obferva- 
tions through Italy, informs us, that in the church of 
Benedictines at Ravenna, the monks fliewed him two marble 
pillars, for which, they faid, the Veaetians offered them no 
lefs than their utmoft weight in filver ; but the like, he fays, 
he had feen elfewhere, at the library at Zurich, and at Verrona 
in a chapel of the virgin. Their generation, at firft, he fays, 
was out of a mafs of fmall flints and pebbles, united by a 
cement as hard as themfelves, and capable of politure ; which 
cement, he gueffes, was feparated by degrees, from a fluid 
wherein the ftones formerly lay. Topograph, Obf. p. 329. 

(7) There may be one general remark made through all the 
quarries in this county, that they neither lie flat in beds parallel 
to the plane of the horizon, nor perpendicular to it, but form 
an angle of 45^ or thereabouts ; and where quarries lie on the 
fides of hills, the beds of ftone ftand perpendicular to the plain 
of the hill; and the fame alfo in the cliff^s of the fea-coaft, 
where it looks like a defign of providence ; for, by this means, 
the rocks are wedged in like fo many buttrefles, the better to 
relift the impetuofity of the waves; v/hereas if they were per- 
pendicular to the horizon, they would, by'degrees, fplit and 
tumble dov/n ; and were they laid flat, they would, in time, be 
undermined by the water. 



joo Natural and CwiJ Hijlory of 

In feveral of our limeftone caves, there may be 
had good quantities of ftaladical exudations, all 
which ferment with acids, and are ealily reducible 
into lime (8). 

Thefe exudations are certainly the produdt of 
limeilones, as (George Agricola holds, et faxo calcis 
cum pauca aqua perniillo, fays he, de Natur. fofil. 
lib. 5.) and, indeed, we find them no where but ad- 
hering and growing out of thefe kkad of rocks. 
Spar. " Spar," according to Woodward's definition, 
" is a mixed body, confiding of cryflal incorpo- 
" rated, fometimes with LacLunae, and fometimes 
" with other minerals, flones, earthy or metallic 
" matter ; where the cryflailine matter prevails, 
" the body is more or lefs pellucid, and (hoots into 
*' regular angular figures; vvhere the other matter 
'' prevails, its figure is uncertain and irregular. 
*' There is fcarce any rock whatfoever, whether 
'' vulgar or metalline, but what has fome kind of 
" fpar or another (hot into its feams or hollows." 
Great quantities of fpar may be eafily gathered on 
our fea-coail ; they make a good ingredient in glafs 
works, and fo do mofi kinds of tranfparent pebbles; 
thefe they gather up at Tefiino, in Italy, and with 

them 



(8) In a cave, in the county of Tipperary, not far from 
Burnt-court, the houfe of my worthy and very ingenious friend 
Mr. Anthony Chearnly, to whom I am obliged for his draughts 
of the perfpedive views in this work, thefe exudations abound 
in pleniy, and vegetate (if I may be allowed the expreffion) 
into all manner of forms. My above-mentioned friend has 
taken feveral curious views of the infide of this grotto, well 
worthy of e.';graving. 

Out of this kind of matter, which may here be had in plenty, 
is made the beft gypfum for plallering, calling images, fret- 
work, &c. ] 

To thefe fort of exudations mud be referred all kinds of 
fpars, by the miners called calk, this the Italians call geffo, 
being a corruption of t'-.e iatin word gypium. and of this they 
matce a cu; ou:: Kind o: aiuncial mi.. Die foi t. bles, &c. The 
method of doing which is rau<?ht us by Kirchei, in his mundus 
Tl' 'i-rpeus, lib. xii. ^ ^ .,j. Z. 



W A T E R F O R D. ^di 

them make the pureft glafs at the Moran, as 
Antonius Neri, lib. i. cap. i. informs us. 

Particular fpecimens of different kinds of fpar, 
which were taken up in this county, and tranfmitted 
to Dublin, were as follow : 

1. Lead-fpar, found at Lifmore, with fome traces 
of that metal. It flrikes fire, and fmells fulphu- 
rous on collifion, but makes no ebullition with acids, 
herein differing from fome other fpars which accom- 
pany lead-mine. 

2. A copper-fpar, broken off from fome rocks 
at Ardmore, near which feveral pieces of ore were 
found. It makes no ebullition with acids, is white, 
red and fhining, with blue and greenilh veins in ter- 
fperfed ; from whence, and the blue tindlure it im- 
parts to fpirit of fal armoniac, the juilnefs of the 
denomination is confirmed. 

3. A greenilh ftone, mixed with fpar, not uncom- 
mon on the fea-coafl near Dungarvan ; gives the 
fame tindture to fpirit of fal armoniac as the pre- 
ceding, indicating copper. 

4. A v/hite hard fpar, found running through 
yellow clay, near Dungarvan ; it excites no ebullition 
with acids. 

5. A white fpar, with which the infides of fome 
caves on the coafl are lined ; it makes no ebullitioa 
with acids, except a little with oil of vitriol, flrikes 
fire, and fmells fulphurous in collifion. 

6. Near Ardmore, are fome fine tranfparent fpars, 
mixed with lead ore, as pellucid as Kerry-ftone, 
and of regular figures (9), 

7. In 

(9) Some of thefe fpars are fo bright, that we may reafona- 

bly admit what Aidrov and L?s{a/s of Lhem> (Mafeum Metdlo- 
rum, lib. 4. ch. 76.) that they are gemmse incohats & non per- 
fe<Sla2. And that Boetius, probably, fays true, who doubts not, 
but they are made of the fame matter with gems, and places 
them between gems and ftones. Inter gemmas & lapides jue- 
dium locum obtinent fiuores. Boetius de lap. & gem. c. 304, 



^oz Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

7. In the barony of Upperthird, in this county, 
they fometimes find a kind of tranfparent (lones, of 
the fame nature as the Briflol or Kerry-ftones ; they 
are not found either in digging among gravel or in 
quarries, as other formed ftones generally are, but, 
for the mofl part, lying upon the earth's furface, 
and have been taken up after the plow in many 
places (10). 

Few of thefe fpars are fit for any thing but glafs 
works ; they will not polifh like other ftones, being 
of a different texture, fome parts are hard, and others 
brittle; when mixed with other metals, they render 
them more quick in fufion than otherways they are 
inclined to be of themfelves. 

Slate. The reader will find mention made of the flate- 

quarries of this county in the third chapter. 

Ores. § 3. Ores of lead, iron and copper, difcovered in 

this county, are as follow : 

Lead. At Ardmore head, parcels of a rich mine are 

found interfperfed among the rocks ; to mofl of the 
pieces there adheres a very bright fpar ; there were 
feveral fhafts funk in the hill formerly, which have 
a communication with each other. How this work 
came to be laid afide, is uncertain. Some of this 
ore exhibited green fpots, here and there, indicating 
copper ; this was further confirmed by a blue tinc- 
ture, which it gave to fpirit of fal armoniac. Some 
of it being fluxed by the late Mr. Robert Calder- 
wood, of Dublin, yielded lead only, and in the 
proportion of about half lead to ore. I myfelf gained 
five drachms of pure metal from an ounce of the 
ore, in this manner; having freed it from fpar and 
other foreign matter, I had it roafled and powdered, 
then added an equal weight of fait of tartar, put it 
into a crucible, and placed it in the fire, where it 

was 

(10) Mr. Beaumont, in the Philofophical Tranfadlions, 
N°. 83, mentions fuch ftones as thefe to be found in Somcrfet- 
fiiire and Gloucefterfhire, in the fame manner, in the road, 
■where the earth is bare. 



WATERFORD. 303 

was kept red hot for fome hours, the refult was, that 
underneath the Scoriae, when all was cold, there 
remained, of pure lead, five drachms. 

Some years ago, feveral tuns of this ore lay 
negledted on the adjacent ftrand, which fome perfons 
carried off to Wales, where they fold it to good 
advantage. 

At Lifmore, a very rich ore of the fame kind has 
been found, which, fluxed by the fame perfon, 
yielded three parts out of four of pure lead ; in the 
rocks over the Black-water river, there are many 
trads of this metal, and elfewhere about that place, 
all which feem to be exceeding good ; moft lead 
ore contains fome quantity of filver, which may be 
feparated from the lead by the coppel. 

Near Mountain-caftle, in the parifh of Modelligo, Copper, 
there have been fome trials made for copper ores, 
fome indications of this metal being hereabouts, but 
for want of proper management, the attempt has 
proved fruitlefs. There are feveral indications of 
this mineral on the Black-water river ; among the 
rocks, near the garden of Drumana, there are 
feveral greenifh veins, mixed with fliining particles, 
which afford a blue tindure to fpirit of fal armoniac ; 
but whether it may be worth while to make trials 
on thefe places, is left to the direction of the honoura- 
ble owner of the foil (11). 

In the third chapter, the reader will find parti- 
cular mention made of feveral places where iron 
ore may be found, and where works of this kind 

have 

(u) In a M. S. of the bifhop of Clogber's, in the coiiege 
library, there is a piece, entitled, the mines of Ireifind, in which, 
filver is mentioned to be at Knockdry, in the county of Water- 
ford, and lead in Powers Country; and again, filver in the 
county of Waterford. Thefe places are not known; and Pow- 
ers Country is a large tract, containing the greater part of the 
barronies of Upperthird and Middlethiid. It is uncertain, what 
authority there may be for thefe particulars, but as old tradi- 
tiorjs fometimes carry a weight, it may be not amifs to place 
them here, as thefe places may come to be difcovered by tnak 
ing them public. 



504 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

have heen ereded. The only one of this kind car- 
ried on at prefect, is that of Araghlin, where they 
ufe a lixth part of the Englilh red mine to the native 
ore, which makes it foft and malleable, our ore being 
too brittle if fufed by itfelf. 

In the mountains, between Dungarvan and 
Youghal, large quantities of this ore may be found, 
feme of this iron fluff runs, in feveral veins and 
fmall branches, along the fides of hills, where it is 
very apparent; this, crude, or calcined, is but very 
little attradled by the magnet, yet digefted with 
oil of vitriol diluted, it turned of a deep blue 
with galls. 

Rotten iron, earth, or bog-mine, found in the 
fame mountains in plenty; this digefted with oil of 
vitriol diluted, exhibited the fame appearance as the 
former; when crude, it yields fomewhat to the 
magnet, but, when calcined, much more. 

I fhall clofe this chapter with fome methods for 
difcovering mines of coal, veins of copper, lead, 
iron, &c. 

The methods ufed in StafFordfhire for difcovering 
coal, according to Dr. Plot (12), are as follow. 
I ft, They confult the fprings (if any be near) to 
fee if they can find any coal-water, i. e. acid water, 
having a car or yeiiowifh fediment. Above ground, 
they look for a fmut, as they call it, i. e. a friable 
black earth ; when they meet with either of thefe, 
they reckon themfej ves under circumftances tolerably 
good ; for the finding of coal, which prompts them 
next, either to bore or fink a pit. The firft, they 
think, is the better of the two, if the coal lies 
(hallow ; but if they lie deep, it becomes as expen- 
five as finking a pit. The drawing the rods of 
the augur expending much time, in regard they are 
many, and it muft be done frequently, befides its 
leaving the fearchers under great uncertainties, in 

refpe^^ 

{12) Hift. of Stafford, chap. III. feS. 6q, 



W A T E R F O R D. 305 

refped of the courfe of the coal, the draining it, 
its goodnefs^ and thicknefs ; all which, in the fearch 
of coal, are very confiderable 5 whereas by finking, 
all thefe inconveniencies are renaoved, only the 
charge is apparent j for that in all virgin grounds, 
where the coal is entire and untouched, there is often 
a great affluence of water, fo that, fometimes, 
the work cannot turn to account to drain it. A 
roof of loofe rotten ftone, is a certain index of ill 
rotten coal, as a firm roof is on the coqtrary of a 
good one. 

Although iron ore is often found near coal, yet, 
on the contrary, lead is feldom found contiguous to 
it. The caufe of this is thought to be, that the ful- 
phurous fpirit of coal is too ftrong for the produdion 
of that metal, upon which account. Dr. Plot (13) 
fays, when near Mendip, there was found growing 
to a vein of coal, 200 or 300 weight of very good 
lead ore, it was looked on as a great rarity. 

All feams of coal have their proper or peculiar 
claiTes or covers belonging to them, which, without 
thefe marks, it would be in vain to make fearch 
for them. 

I ft, Coal is feldom found in the tops of moun- 
tains, but in mountain-heaths^ where the declivities 
of the furface afford means of placing water levels 
to drain the pits. 

2dly, The ufual covers of coals, on the fkirts of 
mountains^ are beds of black chivers, yelldwilli 
freeftones, hmeftones, and, fometimes, different 
layers of white and red freeftone. 

3dly, A grey freeftone commonly lies next to the 
coal, which is fpangled with ft^'.phur, and which 
changing into a bituminous plate, is the roof and 
fupport of mofl collieries. Seams of coal lie com- 
monly on the fea fide of mountains. 

4thly, In fome parts of England, the feveral flrata 
are, a white foapy earth, which the miners call 
(13) Chap. IV. fea. 2^. 

X coal* 



2o6 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

coal- metal, and is a good fign ; under this, comes 
a bed of freeftone, of a grey colour, which chang- 
ing into a black bituminous flate, is the cover of 
the coal, and thefe are the coal-covers of Cumber- 
land (14). 

In the difcovery of metals, the following remaarks 
may be v/orth notice. 

Lead, copper, iron, &c. have their generation 
in veins, running through the great bodies of 
mountains, which are the principal receptacles of 
the flamina of the minerals, and of their heat and 
humidity. 

Thofe larger figures run down the mountain 
rather in a floping form, which is the more common, 
or perpendicular to the horizon. 

Veins which run perpendicular without any de- 
predion, are called flats, and the ore in them flat 
ore ; when the veins are thick in the belly, and fmali 
at both ends, it is called a belly of ore, or pipe ore, 
and is no natural vein. 

Veins that run E. and W. are by all efl:eemed 
» the richefl:. 

Sometimes thefe veins are difcovered by art, 
ifl. By the colour of the fuperficial earths, which 
is no fmall indication, whether there be metals in 
the bowels of it. If it be difcovered with mineral 
exhalations, they carry a glifl:ering and a fliining 
- along with them. 

Sometimes fulphurous exhalations arife on its fur- 
face, and appear like an hoar-frofl-. 

Sometimes the fmell is /alphurous, which may 
indicate c upper, iron, and otlier baflard or femi- 
metals; whereas all white metals, as filver, tin and 
lead, have no fmell. Sometimes the tafle of the 
earth difcovers minerals, efpecially if it be infufed 
in clear water, or boiled, once or twice, on the fire. 
The mixture it contains may be difcovered, by 

tailing 

(14) Vid. Robinfon's Nat. Hift. of Weftmoreland and Cum- 
berland. 



W A T E R F O R D. s^7 

tafcing the fcum, which rifes at the top of the 
water. 

Sometimes, when metallic ilones are found at 
the bottom of a mountain, they may be traced up 
to the place from whence they were broken off, 
where one may dig or crofs-cut for the vein. Alfo, 
when fprings of water break out, which difcover 
the earth or ftones of a cankerous colour. This 
isacircumftance indicadng that veins of metal are 
near. 

When trees, fhrubs and plants grow in rows, 
as if they had been fet by a hne, it often proves that 
a vein of metal lies underneath them ; nor are fuch 
plants fo well coloured, or of fo large a growth, as 
others of the fame kind, the mineral exhalations 
hindering their perfection. 

Laftly, Veins of metal are fometimes difcovered 
by chance, as by violent currents of water wafhing 
off the outer coat of the earth, leaving the vein ex- 
po fed to the eye. Sometimes coal and other foflils 
have been difcovered by the plow. 

Thefe are the different methods by which thefe 
ufeful materials have, and may be, difcovered. 

The ftrata, which are the natural covers of mines, 
as well as moil mines themfelves, have a natural 
dip and rife, as miners term it^ for by fuch a 
natural rife to the furface of the earth, they often 
break out upon the precipices of mountains and 
hills, or by the fides of rivers, which are a gredt 
encouragement to the undertaker to begin his 
mine; whereas, if the feveral (Irara of ftc^ies, &Co 
were always upon a flat or level, there could fcarce 
be anv breaking out, or outward difcoveries. But 
in this, trials muft be made, either by guefs or at 
hazard ; which feems to be a defign cf providence, la 
dilpofing of thefe matters fo as to potot thtcn out lo 
us in this manner. 

Among other indications of m-tals, I fhould 

have mentioned that of fpars, which abound near 

X 2i lead 



joB Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

lead and copper, accompany moft other metals, 
and are often tinged with the fleams of the metals. 



CHAP. XV. 

Of Plants^ Treesy and other Matters relating t& 
Vegetables, 

A Search after plants being not one of the lead 
confiderable defigns of this undertaking, it 
would not feem improper to particularize all thofe 
which may be found in this county, but fuch an 
attempt would fweli this work beyond its intended 
bounds. 

It is, therefore, thought proper to take notice only, 
id, Of thofe, which, though lefs rare, are the mod 
ufeful ; and, adly. Of fuch as are rare, and either 
peculiar to this county, or, at lead, not commonly 
found elfewhere. Of which, I here fubjoin a cata- 
logue (i). The more rare, and more ufeful plants, 
didinguidied by an aderilk. 

I. Adian- 

(i) There is (fays Mr. Ray) a great difference in refped 
of plants, between the northern and fouthern countries, the 
fouthern having a great many fpecies, which the northern rnifs ; 
and the northern have but ^qw^ w^hich are wanting in the fou- 
thern. And the reafon is obvious, becaufe there are places in 
the fouthern countries, which agree with the northern in the 
temperature of the air ; as for example, the fides and tops of 
mountains; but no places, in the northern, fo warm as thofe in 
the fouthern. Befides, the mechanical ufes and medicinal vir- 
tues of plants, a contemplative perfon may difcover many other 
properties in them. Witnefs the palm, which Strabo affirms, 
is fit for 360 ufes ; or the cocoa, which yields wine, bread, 
milk, oil, fugar, fait, vinegar, tinflures, tans, fpices, thread, 
needles, linen and cloth, cups, di/lies, and other utenfils, 
bafkets, mats, umbrellas, paper, brooms, ropes, fails, and 
almoft all that belongs to the rigging of a (hip, as Franc, 
Hernander, and others affirm, of the cocoa, aloes, wild pwe, 
&c. Vid. Ray's Hift. Plantarura. Lib. XXI Chap. 7. 



W A T E R F O R D. ^09 

I. Adianthum foliis iongioribus pulverulentis, 
pediculo nigfo, C. B. Common black maiden hair, or 
oak fern. On the hill above Cuflicam, 2 miles N. E. 
from Duiigarvan, plentifully. 

2 Tf ichomanes Park. Trichomanes five Pollytri- 
chum officinarum, C. B. Englifh black maiden ha^r; 
this grows pretty plentifully at the entrance of a 
cave, called Oo;a-a-glour, in the paiifh of White- 
church, and on the rocky fide of the mountains of 
Cumeragb. 

3. * Feucedanum german^'cum, C. B. Peacedanum 
vulgare Park. Hogs fennel, fuJphurworr, or hare- 
ftrong; this grows S. E. of PaiFage in the barony of 
Gualtiere, iiear the water fide, plentifully." 

4. Lapathum aquaticum folio cubitali, C. B. 
Great water dock ^ this was found near the former. 

5. Alcea vulgar, major, C. B. Vervain mallow, 
in the parifh of Kilmeaden, barony of Middlethird, 
near the high road. 

6. Chamaemelum odoratiflimum repens fiore iim- 
plic. J. B. Sweet fcentcd creeping chamomile- in 
the parifh of Kilroffinta, near Baliycaroge. 

7. Ofmunda regalis feu Filix florida Park. Water 
fern, or flowering fern, or ofmund royal ; near the 
fame place, in a bog, plentifully. 

8. Ros foils folio oblongo. C. B, Long leaved 
Ros foils or Sun dew. in the fame place. 

9. Virga aurea, vulg. humilior Raij fynops. Gol- 
den rod ; on the hill of Cufhcam, near Dungarvan^ 

10. Verbena vulgaris, J. B= Vervain, between 
Tallow and I^ifmorej and in the fields near Cappo- 
quin. 

II. * Lepidium latifolium, C. B Raij Hiflor. 
Dittander or pepperwort j m the pa'-iih of Kinfalebeg^ 
near the E. fide of Youghal harbour, but in great 
quantities at Corkbeg, in the barony of {mokilly, 
in the county of Cork, where the common people 
give it to women in labour, and from its efxc^its^ 
call it by the name of Quick- deli very « 

X 3 ,12. Erjrigiuoi 



510 ' Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

12. Eryngiuna vulgare, J. B. Eryngo or fea 
Holly ; this grows plentifully in the fand near 
Youghal harbour, and is ufeful to confedioners, 
making a pleafant fweetmeat when candied. 

13. Cochlearia marina. Sea fcurvy-grafs ; this 
grows in plenty on the iHes of Icane, the little 
iiland of Stradbally, and in mjany other places near 
the coafL. 

14. * Alth^a five Bifmalva, J. B. Marfhmal' 
lows, this, although no Tea plant, grows in great 
plenty in the fame iilands of Icane. 

15. Allium montanum bicorne purpureum pro- 
liferum Raij. Purple flowered mountain Garlick, 
this grows on moft of the pafture lands in this county^ 
and gives a ftrong tafte, in the fpring, both to 
mi'k and butter; the countiy people call it wild 
o;arlick. 

16. Trifolium paluftre, C. B. Dod. J. B. Raij 
Hiilor. Euckbean ; in many parts of the county, 
but, in particular, in Bon-Mahon bog, in the parifh of 
Munkfland, where it grows fo luxuriant, that its 
leaves are fix inches long, and broad in proportion 
(2). It is an excellent anti-fcorbutic, and its juice 
has done great fervice in rheumatic complaints. 

17. Hyacinthus anglicus, Ad. Germ. Eyft. Raij 
Hift. Erigiifh Hyacinth, or harebels; in great plenty, 
in the fame place. 

18. Prunella, in Irifh Canavanbeg, felf-heah 
This the common people give, boiled in poflet drink, 
in all forts of fevers, except malignant ones, and 
expedl great matters from it, and fome give it in 
intermitting ones ; it is faid, they ufeit in Wales in 
the like cafes, where they call it by the fame Irilh 
nam.e. 

19. Centaurium minus, C. B. flore albo, leffer 
Centaury, with a white flower ; this grows plentifully 

with 



(2) Where the virtue of any plant is mentioned, it is either 
pew, or taken from the particular experience of the author. 



WATER FORD. 311 

with the other fort, on mofl of our hills in this 
county. 

20. * Filipendula minor Parkinf Dropwort ; in 
the mountains of Cumeragh, here and there among 
the rocks. 

zi. Gladum. Woad. This does not grow wild, 
but is cultivated near Waterfurd (3). 

22. * Cotyledon five Sedum feratum latifolium 
montanum guttato flore. Parkinf & Raij. London 
pride> on the top of the high mountain of Knock- 
mele-down, in this county; it is ahb faid to grow 
wild on the top of Mangerton-hill, in the county of 
Kerry (4). 

23. Sefamoides 



(3) The method of managing it, h laid down by Wedelius *, 
which confiils in reducing the plant to a beginning putrefadion, 
the preparation to this purpofe being not altogether unlike that 
of Indigo, and both this, and the prepared Woad, are infufed 
with lime, and thereby yield, ift, a green colour, which, by 
the air, becomes a blue ; by the procefs (which fee in Wedelius 
loccit. compared v;ith Boerhaave's Chap, de puciefaCtione 
vegetantium) the fulphur of the plant is exhaled, and the falts 
are attenuated, volatilized, and advanced to an alkaline ftate; 
and 'tis well known, that the infufionsof moil: herbs, tending 
to either green or yellow, do acquire a deeper linfture, by the 
mixture of an alkaline liquor, and, on the contrary, fuffer a 
diminution of the fame tindures by acids ; hence lime added to 
either Woad, or Indigo, improves their tindures. 

(4) This whole plant is moft accurately defciibed by Mr- 
Ray, in his Hift. Plantar, p. 1046, where, fpeaking ofth'^ place 
it grows, he hasthefe words, Pianta inhortis noftrisrrequentilu- 
ma e(t ubi tamen fponte oritur nobis nondum con'latj eft autem 
proculdub.io raontium incola, i. e 'ris a plant common in our 
gardens, but where it grows naturally, is not, as yet, known 
to US; certainly, it is an inhabitant of the mountains. Dr. 
Molyneux fays (Append, to Boat's Nat. Hift. p. 148.) that it 
grows plentifully on Mangerton-hill in Kerry, two miles from 
the town of Killarney, and four miles from the caftle of Rofs. 
The doctor adds, as far as I underftand, it is peculiar to that 
place alone, but in this he was miftaken. 

* In his Expeiimentum novum de fale volatiii plantarum. 

X4 



312 Natural and Ctvil Hiftory of 

23. Sefamoides falamantic. magnum of Clufius, 
or Lychnis vifcofa flore miifco fo^ C. B. Spanifh 
catchfly, or, as it is called in Surry, Star of the earth ; 
it is taken notice of in a letter from fir Hans Sloane 
(5) to Mn Ray, for its extraordinary and admirable 
virtue in curing the bite of a mad dog, either in 

. beafts or men ; one of his majeft) 's huntfmen having 
proved it a great many tinres, difcovered to the 
king the way of ufing it, which was by infufion in 
wine with treacle, and one or two more fimples; 
and his majefty was pleafed to communicate the 
fame to the royal fociety. This plant grows plen- 
tifully in the grove near Lifmore, over the Black-?, 
water river. 

24. * Helenium five Enula campana, J. B. Ele- 
campane ; this was found grov/ing wild, on the fide 
of an hill, in the parifh of Lifmore, between that 
place and Tallow. 

25. Gladiolus five Xiphium, J. B. Raij Hifl. 
Sword grafs, at the upper end of the Conegary at 
Dungarvan, in great plenty. 

26. * Helleborus niger hortenfis flore viridi, J. B. 
Helleboraftrum Gerardi, wild black hellebore or 
bearVfoot ; this was found near the church of Kii- 
cockan, three miles E. from Tallow. 

27. * iVIatricaria vulgaris feu fativa, C. B. Fever- 
few ; near Mogehy, in the parifh of White-church, 
plentifully. 

28. * Lilium convallium viilgo, J. B. Raij Hiftor. 
Lily of the valley ; by the fide of the river of 
Collygan, in a wood, pretty plentifully. 

29. Valeriana caerulea, C. B. Graeca Gen Greek 
valerian, or Jacob's ladder; this was found growing 
along the bank of the Black-water river, on the N. 
fide, between Cappoquin and Lifmore. 

30. * Scordium verum, J, B. Scordium ; found 
|?etween Lifmore and Tallow, near a brook fide. 

31, * Lau-. 

($) Ra}''s Letters, p, a®8. 



WATERFORD. 313 

31. * Laureola femper virens flore luteolo, J. B. 
Raij Hiftor. Spurge-laurel ; this fpecies grew in a 
wood, near Mogehy, in the parilh of Whitechurch. 

32. Cuminum pratenfe five Carui officinarum^ 
C. B. Caraway; this was found near Woodhoufe, in 
the parifh of Stradbally, growing wild. 

^^. ^ Biftorta major radice minus intorta, C. B. 
Biftort; near Lifmore and Tallow, on the hill of 
Slatwood. 

34. * Imperatoria, J. B. Raij Hiflor. Mafter- 
wort; this was difcovered growing wild near the 
former, and is, as the intelligent botanilt well knows, 
a great curiofity, it being accounted an exotick in 
England. 

35. Thlafpi arvanfe filiquis latis, C. B. Treacle 
muftard, or penny Crefs ; in the fields near Cappo- 
quin, plentifully. 

^6. Thlafpi Mithridaticum, feu Vulgatiflimum 
vaccariae folio, Park. Mithridate muftard ; alfo in 
the fame place. 

37. Betonica purpurea, C. B. Wood betonyj 
between Cappoquin and Lifmore, in the wood on 
the N. fide of the river. 

38. Fumaria alba latifolia claviculata. Ger. emac. 
Climbing fumitory ; in the fame place. 

39. Raphanus aquations foliis in profundas laci- 
pias divifis, C. B. Water horfe radifh; in the Black- 
water, near Lifmore. 

40. Nymphfea alba major, C. B. White water 
lily ; in the fame place. 

41. Nymphaea major lutea, C. B. Water lily. 
With a yellow flower; in the fame place, and in moft 
of the marfhy grounds. 

42. Abfinthium vulgare, Parkinf Common worm- 
wood ; in great plenty, on moft parts of the coaft, 
and in the parifti of Rineogonah, large quantities of 
it may be had. This, though a very common 
plant, I mention becaufe of its ufefulnefs, and being 
fcarce about Dublin, and in other places. 

43. *Afpar- 



Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

43. * Afparagus maritimus, C. B. Ralj fynop. 
Afparagus, or fparagus ; on the iflhmus of Tramore 
in the fand ^ this fpecies Ray thinks, does not fpeci- 
fically differ from the garden fort, but in accidents 
arifing from the place of its growth. 

44. Oenantheaquaticafive Cicutae facie fucco vi- 
rofo. Lobel. Hemlock v/ater dropwort ; this grows 
plentifully in a marlhy ground, near Shandon, in 
the parifh of Dungarvan. The Irifh call it Tahov/. 
It is a poifonous plant; for an example of which (6) 
fee an account, in a letter from Mr. Ray to Dr. 
Sloane, publifhed in the Append, to Boat's Nat. 
Hift. of Ireland, p. 181. 

45. Veronica vulgatior folio rotundiore, J. B. Raij 
Hiftor. Male fpeedwell; this grows plentifully in 
Colligan-wood, in that parifh. It is much cried up 
of late, as doing wonders, in e?fing pains of the gout, 
u fed as tea. Dr. Charles Duggan, of Kilkenny, has 
experienced its fuccefs this way. 

46. Tormentilla, J. B. Raij Hid. Tormentil; 
this, although a very common plant, I have men- 
tioned here, being recommended as a good ingre- 
dient for tanning leather (7). Thefe roots are very 

eafily 

(6) As a further example take the following account. Some 
of the roots of this plant having been brought into the houfe 
of one Benjamin Godkin, a revenue boatman, in the town of 
Dangarvan, by one of his childrent his wife, miflaking them 
for common parfnips, roalled fome in the embers, and eat 
them^ foon after, fhe was feized with an odd kind of folly, as 
talking wildly and laughing, as in the Rifus Sardonicus, 
attended v/ith other odd kinds of convulfive motions. I being 
called for to fee her, upon enquiring into hei diforder, an5 
what Ihe had eaten, foon difcovered the caufe ; and immediately 
gave her a laige draught of melted butter, as being next 
at hand, in order to Iheath the acrimonious poifonous particles ; 
after this fhe took a. Itrong emetic, by which fhe caft up 
what file had eat, and, in a few hours, came to her fenfes, 
being perfe^Slly well the jiext morning; and has fo continued 
ever fince. 

(7) Vid. Mr. Maple's account of this inatter, who affirms, it 
anfwered, in all refpeds, as to colouij bloom, fublUnce, (blidity, 

and 



W A T E R F O R D. 315 

eafily propagated ; and if they could be ufed as 
bark, it would be of great fervice to this kingdom, 
as that commodity begins to grow fcarce, and 
might be of great advantage for the prefervation of 
our timber. 

47. Critbmum marinum Cord. Hid. Samphire^ 
this grows, in great plenty, on moft of the fea-cliffs 
in this county ; it is terrible to fee how people gather 
it, hanging by a rope feveral' fathom from the top 
of the impending rocks, as it were in the air; the 
fight of them, puts one in mind of Shakefpear's 
beautiful defcription of Dover clif^ in his tragedy 
of King Lear. 

48. * Corallina reticulata feu Flabelliim marinum, 
Raij Hifl. p. 67. Sea-fan, or fea-feather. Dr. Grew, 
in the Mufaeum of the R. S. calls it Frutex 
maximus reticulatus, five Flabellumm arinum maxi- 
mum. This is a fea-plant half petrified, and is found 
thrown up on our fhores; it has been taken up at 
Tramore and Dungarvan. Thiskindof plancisof a 
texture between that of wood and flone, and grows 
commonly about two feet high, in the manner of a 
fhrub, with large fpreading branches, which are fo 
interwoven with each otlier, that they refemble a 
piece of net-work ; the trunk is fliort and ftony ; 
it grows on rocks, in the bottom of the fea, from 
whence it is fometimes broken, and cafl upon the 
adjacent ihores (8). Dr. Grew fays, that moil of thefe 

kind 

and weight, in the tanned hides, and in lefs time than when the 
belt bark was ufed. See his traft, entitled, A Method of tanning 
without Baric, publilhed in Dublin, anno 1739, alfo, the vote 
of the honourable Houfe of Commons, pafled in his favour, 
that he had, after a full enquiry, anfwered the allegations of his 
petition ; and iikewife the refolution they entered into, of giving 
all poffible encouragement to fo ufeful a propofai. 

(8) Mr, Lemery informs us that a very fine plant of this 
kind was brought to Paris anno 1700, by M. Lignon from the 
Eaft-Indies, which was four feet high and of the fame breadth, 
it grew out of a rock, in which its roots were petrified, adhering 
to thefe roots were little pieces of white coral, &c, 

Traite Univerfelle de Drogues, p. 678. Paris 1732. 



3 1 6 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

kind of fea-plants, when burnt, ftink like horn. See an 
elegant figure of one of thefe plants in Calcearius's 
Mufaeum, Sed. i. 

49. I have fometime obferved a fpecies of a fub- 
marine fenfitive plant on this coafi:, which is not un- 
like the Fucus Dealenfis Fiftulofus Laringse Similis 
Muf. Petiv. 406, found about Deal, by Mr. Hugh 
Jones and Mr. James Cunningham, vid. Ray*s fynop. 
p. 39. It confifts of a long flender tube, about the 
thicknefs of the barrel of a goofe- quill, growing about 
fix or eight inches out of the crevices of the rocks, 
and is found in fuch hollo v/s or places as the fak- 
wacer remains in, after the tide ebbs away from the 
adjacent parts ; in the middle of the tube, fprings 
up a long flender flalk, refembling the piflillum of 
fome flowers. The fummit of this piftillum rifes 
above the tube, and confifts of a reddifh round 
veficle ; it is probable, the top of this piflillum is cleft, 
but this . is not eafily difcerned ; for as foon as one 
pjints a linger to it, or endeavours to puli it, when 
he is near touching it, this piflillum or (lalk with- 
draws itfelf to the very bottom of the tube, and the 
tube itfelf bends and becomes flaccid. The plant 
has neither leaves nor branches, but this fingle tube; 
nor can the root be feparated from the rock 
without breaking the flalk. I have been the more 
prolix in its defcripiion, having not yet met with it 
in botanical writers. 

Among other kinds of Sea- wreck on the coafls, 
thefe following have been noticed. 

50. Alga anguflifolia vitriariorum, I. B. Glafs- 
wreck. 

51. Fucus nodofus fponglofus Gerard. EmacuL 
This has leaves like an honey-comb. 

52. Fucus five Alga marina latifolia vulgatiflima, 
Raij Synop. (9) The common broad leaved fea- wreck. 

53. Fucus 

(9) Many fmafl dark bodies adhere to the inward membranes, 
which contain a thick liquor 3 the round veiTicuIsgn the other 

Jeaves^^ 



WATERFORD. 317 

53. Fucus raarinus five Alga marina gramini^a 
angiiftifolia leminifera, Raij Synop, Branched grafs 
leaved feeding fea-wreck. 

54. Fucus folio fingulari longifTimo lato, in medio 
rugufo, qui balteiformis dici potefl, Raij Synop. 
Sea-belt. 

^^. Fucus, chordam referens, Raij Synop. Sea- 
laces. 

^6. Fucus, five Alga latifolia, major dentata, 
Raij Synop. Broad leaved indented fea-wreck. 

57. Alga marina platyceros porofa, I. B. (10) 
Pounced fea-vi^reck. 

58. Fucus 



leaves are only filled with air, and, when bruifcd fo as to break, 
emit a noife, like the burfting of a fmall bladder. 

The round dark fmall globules feem to Contain the fee^, 
which, it is probable, is contained in this mucous liquor 5 this 
being fplit, floats about, till i( is taken up hy fome ftone or 
rock where it takes root. 

(10) This is wholly diftributed into fiat branches of an inch, 
broad, almoft after the manner of a flag's horns, of a ruflet 
colour, and, as it were, all over pounced, fomewhat after the 
manner of a rue-leaf, or that of St. John's-wort, when held up 
againft the light. 

Of thefe marine plants, kelp is made, which, by reafon of 
their growth, are ftrongly impregnated with fait, particularly^ 
the Alga and Fucus Maritiraus, and thofe which they call fea- 
thongs and laces ; when the weather is tempeftuous, thefe fea. 
plants are caft up in great plenty. In order to reduce them to 
kelp, they are removed higher, dried in the fun like hay, and thea 
burnt to alhes. The beft way of burning them, is to dig pits 
or trenches, and over thefe, to place iron plates or woodea 
rafters ; large heaps of the herbs being laid on thefe, and fet on 
£re, the afties and fait contained in trhem, will fall through into 
the pits, and cake together into a crufty fubftance, of partly a 
black, and partly an afh colour, called kelp. 

The hotted and drieft countries afford the beft, becaufe the 
heat of the fun continually exhales the watery part, and leaves 
the fait in great proportion behind. 

In Spain, they find their account in burning large quantities 
of it, as atCarthagena, Alicant, &c. but, it is faid, the Levant 
furnilhes the beflof all, being brought chiefly from Tripoli in 
Syria, and Alexandria in Egypt. They (ow the feeds of Kali ot 

GlalTwort 



31 8 Natural and Civil Hiftory cf 

58. Fucns ph. 'i.. rides. D. Llhuyd. This is eaten, 
Jikedulefli, by the common people here; as our author 
fays, it is alfo by the coQimoa people in Wales. 

i^g. Fucnsmembranaceus, called by Ray, Duiefb, 
with usDuleflc; our poor eat this kind, and the 
following: 

60. Fucus membranaceus rubens anguftifolius 
marginibus ligulis armatus. Raij Synop. Red dulefh 
or dulelk. 

61. Mufcus marinmusfive Corallina officinarura 
C. B. Coraline or lea mofs; it is well known, or 
defcribed, by mod b^ranic writers. The inward 
part of this plant is truly ligneous; the outward, 
from whence its name, being only a cruft growing 
upon it. It is faid to be a good medicine again ft 
worms, and is given for that purpofe, but ought to 
be ufed frefh ; for that dried, and kept in the (hops, 
is found to have no great effe6l that way. 

GlafTwort in Egypt, \a. places remote from the fea^ and are 
very careful about its management, particularly to keep it clear 
of fand and dirt. This ingredient is moftly confumed in 
making glafs ; of this plant and fand, common window giafs 
is made. 

Wormius fpeaking of fea-Oirubs has this paflage. Mirum 

profe6to quomodo hujus Generis vegetabilia, ex iis (Saxis puta) 
Nutrimentum trahere valeant. Mufaeum Lib. 2. Chap. 35. 
Whereas it is evident, that they receive no nourifhment from 
them, but from the bodies with which they are impregnated j 
and if is therefore obfervable, that although the trunk and 
branches of thefe fhrubs are of a clofe and denfe fubftance, yet 
their roots are always foft and fpongy, efpeciaily when frefli 
gathered, the better to imbibe their nutriment ; fo that the ufe 
of the ftony body on which they ftand, is only to be a bafe 
to keep them fteady, and in the rood convenient pofture for 
their growth. 



CHAP. 



W A T E R F O R D. 319 



CHAP. XVI, 

A furpriftng Account of a Rock^ which was thrown 
up, at the Eafi Entrance of the Harbour of 
Dungarvan, with an attempt to account for its 
Eruption. 

THE furprifing removal of this rock out of 
its bed, which happened during the hard 
froft, in January 1739-40, is a fa<^l:, which was, at 
firft, but little credited. But as curiofity drew a 
number of people to take a view of this ftrange 
phaenomenon, they were as much aflonifhed when 
they faw it, as they were before at the account they 
received of it from others, who had feen it before 
them. 

In April 1740, I went, for the firft time, to take 
a view, and the dimenfions of this rock ; and by 
the advantage of a low fpring-tide, I had the 
fatisfadion to obferve tlie bed in which it lay, and 
from whence it was thrown ; its courfe, in rowling 
up, was from E. to W. above forty yards, and the 
track up which it rowled is very apparent; the 
rocks it pafled over being crufhed, and broke by 
its weight. 

This rock is a very folid and hard kind of lime- 
flone, in fhape of a parallepiped, though the oppo- 
fite parallelograms are not equally broad, that oq 
the top being much narrower than the bafe (as it lay 
when I faw it) which was alfo the bafe in its former 
fituation, and the only fide which had the appear- 
ance of a ftone newly broke, both this fide, and 
the place whence it came, being free from fhell- 
fifh, weeds and llime, which all the other parts 
were filled with. The path it rolled over is very 
rugged, in many places, pretty lleep, and inter- 
rupted by hollows and cavities j the place to which 

this 



22 o Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

this rock was thrown, is twenty-four feet above the 
level of the place it came from, and about forty 
yards diftance, as is before mentioned. 

The ridge of rocks on which it was cafl, lie 
on the N. E. fide of the harbour of Dungarvan, 
about half a mile from a low fhore; that fide of 
the bay is quite fiat, there being no promontory or 
height from whence a rock could poliibly falJ. The 
ridge is entirely furrounded by the fea; this rock 
lies on its higheft part, and is never covered at high 
water. 

Upon refledlion, I can think but of three caufes 
that could poffibly force fo large a body from the 
folid rock to which it was joined, viz. 

I ft, The effeds of an earthquake (i). 2d, The 
fury and raging of the fea; or, 3dly, Theeffedsof 
the froft, which happened at that time. 

PalTing 

(i) That rocks and iflands have been thrown out of the Tea 
by earthquakes, though not the cafe here, there being no fuch 
thing felt round the coaft, I fliall, for the fatisfadtion of the 
curious reader, give two very furprifrng inftances, from the 
meuioirs of the French academy, anno 1708, p. 23. According 
to the relation of Pere Bourgnon, a jefuit miillonary to Santorine, 
an ifland in the Archipelago, on the coaft of Natolia, who was 
an eye-witnefs of this phsenomenon, 

After a (hock of the earth, there was feen, from Santorine, 
the 23d of iViay, 1707, as it were a floating rock ; fome were 
fo ra/h as to go down upon it, even while it was growing under 
their (qzI; the earth of it was light, and had in it fome fmall 
.quantity of potter's clay. This new production of nature 
increafed daily, till it was half a mile in circumference, and 
twenty or twenty-five feet high,- at this lime, a great ridge of 
rocks, dark and black, was feen to arife from the bottom of 
the fea, and join themfelves to the new ifland. Then there 
iffued out of the fame a thick fmoak with frightful noifes, like 
a conftant thundering, or a difcharge of fix or i'^vQn great guns 
at once. The fea-water, being filled with fulphur and vitriol, 
bubbled up, the fire made vents for itfelf, and, in a ihoit time, 
this new land prefented nothing to view, for whole nights, 
Jbut a great number of ftoves, which caft forth flames, and 
a prodigious number of fmall ftones, red hot, with (bovvers of 
alhes. Rocks were alfp darted out from thefe burning furnaces, 

mounting 



W A T E R F O R D. gzi 

Pafling by the effects of an earthquake, as not 
being the caufe, there being nothing of that kind 
obferved on the adjacent (hores ; and as the fury and 
raging of the fea is, of itfelf, incapable of producing 
this efFed (2) ; I fhall fet thefe two firft caufes alidei 
as infufficient of themfelves to folve this phaenomenon, 
and purpofely haften to the third caufe, viz. The 
effed of the violent froft, which we fliall find to be 
the primary one, and to be fufficient to produce 
this effed. 

Upon my meafuring the rock thrown up, and 
the cavity or hollow place from whence it was 
thrown^ I found, that although they correfpond 
fo far as to meafure exactly with each other, (b as 
to leave no room, to doubt that the rock throwa 
up came from this place, yet upon meafuring the 

depth 

mounting tip like bombs, which fell again into the Tea; thig 
continued till near November the fame year. 

The fecond inftance related in the fame memoirs, is of aa 
ifland, fituated among the Azores, or W. iflands, which like-" 
wife owes its original to fubterraneous fires. On the night 
between the 7th and 8th of December, 1 720, there was felt a 
fhock of an earthquake at Tercera, and in St. Michael, twa 
iflands, 28 leagues diftanc from each other, ^nd the new ifland 
iffued from the midft of hot and boiling waters, it was almoff 
round, and high enough to be feen in fair weather feven or 
eight leagues. But it afterwards funk, till it became level 
with the furface of the water. 

The ancients had a notion that Delos, and fortie few other 
iflands, rofe from the bottom of the fea, which, how fabulous 
foever it may appear, agrees with thefe latter obfervations. 

Seneca takes notice, that the ifland Thaerafia arofe out of the 
jffigean fea in his time, of which the mariners were eye-^ 
witnefl'es. 

(2) I am aware fome may poflibly object the violent fury of 
the Indian hurricanes, which make fuch terrible ravages in 
thofe countries, fuch as the blowing down of houfes, rooting 
up of trees, and even whole woods ; but fuch cffefts are (een 
no where fcarce out of thefe climates, and thefe are generally 
a kind of whirlwind, which blow, for the moft part, from el! 
points of the compafs at once, fo that there is no flieher to be 
had from any quarter. 



^zz Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

depth of the cavity, that its internal fpace was 
large enough to contain feveral tuns of water ; and 
I found, that this vaft rock, which was cafl: up, 
was no other than a cover to a hollow ciflern, 
formed in the body of the folid rock, which gave 
me a good hint towards finding out the caule of 
this accident. 

That this ciftern might be filled with water, 
before the eruption of its cover, is very probable, 
I ft, Becaufe there are few cavities of this kind, in 
rocks covered with water, but what are filled with 
it ; for v/ater will pervade through the minutefl 
chinks, as we find by its pafling through feeming 
folid rocks, which are the roofs of fome caves that 
have a con (Ian t dripping. When this rock was 
thrown up, we had the mod fevere frofl that was 
ever felt in the memory ofcnan; and, at the fame 
time, a moft violent ftormof wind at N. E. Now, 
if we fuppofe the hollow or cavity of the faid rock 
to be froze, as all the water near the coafl, which 
was not violently agitated by the wind, at that time, 
was, we may feek no further for a caufe to folve 
this phsenomenon. 

It is well knov/n, that, among the principal 
effects of freezing, all liquids capable of being 
frozen, as v/ater, and all other fluids, oil excepted, 
are dilated by frofl, fo as to fwell and increafe 
in bulk, taking up a tenth part more fpace than 
before they were frozen, and are alfo fpecifically 
lighter. 

By dilatation, is here meant the expanfion of a 
body into greater bulk, by its own elaflic power, 
or by the expanfion of the air included in it. Bodies, 
after being compreffed, and again left at liberty, 
endeavour to dilate themfelves v/ith the fame force 
whereby they were comprelTed ; and accordingly, 
they fuflain a force, and raife a weight, equal to that 
whereby they are compreffed. 

Again. 



W A T E R F O R D. 323 

Again, bodies, in dilating, exert a greater force 
at the beginning of their dilatation than towards the 
end, as being, at firfl, more comprefled ; and the 
greater the compreflion, the greater the elaftic power 
and endeavour to dilate. So that thefe three, the 
compreffing power, the compreflion, and the elaftic 
power, are always equal. 

Again, the motion whereby comprefied bodies 
reltore themfelves, is ufually accelerated: Thus, 
when compreiTed air begins toreftore itfelf, and dilate 
into a greater fpace, it is flill comprefled: And 
confequently a new impetus is imprefled thereon 
from the dilatative caufe ; and the former remain- 
ing, with the increafe of the caufe, the effedl, that 
is the motion and velocity, mufl be increafed like- 
wife. Indeed, it may happen, that when the com- 
preflion is only partial, the motion of dilatation fhall 
not be accelerated, but retarded ; as is evident ia 
the compreflion of a fponge, foft bread, gauze, 
&:c. 

One of the laws of the elaflicity of the air Is^ 
that being compreffed, thedenfity of the air increafes, 
as the force increafes wherewith it was preffed. 
Now, there mufl: be neceflkrily a balance between 
the adion and re-adlion, i. e. the gravity of the air, 
cold, or what other caufe may tend to comprefs it ; 
and the elaflicity of the air which endeavours to 
expand it, muft be equal. 

Hence the elaflicity increafing or diminifliing 
univerfally, as the denfity increafes or diminifhes, i.e. 
as the diflance between the particles diminillies or 
increafes, it is no matter whether the air be com- 
prefled or retained by the weight of the atmof- 
phere, or by any other means ; it mufl: endeavour, 
in either cafe, to expand with the fame force. And 
hence, if air, near the earth, be pent up in a veflel, 
fo as to cut off all communication with the external 
air, the preffure of the enclofed air will be equal to 
the weight of ihQ atmoiphere- accordingly, we 
Y z ^ find 



324 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

find Mercury fuftained to the fame height by the 
elaflic force of air included in a glafs veilel, as by 
the whole atmofpherial preflure (3). 

In virtue of this elaftic power of the air, it in- 
Cnuates itfelf into the pores of bodies, carrying 
with it this prodigious faculty of expanding, and 
that fo eafy to be excited- whence it neceflarily 
puts the particles of bodies it is mixed with, into 
perpetual ofcillations. In efFedl, the degree of heat, 
and the air*s gravity and denfity, and confequently 
its elafticity and expanfion never remaining the fame 
for two minutes together, there mull be an in- 
ceffant vibration, or dilatation, and contradlion in 
all bodies (4), 

From 



(3) Hence the ftru£ture of the wind-gun. Dr. Hallev alTerts, 
in the Philofophical Tranfaftions, that, from the experiments 
made at London, and by the Academy del Ciraento at Florence, 
it may be fafely concluded, that no force whatfoever, is able 
to reduce air into 800 times lefs fpace than what it naturally 
polTefles upon the furface of the earth. In anfwer to which, 
M. Amontons, in the memoirs of the French academy, main- 
tains, that there is no fixing any bounds to its condenfation j 
that greater and greater weights, will ftill reduce it into lefs 
compafs ; that it is only elaftic in regard of the fire it contains ; 
that it is impoflible ever abfolutely to drive all the fire out of 
it ; and alfo impoflible to bring it to its utmoft degree of con- 
denfation. In reality, it appears from Mr. Boyle's experiments, 
that the fpace which the air takes up, when at its utmod dila- 
tation, is to that it takes up when mod comprelTed, as 
550000 to I. By feveral experiments, made by Mr. Boyle, it 
dilated firft into nine times its former fpace, then into 60, then 
into 150, afterwards it was brought to dilate into 8000 times 
its fpace, then into loooo, and even, at laft, into 13679 times 
Its fpace : and all this by its own expanfive force, without any 
help of fire. M. Amentons firft difcovered that air, thedenfer 
it is, the more it will expand with the fame degree of heat ,: on 
this principle, he wrote a difcourfe to prove, *' that the fpring 
** and weight of the air, with a moderate degree of warmth, 
•* may be able to produce earthquakes, and the moft vehement 
" commotions in nature." 

(4) This reciprocation we obferve in feveral bodies, as \n 
plants, the Trachea or air-veifels of which, do the office of 

lungs ^ 



W A T E R F O R D. 325 

From the fame caufe it is, that the air contained 
in the bubbles of ice, by its continual adion, burfts 
the ice : And thus glaffes, and other vedels, fre- 
quently crack, when their contained liquors are 
frozen. Thus alfo entire columns of marble, fome- 
times cleave in the winter-time, from fome little 
bubbles of included air, acquiring an increafed 
elaflicity. 

And not only veiTels of glafs are burfl, but veflels 
of iron and other metals ; befides which, it was found 
in the obfervatory of Paris, during the great cold 
of the year 1670, that the hardefl: bodies, even 
metals and marble itfelf, were fenfibly condenfed 
with the cold, and became much harder and more 
brittle than before, till their former ftate was 
retrieved by the enfuing thaw (5), 

By 

lungs; for the contained air» alternately expanding and con- 
trading, as the heat increafes or diminiflies, prelTes the vefleli 
by turns, and eafes them again, and thus promotes a circula- 
tion of the juices. Hence we find, that no vegetation or 
germination will proceed in vacuo. 

(5) Mr. Boyle gives us feveral inftances of veflels, made of 
metals, exceeding thick and ftrong, virhich, being filled with 
water, clofe flopped and expofed to the cold ; the water, in 
freezing, came to be dilated, and not finding either room or 
vent, burft the veflels. 

A ftrong barrel of a gun, filled with water, clofe flopped^ 
and froze, was rent the whole length, and a fmail brafs veflel, 
five inches deep, aad two in diameter, filled with water, lift up 
its lid, which was prefl'ed with a weight of 56 pounds. 

Glearius Magnus aflures us, that, in the city of Mofcovjr, he 
obferved the earth to be cleft with the froft many yards in 
length, and a foot broad. 

Scheffer mentions fudden cracks or rifts in the ice on th^ 
lakes of Sweden, nine or ten feet deep, and many leagues longi 
he adds, that the rupture is made with anoife, not lefs terrible 
than thunder ; and, by this means, the fiflies are furniflied 
with air, fo that they are rarely found dead. 

Mr. Huygens tried experiments of this kind in many veflels; 
and he alfo filled the barrel of a mufket with water, which, 
being clofed at both ends, and expofed one frofty night to the 
open air, burft with a noife equal to that of gun-powder, and 
the crack was fpur inches long. 

Y3 



326 Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

By what is already faid, we find the cold is not 
the principal caufe of thefe phaenomena, but rather 
the air. That there is no manner of elafticity in 
water itfelf, is evident from its being incompreliible, 
or incapable, by any force, of being reduced into a 
lefs compafs (6). 

Hence it is we fee the reafon, why blocks of 
marble fometimes burft in cold weather ; and not 
only marble, but even implements alfo of bell-metal, 
carelefly expofed to the wet, have been broken, 
and fpoiled by the water, which entering the 
cavities of the metal, was there afterwards frozen 
and expanded into ice, fo that we fee the rock 
might be torn up, and fet in motion, by even a 
fmali quantity of v/acer lodged and frozen in its 
interilices. Vid. Phil. Tranf numb. 165. And if 
the dilatation of fo fmall a quantity of water be able 
to produce this effect, what mull be the force of 
feveral tuns of water, frozen, and exadly clofed up 
in a flone ciflern capable of containing it? Ought 
it not, in the fame manner, to exert a violent force, 
burfl its ciifern, and lift up its cover, as we find, in 
effect, it did ? 

The vail thicknefs of the furrounding rocks, on 
all fides, occafioned the refinance to be leaft on the 
top of ihe cavity. So that, by the above-mentioned 
caufe, this rock was torn, and forcibly caft up, 
with a force not inferior to that of gun-powder. 

This monftrous flone, being thus fet in motion, 
was accelerated, and, in fome meafure, directed, by 
the dafhing and rolling of the waves, and the vio- 
lence of the ilrong eaflerly wind, which forced it 

up 

(6) This is plain from that famous experiment made by 
order of the grand duke of Tufcany, in the Academy de! 
Ciraento at Florence, of Vv^ater being Ihut up in a globe of gold, 
and then prefTed with a huge force, it made its v/ay through 
the pores even of the gold, being incapable of condenfation, 
fo that the ball was found wet all over the outfide, til!, at length, 
making a cleft in the gold, it fpun out with great vehemence. 
Vid. Clarke's RohauUrPhyf. 



W A T E R F O R D. 327 

up the declivity ; and this appears from h$ coiirfe, 
which anfvvered to the diredion of the Wind and 
waves at that time. 

Somewhat of this fame kind, and of the furprif- 
ing effeds of cold in HudfonVbay, may be feen in 
captain Middleton's Vindication, p. 161. and in the 
Phil. Tranf. anno 1742, numb, 465. To which 
the curious are referred. 

The dimenfions of the rock. Feet. Inches. 

The length of the fide A. A. 8 6 

Height at B. 6 6 

Breadth at the end C. 5 ^ 

Breadth at D. D. ^4 

E, F. its courfe. 
G, The reclining end, flopped by a part of the 

ledge of rocks H. which lie above a mile from 

the fhore. Done in a fmaller proportion than the 

rock A. A. Vid. Plate IV. fig. V. 



CHAP. XVII. 

Of Caves, natural and artificial. 

NATURAL caves are generally met with 
in limeflone grounds,, more than in other 
places. 

Ragftone, grit, and mod forts of freeftone, nei- 
ther lie in fuch beds, nor are fo clofely jointed 
together, as to compofe the infxde of thefe caverns, 
as marble and limefcone do. The cracks and de- 
feds of thefe latter, are often united, and llrongly 
jointed, by means of the ftaladical exudations, 
which protrude from thefe kind of rocks. Thefe 
exudations often form buttreiles, pillars and columns 
to fupport thefe fabricks of nature. The fides, 
. roof and floor, are generally glazed^ and plailered 
. Y 4 Qver 



32 S Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

over with this matter, which becomes as hard and 
firm as the (lone it exudes from ; fo that thefe 
caverns are as lading as any other place on the 
globe can poffibly be. 

In the parifh of White-church, about a mile to 
the eaft of that place, between it and Ballynacourty, 
is a moil flupendous cavern, called Oon-a-Glour, 
or the pigeon's hole; the mouth, or entrance of 
which, faces to the S. E. and is confiderably large 
and open ; fo that one may eafily defcend a fmall 
declivity of about fifty feet, when you then come 
into a large oval cave, of about 150 feet in length. 
The floor is wet, and exceeding Hippery, being 
conflantly moiftened by the drops which perpetually 
difiil from the roof: Oppofite to the entrance, after 
palling over fome rugged rocks, you enter into a 
fmall chamber, where the light begins to fail you ; 
but, by the help of candles, and the murmuring 
found, you defcry a fmall fubterraneous rivulet, 
running, in a natural aqueduCV, through the folid 
rock. This rivulet fir.ks under ground at Ballyna- 
courty, and proc.eding through this cave, rifes 
again, at a place called Knockane, about a mile 
from the place Vvhere it hides i\\t\i^ forming, no 
doubt, many other caverns, or rather a continued 
one in its courfe. Both to the right and left of the 
mouih of this cave, there are large chambers, into 
which one enters by fuch narrow paflages that he is 
forced to creep through tiiem for a very confiderable 
way; which, confidering the gloomjnefs of the 
place, the coldnefs of the flones, the conflant 
difci nation from them, and the difficulty of the 
pafTage, he mufl: have a more than ordinary cqriofity 
to accoiiipiilli. When one enters thefe chambers, 
a thoufand figures, and fhapes of feveral kinds 
of things, prcient themfelves, which fancy will rea- 
dily form. The flaladlical matter defcends from 
the roof, in the forms of pillars, grapes, fefloons, 
foliages, curtains, and many other fhapes, which, 

in 



W A T E R F O R D. 529 

In thefe dark recefles, are not fo well obferved with'- 
out the help of many lights, two candles being not 
fufficient to defcry half the various figures, which 
are produced by this vegetating fubltance. The 
roof, in fome places, where it is confiderably high, 
is not to be feen diftindly with a few lights. Where 
the fheets of this matter run confiderably thin, they 
are fo tranfparent, that one may perceive the light of 
a candle to fhine through them, as through thick 
pieces of horn. 

From fome of thefe chambers, are paffages, which 
lead into others, but fo narrow, that a perfon of a 
very moderate bulk cannot get through them. In 
thefe, one is prefenced with the fame variety of dif- 
ferent figures, ill a kind of natural ftucco, no lefs 
beautiful in their fportive irregularity, than are the 
regular artificial works of this kind. All thefe figures 
are of the fame flaladlical fubftance, which, in this 
grotto, is moflly of a brown amber colour. The 
outward part is a kind of bark to the reft, the infide 
is tranfparent and cryftallized, generally breaks 
ailant, and, in different beds, like the Judaic flone : 
Moft of thefe pieces emit a noife when flruck upon, 
like copper. 1 was once minded to have fired a 
piflol in thofe inner chambers ; but confidering that 
the entrance to them was narrow and difficult, and 
that the fmoak and clofenefs of the air might extin- 
guifli the candles, 1 forbore the experiment. How- 
ever I difcharged one in the outward cavern, which 
had no other effedt, than the caufing a very loud 
report, that: was quickly re-echoed among the 
feveral chambers of this grotto. 

It would be needlefs to give a particular defcrip- 
tlon of the other caverns of this kind to be met 
with in this parifh ; one confiderably lefs than this, 
and not above a few fields to the N. of it, is 
called Oon-na-mort. Having delcended into this 
through a very narrow paiTage, which fcarce affords 
fufficient light when one is down, I found it to be a 

confiderable 



2^o Natitral and Civil Hiflory of 

cor]fiderable large cavern, but not fo bfg as the 
former, yet drier, and not having To much of the 
flaladical matter kicking to its roof or fides. From 
this^ there is one very narrow pafTage, too flreight to 
get through, which, no doubt, leads into fome inner 
chambers, or probably to the above-mentioned larger 
cave, as it feems to dired that way. Some devotee 
has frequented this cavern ; for in a kind of nich, 
on one fide, was placed a piece of a human flcull, as 
a memento rnori. Indeed, the horror of thefe 
vaults, and fuch an additional badge of mortality, 
are more than fufficient to put one in mind of ones 
diifolution, and feem more awful and terrible in view 
than in reality. 

On this occafion, I could not help refledling on 
thefe lines of Milton, 

But many fhapes 

Of death, and many are the ways that lead 
To his grim cave, all difmal ; yet to fenfe 
More terrible at th* entrance, than within. 

Paradife Loft, Book xi. v. 468. 
Near the river Phynift, is another confiderable 
cavern, called alfo Oon-a-glour, formed in a lime- 
fione rock, from which defcends the fame kind of 
ilaladical matter as in the former. This cave is 
about an hundred feet fquare, and is tolerably dry, 
but has its roof compofed of a great numiber of loofe 
ftones, which feem ready to tumble on ones hq^ad. 
There are feveral inward clofets, and fmall cham- 
bers, on the left hand, and, in moft places, there 
diftils a limpid infipid water. It is obfervable, 
that the farther one enters into thefe fubterraneous 
places, one meets with greater quantities of this 
ilaladical matter, than are found towards the out- 
ward entrance (i). 

The 

(i) Thereafon may be, that there is not only a greater quan- 
xwy of this petrifying juice in the more internal recefTes of thefe 
places, but alfo, that they are fitted for the formation of this 

matter. 



WATERFORD. 3^ 

The roof of this cave is very high in feme places, 
and looks like fb many chimneys, to the top of 
v/hich candles will fcarce throw a light ; but there 
are no narrow paifages from this cave as from the 
former; there being, befides the outward large 
cavern, only a few ciofets or fmall chambers, which 
proceed not far into the rock. 

There is another fmall cave at Bewley, at no 
great diftance from the laft mentioned one, but 
merits no particular defcription. 

In the parifh of Killwatermoy, is another natural 
cave of the fame kind, not far from the ruined 
church. There are alfo fome in the parifh of 
Lifmore; one at a place, called Ballymartin, thro' 

which 



matter, than thofe that have a more open air. For thofe fub- 
terraneous caverns are often found adually vi^armer than the 
open air, and the operation of the cryftallization not unfre- 
quently requiring fome confiderabie degree of heat, which is the 
cafe not only of fugar-candy, but of divers of the falts obtained 
from mineral waters, as an ingenious phyfician aiTures me, who 
has fpent much time in making experiments this way ; and that 
thefe exudations are no other than a fpecies of cryftals, is evi- 
dent, both from their tranfparency, and the figure of their fides. 

Thefe kind of petrification, by a chymical analyfis, like other 
forts of cryfi:ai, afford nothing but a Calx earth, and fait. Pliny, 
indeed, fpeaks of cryftal, as an hardened petrified water, which 
was the opinion in his days ; but experience fhews the contrary, 
for, inllead of refolving inio water, it only affords the above- 
mentioned principles. 

As the ordinary method of cryftallization is performed by 1 
folution of the faline body in water, filtering and evaporating it 
till a film appears at the top, in order to load it fufHciently with 
the faline matter, and afterwards putting it in a cool place to 
fhoot; thus this flaladical matter is formed by the faline, and 
ftony parts of the limeilone, mixed and dilfolved in the pervad- 
ing water, which, being but a drop at a time, is fufficiently 
loaded with thefe particles, and runs together in the fame man- 
ner as all other cryftals, acquiring a firmnefs and hardnefs like 
them, meerly from that attradive force, which is in all bodies, 
and particularly in faline ones, whereby, when the fluid in 
which they fioat is fufficiently fated, fo as the faline particles are 
v/ithin each others attractive powers, and can draw each other 
more than they are drawn by the fluids, they become cryftal. 



J3? Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

which a confiderable rivulet runs, entering in at the 
W. fide of the rock, and emptying itfelf about two 
hundred yards on the E. fide, and, in its pafTage, 
forming a large fubterraneous cavern, which, by the 
falling in of the earth, is flopped at its entrance. 
This place is a noted receptacle for foxes, badgers, 
&:c. Near Lifmore, are two fmall caves, one near 
the church, on the bank of the river, of a confidera- 
ble depth; but whether natural or artificial is un^ 
certain. Another of the fame kind is in the grove, 
near the caftle, alfb in the bank of the river. 

In the parifh of Dungarvan, near Shandon, are 
two caves, fituated in limeflone ground ; the firfl, 
near Shandon-houfe, on the fhore fide, is about 
forty feet fquare ; wherein is a narrow paflage, near 
forty yards long, giving an entrance into fome 
inward chambers. Thefe, as well as the outward 
cavern, are lined with the fame kind of llaladical 
matter as the former. 

The other cave is fituated near the river of Col^ 
ligan, in the middle of a plain field ; the entrance 
into which, by the falling in of the earth, is almoft 
clofed, and is pretty fleep. At the bottom of this 
cave, a fubterraneous rivulet prefents itfelf; but 
where it enters under ground, or ifTues out, is very 
uncertain. Beyond the rivulet, the cave confidera- 
bly enlarges, and has its roof and fides hung with 
ificles of the petrifying matter, as the others already 
mentioned. 

There is a flupendous cave, or rather hole, in 
the mountains of Cummeragh, which does not enter 
far under ground, remarkable for the difficulty of 
its accefs, being furrounded and overfhadowed by 
the prodigious fides of thefe mountains, and is alfo 
remarkable for a notorious highwayman, who, a 
few years ago, was taken in it, being (larved out 
of his hold for want of fuftenance, no body daring 
to attack him in it. On the fea-coaft of this county, 
are many large caverns. 

Near 



W A T E R F O R p. 333 

Near Red-head, towards the W. entrance of the 
harbour of Waterford, is an hole, called Bifhop's 
hole, being about three hundred yards diflant from 
high-water mark, and which being funk, like 
the fhaft of a mine, has a communication with 
the fea. 

Black-hole is a flupendous cave, fituated to the 
E. of Swine's-head, runs above five hundred feet 
under the fand, is of a confiderable breadth, and its 
heighth equal to that of the ille of a large cathedral 
church. Along this part of the coafl:, are feveral 
other caves, all produced by the working and 
dafhing of the waves of the ocean ; one near Rath- 
whelan cove, one near Baliymoka cove, feveral 
wonderful caves under Great-Newtown head, as alio 
on molt parts of the coafl, where it is bold and 
rocky ; as at Helveock-head, near Dungarvan. Such 
another cave as BiQiop's-hoIe, there is at Corbally, 
near Ballymacart-head, in the parifh of Ardmore, 
which being funk perpendicular, has alfo a commu- 
nication with the ocean. Moft of thefe caves can 
only be entered into by a boat, the fea ebbing and 
flowing into them ; they are receptacles for fhaggs, 
cormorants, feals, and other marine creatures, 
which harbour and breed therein ; in fome, the 
water is very deep, and as there is no poiTibility of 
landing in them, it is not eafy to determine their 
depth under ground. 

As to artificial caves, there are but very few in this 
county ; I have already taken notice of one, near 
the caftle of Strancally, being formerly ufed as a 
prifon, &c. 

In the parifh of Rineogonagh, is one of this kind, 
to which you enter by a long winding palTage under 
ground, walled on each hand. The cave is about 
twenty feet fquare, vaulted at top, and is cut in the 
fide of a rifing ground; from this, there are two 
lelTer chambers, but by whom made, or to what 
ufe intended, is uncertain. 

One 



534 Natural and Civil Eijlory of 

One of thefe kind of caves was lately found out 
accidentally, by a perfon digging in a potatoe garden, 
near Knocknefcagh, in the parifh of White-church, 
when his fpade dipt from him, and, to his furprife, 
ran down into the earth ; the place being opened, 
a large cave, walled round and covered with flags 
at top, was difcovered. The cave is near twenty 
yards fquare, and has but a few feet of earth over it, 
which had been tilled for many years. 



CHAP. xvm. 

A Defcription of the Birds obferved in this County, 
with fame curious Remarks on Animals, 

IR DS may be divided into terreftrial and 
aquatic ; which again are fubdivided into 
carniverous, phytiverous, fiflipedes, palmipedes, &c. 
Eut without regarding thefe diviiions, which may 
be fitter for treatifes profefledly written on this fub- 
jedV, than this (hort fketch, I fhall only confine 
myfelf to the two general clafTes, viz. The terreftri- 
al and aquatic. 

Of the terreftrial birds obferved in this county, 
we have : 

Two kinds of eagles. The Golden-Eagle, feen 
on the rocks and cliffs of the fea-coall; feldom, if 
ever, more than two at a time. And, 

The Sea-Eagle or Ofprey (i), which is lefs 
than the former. See their defcriptions in Wil- 
loughby. This latter, might more juflly be placed 
among the water-birds, in the fecond clafs; but 

being 

(i) In a M.S m the collcsre library, among Dr. Gilbert's Col- 
lettions, the author fays ihe Ofprey has three old ones to each 
neft; and that their method of taking fifli is, by hovering over 
the water, when the fun fhines ; the fi(h, feeing their Ihadow 
at the bottom of the water, lly from it to the fuiface, wheic 
they are taken. 



W A T E R F O R D. S3B 

being fo nearly of the fame fpecies I chufe to 
mention them together. 

Hawks are diilinguifhed into many clalTes, too 
tedious to mention. In the fea-cliifs of this county^ 
there are ayries of excellent Falcons, which were for- 
merly in great repute among our ancient kings and 
Britifh nobility, as appears by the tenures of fome 
lands and eftates being held by prefenting Hawks 
from this county. Of the indocil kind, we have 
many forts common to other parts of this kingdom, 
as the Kite, the Buzzard, 6e:c. and of nocturnal birds 
of prey, we have the, 

Otus, fivQ Afio, Johnftonii, the Horn-Owl. 

Strix, Aldrovand. the Brown orScreech-Owl, &c. 

Other terreftriai birds in this county, which we 
have in common with the other parts of the king- 
dom, are thefe following. 

Ortygometra, Aldrovand. feu Rallus terreftris, the 
darker Hen, Rail, or Corncreak, a fort of fowl that is 
fcarce, if at all met with in fome parts of England, 
yet very numerous in this kingdom in the feafon (2), 
which is only fliort, and lads not above three or four 
months in the fummer; during the remainder of 
the year, it lies buried and afleep under ground ; 
notwithftanding it is a common opinion among 
the Irifh, that Rails, in winter, turn to Water- Hens. 
In a M. S, (3) in the college library, the author 
fays, *' he faw one about October, which feemed 
" to have the body of a Water- Hen, but the wings 
" of a Rail ; he was convinced that the Rail had 
** moulted her body feathers, bat not yet her 
'' wings ; and adds, that as Rails are of a fhort 
" and flow flight, they cannot be birds of paiTage^ 
" yet are never found here in winter, which is 
*' another reafon that confirmed him in the opinion 
'' of this metamorphofis.'* But Dr. Molyneux*s 

notion 



(2) Dr. Molyneux's App. to Nat. Hift. of Ireland, p 167. 

(3) Dr. Gilbert's Coileaions. 



j36 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

notion Teems far more probable ; however, I men- 
tion the latter, as it was inferted among the col- 
lections of a fociety, who then were endeavouring 
to collect materials for a natural hiflory of this 
kingdom. 

Totanus, Aldrovand. the Good- Wit or Stone- 
Plover, which needs no particular defcription. 

Haematopus, Eellonii. The Sea-Pye of Willougb- 
by, who clafles it under the Aves aquaticae roftris 
longiflinfiis. 

Totanus, Gefneri. The Red-Shank of Willough- 
by, clailed alfo, by him, among the aquatic fowl. 

Anfer Canadenfis. The Canada-Goofe of Wil- 
loughby, being the fame as the Vulpanfer Raii or 
Shell-Drake, which are common in this county. 

Grus, five Avis palamedis. The Crane, which is 
a bird of pailage; during the great froft of 17399 
fome few Cranes were feen in this county, but not 
lince, or before, in any perfon's memory. 

Lagopus altera Plinii, called, by Willoughby, the 
Red-Game, and, by us, the Groufe. This bird is fre- 
quendy found among our mountains, delighting in 
heathy grounds, on the very higheft lands. It is un- 
certain if we have not the Urogallus minor Raii, viZi 
the Heath-Cock or Groufe of Willoughby, which I 
take to be the Black-Game in England, and is alio an 
inhabitant of the mountains (4). 

Upupa. The Whoop or Whooping bird ; a beauti^ 
fui bird, being adorned with feathers, of divers colours^ 
with a large crell on the head, as it is exquifitely 
well engraven, both by Dr. Carleton and Mr. WiU 
loughby (5). It is faid, like the Diabolus Marinus, 
never to appear or be heard (as the vulgar will have 
it) till immediately before fome approaching cala- 
mity. It is fomewhat larger than a Quail, its 
bill long, of a black colour, and a little bent ; its 

neck 

(4) Vid. their defcrlpt. in Willoughby 'sOrnitholog. Book. 1 1. 
§. I. and chap. xii. §. 7. 

(5) Onomaft. zoicon. titul, aves clalTe coronarum. 



WATERFORD. 

ineck and legs are fhort, the tail long; it frequents 
woods and rnouotainSj alights oftener on the ground 
than on trees, and is a. very fclitary bird. 1 never 
heard of above one being feen in this county ; 
this was fhot upon the ruins of the old church of 
Stradbally, during the great froft of 1739, and was 
long in the poiTeffion of the late Mr. Maurice Uniacke, 
of Woodhoufe. 

Pica Glandana, Aldrovand. PicaGlandaria,Johnf!:. 
The Jay. Willoughby makes it a fpecies of the Cor- 
vus. It is pretty common in our woods. See tliQ 
defcription of it in the above cited authors. 

Palumbus five Palunibes, the Wood-Queft, Wood- 
Culver, or Wood-Pigeon, frequent in this county, 
both in the v/oods and fea cliffs, where they breed. 
Though the latter are comn:ionly called Rock- 
Pigeons ; but whether there be a difference betv/eea 
them, I am not certain. 

Monedula qu. Monetula, quia Monetas Surripir, 
the Chough, Daw,.Cadefs, or Jack-Daw^ very com- 
mon in this county, as alfo in moil parts of thi^ 
kingdom, 

Cucukis. The Cuckoo. 
Anas Sylveftris, the Wild-Duck. 
Gallinago vel Scolopax, the Wood-Cock, by fome 
authors ranked among the aquatic birds, as it 
frequents wet places. It is a bird of paffiage, coming 
over hither about the beginning of October, and 
departing again about the beginning of fpring. 
Yet they pair before they go, flying two together, 
a male and female. Mr. Willougliby thinks they 
remain the year round in Germany ; for at Nurem- 
burg, he faw them fold in Auguft. h is cercrin, 
they continue on the Alps, and other high moun- 
tains, all the fummer; for he fluibed them on the top 
of the mountain Jura in June, or July. Sometimes, 
flragglers left behind, when their fellows go off, re- 
main in thefe countries all the fiiimmer. 

Z Gal- 



331 



^^S Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

Gallinago Minor. The Snipe, which by the Latin 
name, and the French word, Beccafline, feems to be 
a leiTer fpecies or diminutive of the former. 

Perdrix, the Partridge. 

Cotarnix, the Quail. 

Anfer fylveftris, the Wild-Goofe. 

Qijerquedula, the Teal. 

Pluvialis, the Plover, both green and grey. 
Thefe birds, being common to us with other parts 
of the kingdom, are lb well known, that they re- 
quire no particular defcription. 

Picus Martis, (fo called from this bird's having 
been anciently confecrated to the God Mars.) The 
Wood-Pecker (6), a bird rare in this county. 

Of the lefTer, or more common kind of birds, 
we have great numbers in this county ; as, 

Hirundo Domeilica, the Swallow (7). 

Mota- 



(6) This bird has a bill curiouflv made for the digging of 
wood, ftrong, hard and Iharp ^ a great lidge runs along the top 
of the bill, as if an arrill had dcfigned it for ftrength and neat- 
nefs J their thighs are ftrongand mufculous, their legs fliortand 
very llrong, the toes (landing two forward and two backward, 
and are clofe joined together, that they may the more ftrongly 
and tiriniy lay hold of the tree they climb on. They have an 
hard itifFtail, bending downwards, on which they lean, and fo 
bear thstnfelves up in climbing. The iUudure of the tongue 
is very fingular and remarkable, whether we look at its great 
length, its bones and mufcles, its encompaffing part of the neck 
and head, the better to exert icfelf in length, and again to re- 
tra£l it into its ceiii and laftly, whether we look at its fharp 
horney bearded point, and the glewy matter at the end of it, 
the better to ftab, to (lick into, and to draw little maggots out 
of wood. It builds its neft fo artfully, in the hollows of trees, 
that it would puzzle the ableft geometrician to imitate it. 

(7) Swallows have remarkable fiicrt legs, and their toes 
grafp any thing v^x"^ ftrongly ; this is ufeful to them in building 
their nefts, and on other occafions, which neceffitate them to 
hang frequently by their heels. But there is far greater ufe of 
this ftrutlure of their legs and feet, if the report be true of 
their hanging by the heels, in great cluflers (after the manner 

of 



W A t E R F O R D. B39 

Motacilla, Johnft. the Water-Swallow, or Water 
wag- tail. 

Lutea Avis, the Yellow-hammer. 

Alaiida Vulgaris, the Lark, of which we have 
many kinds. 

Aurivitis, the Gold-finch, or Thiflie-finch. 

Tardus, theThruQi. 

Merula Vulgaris^ the eommon Black- bird, 

Rubecula^ the Robin-red-breafl. 

Linaria Avis, five iEgithus, the Linnet, green 
^nd grey. 

Sturniis, the Starling or Stare. 

Rubicilla feu Pyrrhula^ the Bull-finch, Alp or 
iSlope. 

Pafler Domeflicus, the Houfe-Sparrow, and many 
other different fpecies. 

Of aquatic birds, we have the following in this 
county; 

Cattaradles, the Gannet. 

Anas fere fufca, of Gefner, Ray, and Aldrovan- 
dus, called, in the north, the Gold-head, and, with 
lis, the red- headed Widgeon, 

Graculi Palmipedes, Raij. Commonly called 
ShagSj very like to Cormorants, only lefs. Mr. Ray, 
in his travels, fays, he faw them breed upon trees 

in 

of bees) in mines and grottos, and in the rocks By the fea all 
the winter J of the latter, Mr. Derham relates a ilory, which 
the learned Dr. Fry told at the univerfuy, and confirmed to him 
fince, viz, that an ancient fifnerman, accounted an honell maOj 
being near fome rocks, on the coail of Cornwall, faw, at a very 
lov/ ebb, a black litl of fomeihing adhering to the rock ; which, 
when he came to examine, he found it was a great number of 
Swallows, that were covered by the fea waters^ but revived in 
his warm hand, and by the fire. All this the fisherman himfetf 
alTured the doctor of. Vid. Derham's Ph. Theol. Book. vU. 
chap. 1. note m. and chap. iii. noted. In a M. S. in thei 
library of Trin. Coll. Dublin, there is an accoiunt of one Mr. 
Knox, who fays, he faw, in winter time, a number of SwallowSj' 
in a difficult cavern, in the barony of Killmacrenan, and 
county of Donegal, which v/ere flying and chattering, and not 
fieeping. But this feems fabulous. 
Z 2 



54^ Natural and Civil Hiflory of 

m Holland (8), which furprifed him, they being a 
web-footed fowl. 

Bernicla feu Bernaela. Barnacles, which we have 
in plenty in winter, being of as good a relifh as at 
Londonderry, Wexford, or elfewhere; we have the 
fame kind of grafs defcribed in the appendix to 
Boat's Nat. Hiflory of Ireland (9), which, it is faid, 
they feed upon, and Vv/hich gives them that pecu- 
liar fweetnefs, in thofe places where this grafs is 
found. The roots of this grafs are white and ten- 
der, and of a fweetnefs refembling liquorice; 
great quantities of it are often cafl up on the coaft 
after a florm. 

PuOinus Anglorunn. The PufHn. Thefe we have 
on the coail ; but whether they breed here, or not, is 
uncertain. They are lefs than a tame Duck; their 
bill like that of a Penguin's, except that the horn 
of the nether beak is not fhortened as theirs, but 
•' contrariwife is obliquely prolonged from the mar- 
gins; it is alfo fhorter, lighter, and ftronger. Mr. 
Willoughby fays, when they fight, they will hold by 
their bills fo hard, as to break one anothers necks 
before they part. He adds, that what they eat by 
day, they difgorge by night, into the mouths of their 
young ; they breed in Iceland, in the ifles of Man, 
Ferro, and the Scilly ifles. ft is faid, they lay their 
eggs under ground. Thefe fowl, as v/ell as the 
Penguin, and Guillemot, all vi'ant their heel or under 
toe. They have all black backs, but their bellies, 
which are much under water, are white. They lay 
but one egg at a fitting. 

Corvus Aquaticus, Willoughby & Raij, the Cor- 
morant (10), not much different from the Shag, 
being only fomewhat lefs. 

Larus 

(8) Obfervations Topographic, p. 3^. (9) Page 192. 

(lo) In a MS. in the college library, the author fays, here- 
claimed a Cormorant, which took fifh very well, but was killed, 
by accident, before he was perfcd ; and he thought thefe fowl 
might be made ferviceable this way. It is not improbable, he 

means 



WATERFORD. 541 

Lams Grifeus maximus. The great Grey-Gullj 
by fome called the Herring-Guli. See its defcription 
in Wiiloughby. 

Larus cinereus minor. The common Sea Mew 
or Gull. See its defcription in the fame author. 

Columbus major. The great Loon-D'.uker or 
Artfoot, and, by us, commonly called a Loon; 
is reckoned a cloven footed water fowl, has a 
narrow ftrait (harp pointed bill, no tail, fmall fhort 
wings, the legs are fet on fo near the rump, and fo 
far from the centre of gravity in the bird, that 
it can neither fly, nor conveniently v/alk, but feems 
wholly contrived for quick fwimming, and eafy 
diving. Its toes, though not webbed together, 
have lateral membranes ail along each fide of them, 
.and broad claws, like hum.an nails. Some there are 
which agree v/ith thefe in every particular, except 
their having tails, nor is it certain whether they bs 
of a different fpecies. 

Fulica, Johnfl, Mergus niger & Pullus aquaticus, " 
Alberti. The Coot or Bald-Coot, a particular 
defcription would be needlefs, being common in 
other places, though only feen here during the hard 
froft in 1739-40, 

Alka, Hoieri, the Auk, Razor-bill, or, by fome^the 
Murr, of which it is a fpecies. They frequent our 
fliores in winter. See a defcription of this bird in 
Grew's Mufasum, p. 72. 

Phafcas Avis, the Mmr, a kind of diver, le/s 
than the Razor-bill, the feathers generally black; 
thefe alfo frequent our coaifs, and are well known. 

Columbus rninor, the Didapper or Dobchick, a 
fmaller fpecies of divers, have been fometimes 
killed in this county. 

Gavia, frvt Larus maximus, a fpecies of the 
larger kind of Sea^Gulls, called, by feamxn, theiVlake- 

iliite^ 

rnenns that kind of Cormorant, called, in foaje places, the 
Aland Hawk. 



342 Natural and Ctvil Hiftoij of 

fnite, from its beating the lefTer kind of Gulls, till 
they void their excrements, which they iiimbiy 
catch before they fall Id to the water, and devour 
them. 

Of birds well known, of unufual colours, I have 
met v/ith but one inftance, viz. a White-Sparrow, 
which colour (ii) might proceed from a defed: of 
rnoiffure and nouriOirnent j and it has been a 
received, though vulgar opinion concerning birds, 
that they may become white, by plucking off their 
firil feathers, which will caufe their new ones to 
come forth of that colour, even in a fpecies that 
feldom are of it. 

§. II. Among other remarks that may be made 
upon animals, 1 fhall firft mention an odd indance 
in relation to the earlinefs of the fecundity of 
black catde, viz. of an heifer, in the parifh of Dun- 
garvan, that, not long fince, had a calf before fhe 
was a year old, which was fufficiently attefted to me by 
the owner. Thefe fort of cattle going nine months^ 
it mull be either admitted, that this calf took bull 
at about two months old, or that their dams caft them 
at firil pregnant with others (12). Dr. PJot, in his 

natural 



(11) Many other animals, as well as birds, have been pro- 
duced of colours unufual to the fpecies, and as briflc and well 
liking 2.S any ethers, as white rats, mice, &c. and alfo white 
fav/ns, where there was not a white buck or doe in the park ; 
'2nd it is no unufual thing, even in this county, to meet with 
white hares alfo. Sir Francis Bacon reckons white a penurious 
colour, and a certain indication of a fcarcity of aliment ; 
whence it is, fays he, that violets, and other flowers, if they be 
ftarved, tarn white, as birds and horfes do by age ; and the hoary 
hairs of men are produced by the fame reafon : It is well 
known, that plants may be changed white, by applying lime, 
or other hoi dry matter, to their roots. 

(12) A.n inftance of the fame kind may be feen in the Mifcel. 
Curiofa Phyf Germ. An^. I. Obferv. ^6. That in the year 
1663, there was a cow in Hungary, that brougiit forth a calf, 
with a great belly, wherein there was found another calf, with 
all ita limbs perfeclc Baithoiine conje^ures, that, in fuch pro- 
-' ■ • ' dudlions 



WATERFORD. 

natural hiftory of Oxford/hire, gives us a like 
inftance, as he alfo docs in his hiftory of Stafford- 
shire, to which the curious reader is referred. 

It is no uncommon thing to find balls of hair, 
covered over fometimes with a fmooth fhining coat, 
in the flomachs of black cattle, of which I have 
been informed of many inliances in this county ; 
thefe are occafioned by their licking, themfelves, 
and fwallowing the hairs that comes off, in large 
quantities ; which, being elaborated in the firft or 
fecond ventricle, they are generally found compaded 
together, much after the manner, as the wool of aa 
hat by the hands of the workman ; and if it lie any 
time in the flomach, is covered with a pretty thick 
fheli or , coat, from the llime it there meets with. 
When it lies there long, it is ufually of a chefnut; 
but, if a lefler time, of an afh colour ; and, if taken 
out of the ftomach foon after it is formed, it has no 
coat, but is a meer ball of hair (13). 

In the mountains of Knockmeledown, we have 
fome remains of the red deer, but fo few, that, it 
is to be feared, the fpecies will, in a few years, be 
extindl, efpecially if a little more care be not taken of 
them (14). And that this is not improbable, may 
be aljowed from the failure of another fpecies of deer 

ill 

duflions as thefe, nature intended only twins ; and by fome 
error, one of them might be thrult into the b'Jly of" the other, 
over which a ikin might eafiiy be (uperinduced, 

- Th, Bartholin. Anat. Med Rar. Hiftor. 66. 

(13) Thefe kind of bails are called, by Pliny*, Tophi 
Nigricaniesi and, he fays, they are only to be found in the 2d 
ventricle or reticuluui. But they are alfo to be met with in the 
inteltines, and are caft forth by flool, as Bauhinusowns. They 
are fometiuies found in the inceftines of horfes ; and Bauhin^ 
calls them Bezoar Equinom. 

* Plin. Nat, Hift. Lib. 2. C. 3. Bauhin de lapid Bez. C. 4. & C. 14. 

(14) This ipecies is not the Ceivus Pilmarus of Gefner, but, 
by the agreement of Clufius, Beltoiiius and Peyerus, the Piaty- 
ceros of Fliny (Lib. 2. Cap, 37.) defcribed by Belionius, in 

Z 4 , fonis 



343 



344 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

in this kingdom, commonly called the moofe-deer ; 
of which, we Hiould have no manner of remains, 
were it not for the horns and fkelerons, fometimes 
difcovered, by digging, under ground. The curious 
are referred to fome account of this creature, given 
by Dr. Molyneux, in the appendix to Boat's Natural 
Hi flor}' of Ireland. 

No cattle impoverifh land more than deer of 
all kinds, which, probably, may be ov>/ing to the 
annual cading of their horns ; thefe, it is well 
known, abound with volatile falss; fo that there 
iTiuft be a pnvation of thefe falts in their dung and 
urine j what renders the excrements of other animals 
fo beneficial for the manuring of land are thefe 
falts. ^ 

The Irifn greyhound, though formerly abounding 
in this county, is likewife become nearly extinct. 
This dog is much taller than the mafliff, but made 
more like a greyhound, and for f ze, ftrength and 
fhape, cannot be equalled. Mr. Ray affirms, he is 
the hig'reft dog he had ever feen. Heretofore they 
were m.ade ufe of in catching wolves, and from 
thence were probably called wolf-dogs ; but iince xhQ 
v/oods have been deftroyed, and confequently the 
wolves who found Ihelter therein ; this beautiful 
fpecies are grown extremely fcarce, infomuch that I 
■have known twenty-five guineas paid for a brace of 
them. By a treaty entered into between king 
Henry II. and Roderic, king of Conaught, in the 
year 1175, we find, it was, exprefsly flipulated, 
among other articles, that the vaiTals of the latter, 
fiiould furniHi hawks and hounds, annually, to the 
Englifh m.onarch. To fhew further the eftimation 
in which they were held, we are told, that fir Thomas 
Roe, ambaiTador to the great mogul, obtained 

large 



foir.e particulars erroneoufiy, v. g, v;ith a long tail ; it Is vul- 
y^ariy called Dama, but it is not the Dama of" the ancients; the 
f'rsfich call it Dain, aad the Germans Dam biiHi, 



V/ A T E R F O R D. 545 

large favours of that monarch, on account of a 
prefent of them, which he made in 1615. In the 
rolls office, there is extant, a privy leal of king 
Henry VIII. obtained at the fiiit of the duke 
Alberkyrke of^Spain, for the deh'very of two gos- . 
hawks, and four Irifh greyhounds, to the Spanifh 
marquis of DeiTaraya and his Ton, and the furvivor 
of them, yearly ; which further evinces the value fee 
upon them by foreigners. And, among the earl of 
Cork's manufcripts, I have met with the following 
original letter, from the lord deputy Falkland 
to his lordfiiip, dated Chichefter houfe, Auguil 
the z3d, 1 62 J. 

f' My Lord! 

'' I have lately received letters from my 
*' lord duke of Buckingham., and other my tiobie 
*f friends, who have entreated me to fend fome 
*' greyhounds and bitches out of this kingdom, of 
'' the largeft fort ; which I perceive they intend to 
*f prefent unto divers princes, and other noble 
*' perfons. f am given to underiland, that there 
*' are good ftore in your country ; and therefore, I 
" pray you, either by yourfeJf, friends or neighbours, 
*' to procure me one brace, either of good dogs or 
'f bitches, and them to fend unto m.e, with all the 
*' fpeed you may; and if you can poffibly let them 
'^ be white, which is the colour mofl in requefl, 
" herein you iliall do me a favour, which I iTiali 
** be ready to requite; and fo, expeding }our 
" anfwer by this bearer, 1 commit you to the pro- 
f teClion of the Almighty and red 

^' your lordfhip's 

" very affured friend ! 

Falkland, dep." 



CHAP. 



546 Natural and Civil Hijiory of 

CHAP. XIX. 

Borne Remarks on Infers, 

H E curious reader ir^ not to exped any thing 
_ accurate on this fubjedt ; all I have to fay 
being only fonie few remarks I have made on 
this part of the creaUon, no Jefs Vv^orthy of our 
notice, as Pliny (i) obferves, than other larger 
animals, obfervations of this kind being the refuit 
of much time, diligence and leifure, as may be 
feen by the Vi^ri tings of Moufet, John (Ion, Ray, 
Malpighy, Segnior, Redi, Swammerdam, &:c. to 
whom I would refer fuch as have either will, or 
leifure, to purfue thefe matters, which would, un- 
doubtedly, be of fervice \i\ clearing up the natural 
hiflory of this kingdom. 

Am.ong other kinds of infeds, I fhall firfl mention 
thofe called, by feamen and others, barnacles, which 
adhere to rocks, the bottoms of fhips, old timber, 
&c. of which there are plenty in thefe feas. As for 
the vulgar opinion of a bird breeding in them, 
which Tome have affirmicd with much confidence 
{2;, it is, without all doubt, falfe and frivolous; all 
the ground of the fancy, as I conceive, being 
becaufe this infedt hath a bunch of cirre, fomewhat 
refembiing a tuft of feathers, or the tail of a bird, 

which 

(i) Lib. II. Chap. 2. 

(2) Of Vv'hich Michael Mayerus hath written a v/ho!e book. 
The barnacles, v/hich are faid to breed in timber, being hatched 
of eggs, like other birds, of their own laying. The Hollanders, 
in their third voyage to difcover the N, E. paflage to Cathaia 
and China, in 8© deg. of N. latitude, found two iflands, in one 
of which they obferved a great number of thefe fowl fitting on 
their eggs, &c. as Dr. Johnfton lelatesout of Pontanus. As for 
thefe fheils, they are a kind of Balanua Marinus, as Fabius 
Coiumna proves, never coming to be any other but what they 
are, only growing larger as other /hells do. 



WATERFORD. 

which it fometimes puts out into the water, and 
draws back again. Mr. Ray found fome of thefe 
fnelis near the ifland of IVlaJta, which is far foutherly, 
and confequenrly a great way from the fcene of the 
barnacle fable (3;. 

It is a little furprifing, that To grofs an opinion, as 
thefe (hells producing the barnacle fowl, fliould obtain 
credit with fo many learned men. Hecftor Eoetius 
(quoted by Gefner and Dr. Turner) confidently 
aiierts, " That, in the Orcades, are certain worms, 
*' gro¥/ing in hollow trees, which, by degrees, 
*' obtain the tcQt^ head, wings, and all the feathers 
*' of a water- fowl, which grows to the bignefs of a 
*' goofe." Scaliger (4) alfo defcribes this fuppofed 
bird within his thd]. Sir Robert Murray, in the 
Phiiofophical Tran factions, feems to be of the fanie 
opinion : but certain it is, all that is faid of a bird is 
fabulous (5). Eartholine is of opinion, that it belongs 
to a kind of Cancellus j but the moft probable is 
that of Dr. Grew. 

Upon the pulling down of an old chapel in the 
cathedral church of Waterford, there was a very- 
large and unufual kind of butterfly difcovered alive, 
which, when taken, made a fqueakingnoife. It was 
near two inches long, vi'ith large expanded wings, 
and beautifully coloured ; but what was mofi: re- 
ii:5arkable, there was depidled between the (lioulders, 
on the back, the exacl reprefentation of a death's 
head, in black and white colours. This infed was 

in 



(3) In a letter to Mr, Ray* from Mr. JohnRon, he conjec- 
tures thefe to be the fpawn of Hirlnips, but with no great leafon 
pr probability. This kind of fheli, Dr. Grew calls, rheiiat centre 
/hell, Balanus Coaipreffa, and Concha Anarifera, becaufe 
fuppofed, by fome, to be the egg of the barnacle j but he 
imagines, with Coluama, that it is a fort of a cei)tre-ihell, as 
being fixed in iike manner upon its hafe, and conipofed of 
fev(:^!al Oielly parts, 

(4) Exeicic. 59. towards the end, (5) H'lil. Cent. 6. 

*■ Ray's Letters, p. izi. 



347 



Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

ill the poiTeiiion of the right rev. the late lord 
billiop of Waterford, who waspleafed to favour me 
with a fight of it (6) ; and is now in the pofreiFion of 
the ingenious Mrs. Watfon, fruit and flower 
painter, Dubh'n. 

Wafps nefls have been difcovered in this county; 
one of v/hich is in the repofitory of the Phyfico- 
Hiftcrical-Society, and was found near Lifmore. 
See the figure in Johnflon, die Specftacle de la 
Nature, .&c. It is compofed of a great number of 
cells, made up of the fmall fibres of plants, cohering 
together as in paper, as may be feen with a mi- 
cfofcope. Wild bees make their nefts of the fame 
kind of ftuff, which may not improperly be called 
bee-paper. 

Of bees, we have good plenty in this County n 
fo much, that honey is very reafonable, though a 
good quantity is confumed in making a vinous li- 
quor, called m.etheglin, but, in other places, mead, 
This liquor, when old, emulates the richefl Canary 
wines in ftre.jgth and flavour; and being of a more 
balfam.ic quality, and far lefs preying, ieems to be 
more wholefome, and agreeable to our conftitutions; 
and were our people to take example by thefe in- 
dufirious infeds, they might propagate as many 
flocks as would arford large quantities of this agree- 
able drink. The profit and advantage arifrng from 
bees has been thought fb confiderable, that number- 
lefs tracts have been written and publifhed, full 
of experiments, direClions, and methods to be ufed 
in the menage of thofe infects among the ancients. 
The celebrated Latin poet has been very particular 
in his Georgics ; and the bed v/riters in our Ian- 
guage, among the moderns, on this fubjed:, are, Mr. 

Charles 



(6) It may be worthy of remark, that what feems to be a 
pov/der upon the wings of a burterfly, is an innumerable coni- 
nanv of extreme fniall leathers, not to be difcerneci without the 
help of a micforcope. Vid. Power's Pvlicroicop. obfervatlons, 
and Dr. Kook'3 aiicrography. Chap. 14. 



W A T E R F O R D. ' 349 

Charles Butler, Mr. Henry Gurney, Mr. John 
Levets, Mr. Edmund Southern, Mr. Richard 
Remnant, Mr. Hartlib, and Mr. Rufden ; which 
]aft was approved of by the Royal Society, and 
printed, ann. 1679, filling hifpfelf bee-mafier 
to the king's moil: excellent majefty, viz. king 
Charles II (7). 

Among other in feds I have taken notice of a 
kind of worms in trees, firll fhewed me at Ballyn- 
taylor, by John Ufher, efq ; a true promoter and 
encourager of this defign, which feem to be the fame 
as are named by Wolfeflan, in the Philofophical 
Tranfadions, numb. 65, Xylopthori, or, Vermes 
Arborei, or, Scolopendrse. Though thofe of the 
latter kind differ from fuch as I have noticed, they 
not being Multipedes, as the Juli and Scolopendrae 
are, but rather a long fmooth worm, fometimes a- 
bout two inches in length. They are often found m 
the very thickefl: part of the trunks of trees, by 
cleaving and fplitting them ; in which places, they 
work them felves confiderable cavities, of an oblong 
form, the infide of the wood being generally (limy, 
and tinged of a reddiih colour. The wood thefe 
nymphse (for fuch 1 take them generally to be) 
are found in, are commonly willow, birch, crab-tree^ 
&c. for that they are maggots or nymphae of fome ' 
other infetfl, I make no queftion, v;hich happening, 
by fome means or other, to raifcarry, by the 
wood growing over the- parts where they were 
laid, are changed into thofe kind of worms (8). 

It 

(7) Polio Romulus, who was above loo years old, being 
alked by Augadus Csefar who then lodged at his houfe, what 
means he uTed to preferve hiaifeif to that extreme old age, and 
to maintain that vigour of body and mind he law he enjoyed, 
aafwered, Inier mulfo, foris oleo. i. e. that be had ufed 
metheglin within, and oil without ; as lord Bacon, in his hiftory 
of lite and death, informs us, Ope.at. z. numb. 13. 

(8) For brevity fake, in this matter I refer the inquiiitive 
reader to Dr. King, Dr. Lifter, and xVIr. Willougbby in the 
Philofophical Tranfadions, numb. 65, 74, 160, and the 
Journal de Scavans, June ;52, 1682. 



^50 Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

It is not very fLirprifing, that we do not find 
the eggs of thefe infeds in the wooden cavities^ 
when even the learned and ingenious Dr. Lifter (9) 
. confefTes, whatever diligence he ufed, he could ne- 
ver difeover any eggs in the centre of that by -fruit 
which grows on the leaves of the oak, and which we 
call galls, or oak- balls, but a worm conftantly at 
their very firft appearance ; true it is that neither 
the plants on which thefe excrefcences grow, nor 
thefe excrefcences them felves, do any way contribute^ 
to the generation of thefe infers, as Redi (10) 
imagined; but that they have their origin from a 
parent infedl, which firft fixed its egg where the 
gall rofe, and included it. 

Not only trees and vegetables have their refpedive 
infeds, which inhabit them, but even ftones, which 
ferve thofe kind of worms, called Lithophagi^ both 
for food and habitation. One would think it no eafy 
matter to believe, that thofe little creatures can fub- 
ii(t by gnawing ftones ; and yet there is nothing more 
certain, thefe worm-eaten ftones being to be found 
almoft every where, and in great quantities on all 
the fea-coaft. Thefe ftones are generally limeftone. 
Grit or freeftone are feldom found eaten in this 
manner, though M, dela Voy (11) tells of an ancient 
wall of freeftone, in the Benedidine abbey of Caen^ 
in Normandy, fo eaten with worms, that a perfon's 
hand might be run into moft of the cavities. 

Thefe are, probably, the fame kind of infeds 
that take fuch delight in eating "fhells, many of 
which are devoured through by them, and, in a 
manner, filled with innumerable cells, like thofe of 
an honey- comb, but infinitely fmaller. Thefe kind 
of worms are covered with a very minute fhell, 
greenifh and afti-coloured, having large flattifti heads, 

with 



(9) Philos. Tranf. N^. 75. 

(10) Franf. Red de Generat. Infefl. p. 234, 

(11) Derham's Phy. Theo. B. IV. Ch. 11. 



W A T E R F O R D. S5^ 

with a wide mouth, and four black jaws, and 
that they breed in thofe cavities, which they gnaw ^ 

in the ftone, is manifeft from their eggs being found 
therein (12). 

Of other winged infe6ls, I have noticed but a few, 
and thefe, indeed, not accurately enough to advance 
any ^thing with certainty ; but fuch as have leifure 
or inclination to ftudy thefe matters, are referred 
to the authors mention^sd in the beginning of 
this Chapter. 

(12) Vid. Philos. Tranf. N°. 18. 



CHAP. XX. 

Of ancient Monuments^ Danifh Raths^ Circular 
Fortifications^ round Towers y and other Antiquities 
in this County, 

IN this county, as in moft of the other counties 
in Ireland, we meet with three kinds of ancient 
monuments, which are judly attributed to the 
Oilmen or Danes (i). 

The firfl and larger kind of thefe pieces of anti- 
quity, go by the general name of Raths. 

The fecond are called Lifs, which two v/ords 
are often promifcuoufly ufed for one and the fame 
thing, i. e. a piece of fortification 

The 

(i) Thefe kind of works are not peculiar to this iiland, but 
they have them alfo in Great-Britain, in many places. Dr. Plot 
informs us, in his Hid. of Oxfordihire, that they have not only 
round works of this kind, but alfo fquare pieces of tortifica- 
tion, which fort, he fays, were the works of the Saxons, as 
the round ones were of the Danes; for fo, he fays, he finds 
them diftinguifhed in a MS. Hiftory of Ireland, by E. S. The 
firft of thefe places he calls Falkmotes, i. e. Places for the 
meeting of the folk or people upon the approach of rhe enemy ; 
and the round ones, Dane's Raths, i.e. Hillsof the Danes, for 
£he lame purpofe. 

Na^.Hift. of Oxfordih. Chap. X. 



35^ Natural and X2ivil Hijlory of 

The third fort go by the name of Dun, and ar6 
no other than Tumuh*, or fepulchral monuments, 
Norwithftanding thefe lafl are miftaken, and often 
cor.fufed with the others, called Raths, becaufe they 
have the fame outward fhape and contrivance. The 
moO: remarkable Raths in this county are thefe fol- 
lowing, viz. one at Lifmore, from whence the 
name of that place, i. e. the large fort. It is ere6led 
on the top of an hill^ cailed the Round Hill, of a 
pretty fleep af^c^^nt, and is fuuated near the Black- 
water river, about half a mile ro the W, of Lifmore : 
it was furrounded by a double fofTe, which is now 
almofi: filled up. This Rath, and, indeed, mofl of 
the others in the county, are not near fo large as 
may be met with in the more northern parts of the 
kingdom ; and the reafon feems to be, that the 
Danes^ and, other northern nations^ that firfl: infefted 
this ifland, landed in thofe parts, which jay neareft 
to the countries from whence they came ; the largeft 
of ours not being above forty or fifty feet diam^eter 
at the bafe, and about twenty feet high at the moft 
not reckoning the eminence on v/hich they are 
ereded. They are placed near the mofl Ancient 
towns, and confiderabie places of refort, which were 
fo many head- quarters or flations, from whence 
the alarm was given to the more diflant places iii 
the ccaintry. 

Befides that of Lifmore, there is one at Killoteranj 
in the liberties of Waterford, one at Rathgormuck, 
in the barony of Upperthird, one in the parifh of 
Kinfaiebeg, oppofite to the town of Youghal 5 a 
confiderabie remains of a work of this kind at Ard- 
more; and many others, of leiTer note, difperfed 
up and down the country. 

The fecond kind of fortifications, which they 
call Lifs in this country, are for the moft part, no 
other than a circular ditch, with a foiTe round it, 
and without any mount or hill in the centre; many 
of v.'hich are of a confiderabie extent, enclofing fome 

acresj 



WATER FORD. 553 

acres ; and others are Co fmall, as not to be of above 
ten or fifteen yards diameter. Thefe fmalleft fort 
of forts could not polTibly receive a confiderable 
nunaber of people, fo as to form a garrifon of 
any ftrength; but rsther feein defigned for habi- 
tations only, and the dwellings of fingle fami- 
lies. Thefe leffsr kind branch out, very regularly 
from the head flations. Thus from. Lifmore,- on 
both fides of the high-road leading from that place 
to Dungarvan, thefe circular intrenchments are 
within call of each other ; they alfo branch out, ex- 
ceedingly regular, from the fame head-flation to* 
v/ards the mountains, and are alfo within call ; which 
Hievvs, that thefe people muft have been exceeding 
numerous in this kingdom formerly ; or, that the 
Irifh themfelves imitated and lived in fuch kind of 
works ; not only the flat country, and the mod re- 
markable hills and eminences are filled with them, 
but they are alfo to be found in the moll unculti- 
vated mountains; all branching out, in a mod re- 
gular manner, from the head ftations, which in this 
county were Waterford, Lifmore, Ardmore, and 
Dungarvan. 

The third kind, called, in the language of the 
country Dun, are thofe called barrows in Eng- 
land, and are no other than fepulchral monuments. 
It was in one of this kind, that the urns and brace- 
Jet, mentioned in the third chapter, page 78, 
were found. This kind are commonly fituated, 
efpecially the larger ones, near fome high road, 
and ufually on an eminence, to be confpicuous at a 
di (lance, and to be taken notice of by travellers as 
they paffed by (2). One of this kind is fituated 

near 

(2) Graves snd fepulchres were made anciently near the 
molt frequented high-v/ays. By the P.oman law of the XII 
tables, fepulchre was forbidden within the walls of the city. 
In urbe nee Sepelito, Neve urito. 
Neither to bury or burn the dead in the city. See Baldus 
the Civilian, ad Leg. Tab. XII. 

A 9. Carabden 



5 j;4 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

near the town of Dungarvan, to the W. of that 
place, near the high road, and is compofed of a 
yellow day, dug out of the ditch which furrounds 
it. I had the curiofity to bore this mount with 
augurs on the top, and found it hollow towards the 
bottom ; but made no farther difcovery. 

Concerning the infide of thefe artificial hills, I 
refer the reader to Dr. Mollyneux's account, pub- 
lifhed in the appendix to Boate's natural hiftory of 
Ireland. 

Not only the ancient Greeks and Romans (3) had 
their Tumuli, but alfo the Danes and other northern 
nations, as Olaus Wormius informs us (4). 

In 

Cambden fays, that the reafon why they placed them rather 
on the military ways than elfewhere, was, that paiTengers might 
be put in mind of their mortality. Whence, perhaps, the For- 
mula ftili ufed on todibs, Sifte viator, and Monuraentum a 
Monendo, Vid. Cambd. Britan. in Comitat. Wilts. 

(3) This cuftom was very ancient among the Romans, not 
only for princes, according to that of Virgil, 

■ Fuit Ingens Monte fub alto 

Regis Dercseni terreno ex aggere buftum 
Antiqui Laurentis, opacaque ilice te6tum.- 

Ensd. Lib. II. v. 850. 
With whom agrees Lucan. 

Et Regnura Cineres Exftruclo monte quiefcunt. 

Pharfal. Lib. VIII. fub finem. 
But alfo for meaner perfons; thus we find iEneas burying 
his nurfeCajeta. 

At pius exequiis ^neas rite fointls, 

Aggere compofito tumuli, &c. Ensed. Lib. VII, v. 5. 

(4) It was an ufual cuftom alfo among the northern nations, 
in their fecond age, v/hlch they called Tumuloium ^tas, thus 
to bury their dead under earthen hillocks, Arenam et terram 
exaggerando ufque dum in juftam monticuli exfurgerunt 
altirudinem, fays this author *; of thefe they had two forts, 
the Rudiores, which ex fola terra, in rotunditatem et conum, 
congefta conftahant, i. e, that were made only of earth, and 
cah. up in a round conical figure, fet up in memory of any 
ftout champions that deferved v/ell of their country ; and f the 
Ornaci, which were encompafTed with a circle of ftone, fet up 

only 
* Monument. Dan. Lib. I. Chap. 7. 
t Ibid. Lib. I. Chap. 6. 



W A T E R F O R D. ^SS 

In the barony of Cofhmore and Cofhbrlde, zvt 
two remarkable pieces of antiquity, which ftill rernain 
there, and of which little account can be given. 
The firft, is a large double trench, which the Irifli 
call Rian-Eo-Padriuc, or the trench of St. Patrick's 
cow. It is a double dike, flill to be feen in the 
mountainous parts of this barony, beginning In this 
county to the eaftward of Knockmeledown, and 
Tunning on, in a diredl line, towards Ardm.ore, 
crofiing the country through the deer-park of Lif- 
more, and taking in a courfe of fixteen or eighteen 
miles. The country people affirm, that it might bt 
traced from its entrance into this county as far as 
Cafhel, in the county of Tipperary. But the lands 
being cultivated in mofl: parts of its courfe through 
that county, it is not to be traced at prefent. The 
tradition of this ditch is foraewhat ridiculous, but 
fuch as it is, I (hall give my readers. They affirm, 
that when St. Patrick was at Cadiel, a cow belonging 
to that faint had her calf flolen and carried off to- 
wards Ardmore, which fhe purfued, and with her 
horns made this double trench the whole way ; 
others fay, it was the cow was ftolen, that fhe 
returned home of herfelf, and, in the fame manner^ 
plowed up the ground with her horns ; but the one 
fbory is as probable as the other ; yet thefe \i\\y people 
believe it to be as true as the gofpel. My opinion 
of this matter is, that thefe ridges were no other 
than the remains of an ancient high- way drawn 
from Cadiel to Ardmore, between which two places 

there 

only for their generals or fome other great perfons : and thefe 
they fet over the bodies, without burning them,, as they 
had formerly done in their firtl age^ which they called Etas 
Ignea ; the man.ner being, as Mr. Cambden § informs us, for 
every foldier remaining alive after a battle, to carry his 
helmet full of earth tov/ards making the tombs of his fellov/s 
that were flain. 

§ Monument. Dan. Lib. I. Ghap. 7, 

Aa 2 



556 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

there was, probably, in the time of ^t. Patrick and 
his cotemporary St. Declan, a frequent communica- 
tion, (vide Chap. I.) and that this road was made, 
by the diredion of thefe faints, in imitation of the 
Roman high-ways, which they mud have often met 
with in their travels, is not improbable. It may not 
be amifs to inform the reader, that the Roman 
high-ways were fometimes raifed, and fometimes 
level with the ground ; and that they were alfo fome- 
times trenched on both fides. 

Statius (5) has given us the exadl method of 
making them in the following lines. 

Hie primus labor inchoare fulcos, 
Et refcindere limites, & alto 
Egeftu penitus cavare terras : 
Mox hauflas aliter replere foUas, 
Et fummo gremium parare dorfo, 
Ne nutent fola, ne maligna fedes 
Ec prellis dubium cubile faxis. 

i. e. That they firft laid out the bounds, then 
dug trenches, removing the falfe earth : then filled 
them with found earth, and paved them with ilone, 
that they might not fmk, or other wife fail. 

Sometimes, indeed, thefe roads were only of 
earth, as Bergier (6) informs us, and not always 
paved, except in moid and boggy grounds; and 
this was the manner of making the highway I am 
now treating of, by digging double trenches, and 
calling up the earth in the middle. Thofe kind of 
works were carried on by the Roman foldiers and 
common people of the country, who were compelled 
to thefe labours by their, mafters, left, by idlenefs, 
they Piiould grow mutinous, and diflurb the govern- 
ment. In the early times of chriftianity, the above- 
mentioned 

(5) Papin. fur. ftatii filvarura lib. 4. in via Domltian. 

(6) Vid. Nich. Bergier hiftpire des grand Chemins de I'emplre 
iiv. 2. chapitre 17. Ibid. chap. 17. 



W A T E R F O R D. 357 

mentioned faints might very readily find a fufficient 
number of hands for this work, the people being 
always ready to pay obedience to their commands ; 
and this highway coming in time to be difufed, 
after the biilioprick of Ardmore became united to 
Lifmore, and no more being remembered of it than 
that it was made in the time of St, Patrick, it 
gave cccafion to the fpreading^jf the above legend 
among the people. Thefe high-roads are frequent 
in England, as the road called Watling-fcreet, the 
Fofs, &c. concerning which I refer the reader 
to fir Henry Spelman, Cambden, Hollinfhed, and 
other writers ; but do not know whether any other 
traces of them are to be met with in this kingdom. 

The other piece of antiquity, v/hich fliil rem.ains 
in this barony, is fomewhat of the nature of the 
former, and is a remarkable ditch, which runs 
wefterly from Cappoquin, into the county of Cork, 
how far is uncertain. This the Irifh call Clee-Duff; 
and give feveral uncertain and improbable reafons 
for this work. As it extends through the plain 
along the fides of the mountains, it is conjectured, 
that this was no other than a fence or boundary, 
made to preferve their cattle againil wolves, which, 
coming down from the mountains, made frequent 
havock among them ; and this feems the moil pro- 
bable caufe why this intrenchment was cafl up. 

The round-tower at Ardmore, has been already 
defcribed, in the third chapter, page 48. There 
are various opinions held concerning the antiquity and 
ufes of thefe ilrudures. Sir Thomas Mollyneux (7) 
whofe opinion has hitherto prevailed, holds, that they 
v^ere built for belfries or lleeples, in which bells were 
hung to call people to worfhip ; he argues from the 
name given to thefe towers by the Irifh, viz. 
Cloghachd, that they were fird ereded by the 
Danes, and derives the name from the Germanico 

Saxon 

(7) Difcourfe in the Append, to Boate. p. 212. 

ha s 



J58 Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

Saxon word Ciugga, i. e. a bell. But it is ftrange, 
that the Danes, who refided in England for many 
years, fhould not have ereded the fame kind of 
buildings in that country ; nor do the writers of the 
northern antiquities make m.ention of fuch in Den- 
mark. It is, therefore, more probable, that the ori- 
ginal name of thefe towers was Cloch- Ancoire, i. e. 
the flone of the anchorire, and the writer of the 
Antiquities of Ireland (8), informs us, that at 
Drumlahan, in the county of Cavan, a tradition 
prevails, that an anchorite lived on the top of 
one of thefe towers, which flands in the church^ 
yard of that place. 

That fuch kind of pillars were^built in theeaflern 
countries for the reception of monks, who lived on 
the top of rhera, is evident from ecclefmftical hi (lory, 
of which the reader may find an account in the 
above antiquities, quoted from Evagrius (9) of the 
life of St. Symeon the Sty lite, fo named from his 
living in a pillar. As aifo a defcription of thefe 
pillars taken from Raderus (10). The fame author, 
with great reafon, thinks our Irifh ecclefiaflics had 
the models of thefe buildings from Afia, which they 
early vifited, as appears from feveral of the lives of 
the Irifh faints, and their correfpondence v/ith the 
Afiatic churches ; which is further evident from this, 
that the Irifh followed thofe churches, and not the 
Roman, in the time of celebrating Eafter, as may 
be feen in Bede (11) and Ufher (12) ; but for a more 
^mple account of this matter, I Ihall refer to the 
above quoted antiquities, where the whole is more 
accurately treated. Yet I am alfo of opinion, that 
when a relaxation of difcipline began to prevail in 
the church, many of thefe towers were afterwards 
jpade ufe of as belfries, as appears from the wooden 

beams 



(8) Page 135. (9)Eccl.Hift.lib.i.chap.3. 

(10) TheodQrl coiledtanea, lib. 1. 

(11) Ecci£f.Hiii.lib.3.chap.25. (12) Primrod.p. 93. 



W A T E R F O R D. 

beams remaining entire on the top of fome of them 
where the bell was hung; but do not i magine that they 
v/ere originally built for that purp'-fe. 

Thtre is in ihs barony of Gualtiere, within five 
miles of Waterford, a very la/ge crom-liagh, or 
ancient altar llone ; it is above twelve feet high, and 
fupported in fuch a manner, it may be turned by 
one's finger. 

The reader will meet with an account of fome 
urns, and other antiquities, in the third chapter, 
which have been difcovered in different parts of the 
county, to which part of the work he is referred. 



B59 



C H A P, XXI. 

0/ remarkable P^rfons horn in this County. 

AS natural hiflorians have taken care, in their 
writings, to note the birth places of men^ 
famous either for arts or arms, piety qr mijnificence, 
which having been fometimes neglected, has become 
doubtful, and has raifed difputes betv/een cities and 
countries for the honour of their birth ; thus no lefs 
than {^vt^ cities are faid to have contended for that 
of Homer, &c. I fnali from the example of former 
writers m this vi^ay, prefent the reader with a few, 
whofe names will afford np fmali honour to this 
county, and alfo of fome others, who have been 
remarkable in their life time in other refpedts. And 
firft, I fhall mention the names of fuch writers, 
born in this county, who have rendered themfelves 
eminent by their works. 

GoTOFRiD (i), a native of the city of Water- 
ford, and a Dominican friar, flourifhed in the 
thirteenth century, and was well Ikilled in Latin,. 

Greek^ 

(i) Bibliotlieca Domimcarum, torn, i, p. 467. 
Aa 4 



|6o Natural and Civil Hifiory of 

Greek, Arabic, and French. From the Latin, he 
tranflated into French three treatifes, in the laft of 
which he calls himfelf Goffrid, or Gotofrid, of 
Waterford, the lead of the order of friars preachers. 
He alfo wrote feveral other works; an account of 
which, fee in the Bibliotheca Dominicanoriim. 

One \¥adding, a native of the city of Water- 
ford, writ, in the fourteenth century, an heroic 
poem upon the burning of St. Paurs fteeple, in 
London, and divers epigrams. 

William, of Waterford, writ, 

Opufculum de Reiigione, infcribed to cardinal 
Julian Caefarino, anno 1433. 

Peter White was born in Waterford, but 
educated in Oxford, where he was chofen a fellow 
of Oriel college, in 1551, and took his degree of 
mafler of arts in 1555. In the reign of queen 
Elizabeth he returned home, and fet up a fchool, 
in which he got fo great a reputation, that he was 
called the lucky or happy fchool-mafler of Munfter. 
In 1566, he was made dean of Waterford, but 
was ejeded foon after for non-conformity ; yet he 
continued fnll to teach fchool, and had Richard 
Stainhurfl-, Peter Lumbard, and other eminent men 
for his pupils. He wrote, 

Epitomen in Copiam Erafmi. 

Epitomen figurarum Rethoricarum. 

Annoiationes in Orationem pro T. A. Milone. 

Annotationes in Orationem pro Archia Poeta, 

Epigramata diverfa. 

One Butler, who tranflated Corderius*s book 
of phrafes into Englifli, was fcholar to the former. 

Nicholas Quemerford, D. D. was born in 
Waterford, but educated in Oxford, where he took 
his degree in arts, in 1562 ; returning home, he 
was ordained; but, for non- conformity, was turned 
out of what preferments, he had. From this king- 
dom he went to Louvain, where he took his doctor*s 
degree^ in 1575 or 1576, afterwards became a 

jefuit, 



WATERFORD. 361 

jefuit, and died in Spain. He writ, in Englifh, a 
learned work, called, 

Anfwers to certain queflions propounded by the 
citizens of Waterford ; as alfo feveral fermons, and 
other works. 

Peter Lumbard, who was fcholar to Dr. 
White, was born in Waterford, and fludied philo- 
fophy at Louvain, where he was eleded Primus 
Univerfitatis. He wrote, 

Carmen Heroicum in dodoratum Nicholai Que- 
merford. 

Carmina in Laudem Comitis Ormonijc. 

Peter Lumbard, (another difeerat perfon) 
was the fon of a merchant in Waterford, and 
educated, for a time, at Weftminfter, under the 
learned Carabden, where he fhewed himfelf a youth 
of excellent parts ; he afterwards went through his 
courfes of philofophy and divinity at Louvain ; in 
which laft he took the degree of dodor, and was 
made provofl of the cathedral of Cambray, after- 
wards titular archbifhop of Armagh, and domeftic 
prelate and alTiftant to the pope. He died at 
Rome, in 1625 ^^ 1626, and left behind him feveral 
works, of which, fee an account in the writers of 
Ireland. 

Martin Walsh, a francifcan friar, was born 
at Waterford, and was a young man at Madrid, 
when prince Charles of England arrived there, to 
court the Infanta ; at which time, he made himfelf 
remarkable, by a work, entitled, 

Paraenefis Poetica in aufpicatiflimum feptentrlonalis 
Oceani Principis in madritenfem Curiam ingrelTum, 
Madrid 1624. Fol. 

Befides this, he wrote other works there ; from 
Madrid he went to Naples, and read philofophy in 
the convent of mount Calvary in that city, and 
being fent for to Rome, he was made divinity 
ledturer in the college of St. Ifidore, of which he 
became guardian, and was alfo rector of the 

Lodovifian 



^6z Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

L^Duovifian friOi fecular college there. He died at 
Rome, anno 1634, ^'^ ^^^ flower of his age. 

Peter Wadding was born in Waterford, anno 
1580, and entered into the fociety of the Jefuits 
at Tournay, in i6cj. He taught poetry and 
rhetoric four 3^ears, philofophy fix, and divinity, 
both at Prague and Louvain, for fixteen years; he 
was thirteen years chancellor of the univeriity of 
Prague and Gratz, in Styria, and lived a long time 
in the em.pire, in high efleem for his learning and 
piety. He died at Gratz, September 13th, 1644, 
and left behind him feveral writings, 

Thomas Strange, a native of Waterford, 
was a francifcan friar, and guardian of his order in 
Dublin, where he publickly read divinity, and was 
much admired for his preaching. He died at Water- 
ford, in 1645, having publi(hed feveral works. 

John Hartry was a Waterford man by birth, 
and a ciftertian monk, m the abbey of Nucale, in 
Spain; from whence returning into Ireland, he 
became parifh pried of Holy-Crofs, in Tipperary 
county. He wrote feveral works, of which, fee an 
account in the writers of Ireland. 

Luke Wadding, a francifcan friar, born in the 
fame city, i6th Oi\. 158S, was a very voluminous 
writer, and an ornament to his native country. He 
w^as fon to Walter Wadding, an eminent citizen, and 
Anflice Lumbard, a near relation to Peter Lumbard, 
titular archbifhop of Armagh, before mentioned. He 
firfl ftudied here under the tuition of his brother 
Mathew, afterwards in Portugal and Spain, and, at 
length, was made divine to the embafly of Anthony 
a Trejo, who was fent legate extraordinary by king 
Philip III. to pope Paul V. upon a matter in agita- 
tion, concerning the immaculate conception of the 
B. V. Mary ; upon which occafion, he writ the 
entire ads of that legation, and, during the negotia- 
tion, publifhed feveral pieces relative to that fubjed. 
He allb wrote the life of Peter Thomafuis, patriarch 

of 



W A T E R F O R D, ^6^ 

of Conftantinople, and other works • but his chief 
performance was that of^ die &Lnais of his own order ; 
in connpiling of which, he fpent, upwards of twenty- 
four years, and digefted them into eigi.c volumes in 
folio: which were printed at Rome, anno 1654, 
and reprinted there, with large additions, anno 1 731, 
in fixteen volumes, folio ; to which is prefixed, the 
life of Wadding. The fame is alfo abridged in the 
v/riters of Ireland, to which the reader is referred ; 
where he will meet with an account of feveral other 
works of our author. 

Roger Boyle, earl of Orrery, fifth fon of 
Richard Boyle, firft earl of Cork, was born at 
Lifmore, in this county, April 25, 1621. To give 
a particular account of the life of this great man, 
would, of itfelf, take up a large volume, and fv/ell 
this chapter to an unreafonable bulk ; all I fhall fay 
of him in this place is, that he was as great a flatefman 
and ioldier, as any other in the age he Jived in. 
For a more particular account of his life, the reader 
is referred to the memoirs of his lordfhip, publifhed 
lately, and wrote by Mr. Morris his chaplain. The 
following epitaph, in the church of Youghal, may 
give a fmail idea of this noble man. 

Memoriae facrum 

ROGERI BOYLE, prim! comitis 

De Orrery, et Baronis 

DeBroghill; 

Qui dum vixit multis pariter et fummis 

Honoribus et ofliciis fungebatur ; 

Mortuus vero fummo cum viventium ludii 

Obiit decimo Sexto, 

Die Odobris Anno Domini 1679. 

Annoque aetatis fuae ^g. 

De quo non hie pkira requirat ledor, 

Quoniam omnia de ingenio et moribus 

Vel ex fama, 

Vel ex operibus dignofcere poffit, 

For 



264, Natural and Civil Hi/lory of 

For a catalogue of his lord (hip's works, fee the 
writers of Ireland ; where is aho a particular account 
of his life. 

B.oBERT Boyle, the feventh and you n ge fl: fbn 
of Richard earl of Cork, was c!fo born at Lifmore, 
in this county, on the 25th da) of January, 1626. 
He received his academical education at Leyden ; 
and having afterwards travelled through France, 
Italy, and other countries, learned feveral languages, 
and made a great number of curious obfervations, 
he fettled in England, and fpent the laft forty years 
of his life at the houfe of his fuler the lady Ranelagh, 
To attempt the charader of this illuftrious perfon, 
would be vain and needlefs, it having often beea 
performed by much abler hands ; among which, the 
reader is referred to that given of him by Gilbert 
Burnet, D. D. lord bifhop of Sarum, in his funeral 
fermon, which is as jull as it is elegant. I fhall 
only fubjoin the following lines, wrote by a friend, 

- on the birth of this great man, 

Lifmore, long iince, the mufes ancient feat, 
Of piety and learning the retreat. 
Her Alma-Mater fhone as bright a noon 
As Oxford, Cambridge, or the great Sourbone. 
Time fhifts the fcene, no longer now fhe boafls 
Her churches, colleges, and learned hofts. 
Nature, propitious to the favourite foil, 
Reflor'd her lofies with the birth of Boyle: 
Centered in him, her ancient fplendor fhone, 
Vv'ho made all arts and fciences his own. 

A catalogue of his v/orks was publlflied, anno 
1690, in London, by Samuel Smith, bookfeller; 
being two numerous to be here inferted, the curious 
reader may aifo find them in the writers of Ireland (2). 

Igna- 

(2) The air-pump was invented at Oxford, by this noble per- 
fon, with the afTiitance of that excellent contriver, Mr. Robert 

Hook, 



WATERFORD. 

Ignatius Brown was born in this county, 
A. D. 1630, but educated in Spain, where, in the 
twenty-firfl year of his age, he was admitted into 
the fociety of the jefuits, and took the four vows. 
In Caflile, he, for fome time, taught the belles 
lettres, and was afterwards fent on the million into 
his own country ; from whence removing into France, 
he was made redor of an Irilh feminary at Poidliers, 
in 1676, then newly founded. He died at Val- 
ledolid, anno 1679, in a journey to Madrid, being 
appointed confeilbr to the queen of Spain. See aa 
account of his works in the writers of Ireland. 

Valentine Greatrakes, an eftated gentle- 
man, was born at AfFane, in the county of Water- 
ford, in 1628 ; and was remarkable for a woa- 
derful gift of healing the king's evil, and other 
ulcers and pains, by ftroking the parts afFeded, 
whereby he is faid to have performed many cures. 
He fpent all his income in charity, and had generally 
hundreds of poor people about his houfe, waiting 
for the application of his touch. He himfelf tells 
us (3), that an inward infpiration informed him he 
had the gift of curing the king's evil, which perfua- 
fion grew fo ftrong in him, that he touched feverai 
people, and fully cured them ; after that, he had a 
fecond impulfe, and then a third, by which he was 
fatisfied that he could cure agues and pains in the 
head, as likewife v/ounds and ulcers, all which, he 
fays, was confirmed by experience ; and he even 
found that he could cure convulfions, dropfies, and 

feverai 

Hook, being quite different from the Inflrunientun^ Magede- 
burgicum, deviled by Otho Gerike, (v\d, Gafp. Schotti Magrse 
Univevlalis, part, 3. Lib. 7. Cap. 6.) an ingenious confol of 
that republic, that it can fcarce be reckoned an improvement 
of that, but a new engine ; although it mull not be denied, buc 
the Magdeburgh experiment gave occafion to its invention. 
The barometer v^aa alfo invented by the fame noble perfon; its 
ufe is well known to every body, 

(3) Vid. a brief account of Mr. Valentine Greatrakes, in a 
letter to the hon. Mr. Boyle, wrote by himfelf. 



3% 



.J 66 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

feveral other di tempers. His reputation increafed 
to fuch a degree, that he was fent for over into 
England, to cure a jady of quality in Warwickfhire, 
Vvho laboured under a long illnefs. As he advanced 
thither, h^ vvas invited b'] feveral magiftrates of 
many towns, to pafs through the fa^ie, and cure 
their fick; and king Charles II. beicg informed of 
the rarity, comnnanded the eari of Arlington to 
order him to repair to Whitehall ; from whence he 
withdrew to Lincoln's-inn-fields, whither incredible 
numbers, of all ranks and fexes, came, expecting 
the reftoration of their healths. He undertook all, 
without expedation of money, or receiving any 
other prefent or reward. All he did was only to 
ilroke the patient, by which all old pains, gout, 
rheumatifms, convulfions, &c. were fenfibly removed 
from part to part, to the extremities of the body; 
after which, they entirely ceafed, which caufed him 
to be commonly called the ftroker; of all which, 
he had the teftimonials of Tome of the mod curious 
men in the nation, both phyficians and divines. 
Mr. Love (4) alTures us, that he could not relieve 
his pe<!:toral and rheumatic pains ; but that after he 
had unjuftly ridiculed him, he was witnefs to his 
curing the falling ficknefs beyond credit ; and further 
that the Royal-Society, and other modern philofo- 
phers, not able to difpute the fad, found words to 
define it, and called thofe ftraiige efTeds, *' a fanative 
" contagion in the body, which had an antipathy 
*' to fome particular difeafes and not to others." 
Mr. Thoreiby, in the Philofbphical Tranfadions (-^), 
gives remarlcable inftances of cures performed 
by Mr. Greatrakes, and, in particular, upon his 

" own brother, John D n, who was feized with 

" a violent pain in his head and back. Mr. 
" Greatrakes, coming by accident to the houfe, 

*' gave 



(4) Lord Orrery's Memoirs in MS. 

(5) N^. 256. p. 332, anno 4699. 



W A T E R F O R D. 367 

'" gave prefent eafe to his head, by only ilroking 
*' It with his hands. He then fell to rub his back, 
*' which he moft complained of; but the pain 
*' imQiediately fled from his hand to his right thigh ; 
*' then he purfued it with his hand to his knee ; 
^' from thence to his leg, ankle and foot, and, at 
" lafl, to his great toe. As it fell lower, it grew 
*' more violent, and when in his toe it made him 
*^ roar out, but upon rubbing it there it vanifhed." 
He alfo gives another inftance of his uncle's daughter, 
" who was feized, when a girl, with a great pain 
'' and weaknefs in her knees, which occafioned a 
*' white fwelling; this followed her for feveral 
*^ years, and having ufed divers means to no efFedt, 
*' after fix or feven years timiC, Mr. Greatrakes 
*' coming to Dublin, Oie was brought to him. He 
" ilroked boch her knees, and gave her prefent 
*' eafe, the pain flying downwards from his hand^ 
" till he drove it out of her toes; and the fwelling ia 
*' a fbort time, wore away, and never troubled her 
" after." He gives a third infl:ance, in the fame 
tranfadlion, of a perfon he cured of a deafnefs and 
pain in the ears, and gives inilances of his curing 
the king's evil in the fame manner. He adds, 
" that when Mr. Greatrakes ftroked for pains, he 
*' ufed nothing but his dry hand ; if ulcers, or 
^' running fores, he would ufe fpittle on his hand 
*' or finger ; and for the evil, if they came to him 
*' before it was broke, he flroked it, and ordered 
*' them to poultice it with boiled turnips, and fo 
*' did every day till it grevv fit for lancing; he thea 
*' lanced it, and, with his fingers, would fqueeze 
" out the core and corruption ; and then, in a few 
*' days, it would be well, with only his ilroking it 
" every morning ; but if it were broke before ha 
" faw them, he only fqueezed out the core, and 
" healed it by Ilroking. Such as were troubled 
*' with fits of the mother, he would prefently take 
*' off the fit, by laying his glove on their head ; 

''but 



358 Natural and Civil Hiftory of 

" but he never perfedly cured any, for their fits 
*' would return.'* Mr. Thorefby adds, " that he 
*' cured many of the falling ficknefs, provided they 
*' ftayed with him fo that he might fee them in 
*' three or four fits, ^k. he could not cure them.** 

However, Mr. Greatrakes failing fometimes of 
fuccefs, caufed Mr. David Lloyd, chaplain to the 
charter-houfe, to write a book againft him, entitled, 
Wonders no miracles, or Mr. Valentine Greatrakes's 
gift of healing exammed, London 1666, on which 
he refleded much on Mr. Greatrakes's reputation. 
Whereupon Mr. Greatrakes, to vindicate himfelf, 
publifhed an anfwer, entitled, " A brief account of 
*' Mr. Valentine Greatrakes, and divers flrange 
*' cures by him lately performed, in a letter to the 
" Hon. Robert. Boyle efq; London 1666, 4to. 
'' To which is annexed, the teftimonials of feveral 
" eminent and worthy perfons of xh^ chief matters 
*' of fa6t therein related, and, among thefe, of Mr. 
" Boyle, Dr. Whichcot, Dr. Cudworth, and Dr. 
*' Patrick.** But his fame did not long continue 
after this; for about this time, monfieur "^i. Ever- 
mond wrote a novel, called The Irilh prophet, 
wherein he ingenioully expofes the people's credulity., 
Befides Mr. Boyle, fome other virtuofos, as Mr. 
Bayle, Dr. Henry Moore, and Dr. Stubbs, have, 
in print, attempted to give a natural and philofophical 
folution of thefe cures. The latter, in his account 
of them, p. 33, 34, and 41, fhews, that Mr. 
Greatrakes ufed a long jmd continued fridion, viz. 
from one to two or three hours, fo that here is room 
for attributing a good deal to the mechanical 
effeds of fridion, notv/ithftanding from what the 
dodor fays, p. 3, he feems to imagine thefe cures 
to be, in fome fort, fupernatural ; in p. 15, he 
relates a very circumftantial account of Mr. Great- 
rakes's healing, of which he was an eye witnefs. 
After all, it is not to be admired, that ftroking the 
parts afFeded, (hould fometimes, by promoting in- 

fenfible 



W A T E R F O R D. ^69 

fenfible perfpiration, produce thefe effeds, at leaft 
fome of them ; when we reflect that chafing the 
ikin, or, as we call it, the ufe of the flefh-brufh, 
was reckoned among the gymnaftic medicines of the 
ancients (6)y and ganglions or tendinous tumours 
have been cured by chafing (7), but then, any other 
perfon could have done this as well as Mr. Great- 
rakes, which- is a matter of doubt. How far the 

imagination 

(6) Lord Bacon obferves, that motion and warmth, of which 
true friction confills, draw forth into the parts new juice and 
vigour, and conduce much to longevity. Hift. of Life and 
Death. 6 Sea 3. 

Mr. Boyle oblerves, how, in our (tables, ahorfe well curry'd 
is half fed J and how fome can tell, by the milk of their affes, 
whether that day they had been well curry'd or not; arguing 
hence, that if in milk the alteration isfo confiderable, it (nould 
be fo likewife in the blood and other juices, of which the blood 
is elaborated, and confequently in divers of the principal parts 
of the body. Boyle's Ufefulnefs of Experimental Philof. C. 15. 

S-7. 

(7) To thefe obfervarions may be added, what Dr. Beal 
bas communicated to the Royal Society, ift. That he could 
make good proof of the curing or killing of a very great and 
dangerous wen, that had been very troublefome for two or 
three years, by the application pf a dead man's hand; whence 
the patient felt iuch a cold dream pafs to the heart, that it did 
almoft caufe in him a Ht of iwooning, 2d, That upon his 
brother's knowledge, a certain cook, jn a noble family, being 
reproached foi the uglinefs of his warty hands, was bid, by his 
lord, to rub his hand wiih that of a dead man ; and that his 
lord*dying foon after, the cook made ufe both of his lord's advice 
and hand, and fpeedily found good efFe6t. 3U, That a gentle- 
man, who came lately out of Ireland, informed him of an aged 
knight there, who having great pain in his feet, infomuch thut 
he was unable to ufe them, fuffered a loving fpaniel to lick his 
feet, mornings and evenings, till he found the pain appeafed, 
and the ufe of his feet reltored. This, faith the relater, was a 
gentle touch and tranlpiration j for he found the fpirits tranfpire 
with a pieafmg kind of titulation. 4th, That he can aiTuie of 
an honed black-imith, who caufed vomitings, by ftroking the 
ftomach; gave the dool, by ftroking the belly; and appeafed 
the gout and other pains, by ftroking the parts affesf^ed. Wd^ 
Philof. Tranfad, Numb. 12. p. 206. 

Bb 



570 Natural and Civil Eiflory of 

imagination of the patient might contribute to the 
cure, is uncertain. 

One James Finacht}^ an Irifh pried, made a 
great noife, both before and after the reftoration, for 
curing all forts of difeafes, which he held to be the 
efFed of poiTellion, by exorcifms and flroking, and 
was followed, for fome time, by vafl numbers of 
people; but, at lail, he wasdifcovered tobea meer 
impoflor. There is a long hiflory of him in the 
Irifh remonflrance. Mr. Greatrakes was in Dublin 
about the year 1681 ; but how long he lived after 
is uncertain. 

Ann Jackson (8), born in the city of Water- 
ford, of Englifh parents, who were found and 
healthy, had feveral horns growing upon her body; 
this infirmity did not fiiew itfelf till fhe was about 
three years old. At thirteen or fourteen years of 
age, fhe could fcarce go, and was then fo little in 
Itature, that children of five years old have been 
taller ; fhe was then very filly, fpoke but little, and 
that not plainly, haflily and with difliculty; her 
voice was low, and rough; her complexion and 
face well enough, except her eyes, which looked 
very dead, and feemed to have a film over them, 
fo that fhe could hard-y then perceive the difference 
of colours. The hcr'::s abounded chiefly about the 
joints and flexures, and not in the brawny flelhy 
parts of the body ; they were faflened to the Ikin 
like warts, and, about the roots, refembled them 
much in fabftance, though towards the extremities 
they grew much harder, and more horny; at the 
end oi each nnger and toe, grew one, as long as the 
finger and toe; not firait forwards, but riling a 
litde between the nail and the flefh, (for near the 

roots 

(8) This account was taken from a letter of Dr. St. George 
Ath, fecretary of the Dublin Society, who communicated it to 
one of the fecretaries of the Royal Society in London, Odober 
lo, 1685, and was publiihed in the Phiiof. Tranfa^t. Numb. 

176. p. 120i. 



W A T E R F O R D. 371 

roots of thefe excrefcences was fomething like a 
nail) and bending again like a turkey's claw, which 
too it much refembled in colour; on the other 
joints of her fingers and toes, were fmaller ones, 
which fometimes fell off, and others grew in their 
places. The whole fkin of her feet, legs and arms, 
was very hard and callous, and daily grew more 
and more fo -, on her knees and elbows, and round 
about the joints, were many horns ; two more 
remarkable at the point of each elbow, which twift- 
ed like ram's- horns ; that on the left arm, was 
about half an inch broad, and four inches long; on 
her buttocks, grew a great number, which were flat 
by frequent fitting; at her arm- pits, and the nipples 
of her breads, fmall hard fubdances fhot out, much 
llenderer and whiter than the reft; at each ear alfo 
grew an horn ; the Ikin of her neck began to turn 
callous and horny, like that of her hands and feet. 
She eat and drank heartily, flept foundly, and 
performed all the offices of nature like other healthy 
people, except that I"he had not the evacuation 
proper to her fex. 

Robert Cook, a kind of Pythagorean philofo- 
pher, lived at Cappoquin in this county; for many 
years before he aied, neither eat iifh, flefh, milk, 
butter, &c. nor drank any kind of fermented liquor, 
nor wore woollen clothes, or any other produce of 
an animal, but linen. This man had a confiderable 
eftate in this part of the country. During the 
troubles in king James's time, he removed into 
Eng'and, and lived fometimiC at Ipfwich, but 
returned to this country, where he died about the 
year 1726. In 1691, he pubiifhed the following 
paper, which will afford the reader fome idea of his 
tenets. 

" Several queftions afked of Robert Cook, what 

is his religion ? and why he did not eat fifh, 

flefli, milk, butter, &c. nor drink wine, nor beer, 

Bb 2 bat 



372 Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

but water, nor wear wollen clothes, but llnnen, 
and by him anfwered as folioweth." 

" Query I. What Opinion or Belief are you of, 
and what is your reh'gion. feeing you are not of any 
itcX or gathered people ?'* 

" Anfw. I an[i a chriflian and a proteflant (9), and 
my religion is to fear God (10), and to keep his 
commandments (11); to keep my foul undefiled from 
the worldly evil nature (12^). I abhor the evil, and 
love the good (13) ; and have fellowfhip therein with 
all, in every fed, or gathered or fcattered people.'* 

" Query II. By what rule is it pofTible to keep 
God's commandments, whereby the foul may be 
kept undefiled?" 

*^ Anfw. By the manifeflation of the fpirit of 
Chrift (14), a meafure of it being given to me and 
to every man, to be by it guided, to profit withal (15). 
This is that law of the fpirit of life in man, which 
reproves for fm, and leads into all truth (16) ; it re- 
proves for every vain thought, and every evil in- 
clination, before it can come into bad words, or 
wicked works, (17); and as this divine fwifc v^itnefs 
the principle of life, is hearkened to, and the foul 
takes heed, watching continually to it, to receive 
power (18), and being obedient thereunto, abflain- 
ing from every appearance of evil: It faves man 
from committing of fin, becaufe he is born and led, 
and preferved by the Spirit of God, viz. Chrift 
Jefus, which is the power of God in man, which 

over- 



(9) M'cah6 8. (10) Ecclef. 12. 13. (i i) "James 1.27, 

(12) Chap. I. I. (J3) A6ls 10, 34, 35. I Pet. i. i. 

(f4) iCor. 12. 7. (15} John i. 9. i John 2. 27. 

John 16.8, 13. (16) Jer. 13.33. Heb. 8. ^o,iu John 6. 

4<;.Deut. 30. 14. Rom. 10. 8. 2 Pet. i. 9. (17) Malach. 3. 5. 
Ephef. 4. 6. 2 Cor. 13. 5. Job 32. 8. i Cor. 3. 16. 
(18) Pfalm. 4. 4. I John 3, 9, 24. i John 5. 18. Matih. i, 
31. John I. 12. Rom. 8. 2, u. i Thef. 5, zz. Gal. 2. 20. 



WATERFORD. S73 

overcometh and keepeth from and leads out of all 
evil inclination." 

" Query III. Why do you deny yourfelf to kill 
any animal creature, and not to eat fifh, fiefh, eggs, 
butter, cheefe, milk, or any animal, or the produce 
of any animal! Your food and raiment you ufe, 
being of nothing but only the produce of vegetatives, 
that grow, or may grow, in the country wherein 
you live, as corn, herbs, roots, and fruits of trees, 
&:c. or preparations of corn and water for your food : 
And your refufmg to drink wine, or flrong drink; 
only water for your drink, and linen and other 
vegetives for your clothes ?" 

" Anfw. Let every man do as he is perfwaded in 
his own mind (19), fo as it be innocent, and not fin, 
and my pracflice in doing according to my confciencc 
and belief, that I ought not to kill, is very innocent 
and harmlefs ; which cannot give any juft offence 
to any man, nor other creature; and my flridt rule 
in it (20) keeping out of wrath and violence (21) 
brings me forwards on my way to keep my con- 
fcience void of offence towards God, and towards 
man (22) ; and whereas I cannot kill without wound- 
ing my confcience, in ading againfl: my mind, 
doing doubtingly, condemned in my very thought 
(z^). Therefore rather than I will offend that 
innocent life in me, I refufe any food or raiment, 
that may come from any beail:, or other animal 
creature (24). And becaufe wine and flrong drink 
are hot in operation and intoxicating, and I think 
as needlefs to me as tobacco (25) ; and I, by expe- 
rience, finding that water for drink, and pulfe viz. 
corn and other v'egetives for food, and linen and 

- other 

(i9)Rom. 4. 5, (20) Gen. 6. 5. 1 1. (21) A(5ls 24. 16. 

{22) Rom. 4 23. (23) Rom. 14. 21. (24) Jer. 55. 6. 

Prov. 3. 4. Judges 34. Luke 1.5. (25) Gen, 29. Dan, 
**• 3» 4> 5> 6. Dan. 14. 23. 



^^ Natural and Civil Hijlory of 

other vegetives for raiment, is cleaaeft, and whole- 
fomefb, and warm, and (Irengchening, and nourifh- 
ing, and heakhful, \ chuie to ufe chem, and foam 
cleared from mod of the cumbtTs, labours and 
toils, both of body and mind, a few things being 
fufficient in this my way of living, and brings 
eafily into contentednefs and true thdijkfulnefs with 
God/' 

" Eufebius, his writing. relateS) that the holy 
apoftle, called James the Juft, the brother of our 
lord, eat not fidi, nor fiefn, nor drank wine, nor 
ilrong drink, nor wore woollen clothes but linen." 

At the end of this was printed a long prayer or 
contemplation, too tedious to be inferted. It is 
remarkable of this man, that he lived to a good old 
age, being upwards of fourfcore when he died. He 
had feverai other particularities, as his chuling to 
keep white cows, inftead of black, and had his 
coach drawn by white horfes. A fox, who had 
killed feverai of his poultry, being tai^en by fome 
of his fervants, he afTembled his workmen and 
tenants upon the occafion ; and from a kind of tri- 
bunal, having harangued a confiderable time upon 
the crime of the fox, he condemned him to run the 
gantlet ; then making all his people ftand m two 
rows, with rods in their hands, he had the fox 
wh'pt through the midft of them, and fo let hirn go. 
The Athenian Society v/rote an anfwer to his paper, 
and refuted his notions, which it was no very difficult 
matter to accomplilh. 

William Congreve was defcended from an s 
ancient family in Stafford (hire, but faid to be born 
in the counry of Waterford, \-here his father had 
the care of the earl of Burlington's efcate. He was 
educated in the free-fchool of Kilkenny, and from 
thence fent to the univerfity of Dubhn ; from 
whence, after a few years continuance, he was 
traiifplanted to the Middle- Temple. But the iludy 

of 



W A T E R F O R D. 375 

of the law not fuiting his indinations, he forfook It 
to court the nuifes, whofe favours he acquired and 
maintained with as undoubted a reputation as any 
of the modern poets, efpecially in the dramatic 
part, and principally in comedy, his performances 
in that way excelling moft others, in wit and humour. 
But the firil piece he publifhed, was a novel, called 
Incognita. His majeily king William ordered 
him a donative of 100 guineas for his pa floral on 
the death of queen Mary, called the Mourning Mufe 
of Alexis, printed in London, anno 1695, in folio. 
His merit having procured him fome good employ- 
ments, he grew lazy, and for many years before 
his death, forfook fuch amufements, or, perhaps, 
he was unwilling to Y\(k that high reputation, 
which he had fo juftly maintained. He died in 
January 1728, in the 57th year of his age. 

Mountainous countries have been always remark- 
able for the longevity of the inhabitants, of which 
many inftances might be given in this county. 
Sir Walter Raleigh, in his hiilory of the world (26), 
fays, the countefs of Defmond, who at that time 
lived in this county, and was probably born in it, 
was married in the time of Edward the IVth, and 
hved to the year 1589, and many years after, being 
well known to fir Walter; foe was reputed, as 
lord Bacon (27) farther acquaints us, to be 140 
years old. 

A few inflances of the great age of fome perfons 
living, in the year 1746, are as follows. 

Jeffery Keating, of Cappoquin, was about 
105, he was a labouring man, perfect in all his fenfes, 
healthy and ftrong, and loved merriment. 

Timothy 

(26) Book I. Part, I. Cap. 5. §. 5. 

{27) Bacon's Nat. Hift. Cent. 8. Experim, 755. He alfo 
nientions a morris dance performed in Herefordlhire, by eight 
men, in the reign of king James Ift, whofe ages made 800 
years. Lord Bacon's Hiliory of Life and Death, p. zo. 



$j6 Natural and Civil Hijiory of i^c, 

Timothy Kennedy, reputed to be confiderably 
above an hundred, lived near Lifmore, was ftrong 
and healthy, and able to work at the falmon-fifhery. 
John Daly was 50 years old at the breach of the 
Boyne, and confequently 106, in the year 1746; he 
was able to hunt a pack of hounds, being perfedl in 
all his fenfes ; he lived near Tooreen. A brother 
of his died, fome years ago, of meer age, though 
younger than him. 

Many inftances are given, by natural writers, of 
perfons turning gray in a few hours, of which I 
have met with one in this county, viz. Michael 
Ronayne, of the parifli of White-church, who turned 
gray in a night's time, his hair being of a dark 
brown before the change, which he attributed to his 
carrying hods of mortar on his head. 



INDEX 



INDEX. 



ABSENTEES, their lands felzed 
by king Henry VIII. 13* 

Acres, number of, in this county, 
14 
AfFane, 20, 53 

' battle there, 54 

Aglifli, ao, 5a 

Agriculture, xvii, ai5 

Ailbhe, faint, 5 

AiJmer, Girald, lordjuftice, 131 
Air, 484 

Alms-houfe at Lifmore, 31 

Anchorite at Lifmore, 2$ 

Animal voided by Mary Saunders, 41 
Animals, fome curiofities relating 
to them, 344 

Annals of Waterford, 96 to 163 
Antiquities, 351 

Araglin, 38 

Archdeaconry of Waterford, 1 5 

- — - of Lifmore, 1 8 

Ardfinane, 13 

Ardmore, 6, 9, 19, 46 

Arts and Manufaftures, 178 

Aflyria, it's tillage, xii 

Aurora Borealis, a88 



Ballenamona, 


Sz 


Ballybeacon, 


n 


Ballycaroge, 


74 


Ballyca(hin, 


15,78 


Ballygallane, 


35 


Ballygarron, 


3^ 


Ballygunner, 


17» 83 


Bally-inn, 


3^ 


Ballylemon, 


S8 


BaUynamultioa, 


5* 


Ballynatray, 


43 


Ballynekill, 


J7» 83 


Ballyntaylor, 


5^ 


Barker, Samuel, 


193 


Barley, 


aa7 


Barometrical experiments, 


4lO 


Barrow, it's confluence with the 


Nore and Suir, 


85 


Battle, firft of the Englilh, 


99 


— — between the Waterford men 


and the Irifh, 113, 117 


Beling, fir Richard, 


30 


Beliingham, fir Edward, 


»33 


Bells, infcriptions on them, 


178 


Bewley, 


5* 


Birds, 


334 


Black-fryars abbey, 


J 09 


Black^water river. 


ass 



Page 

Blahoge, a large tree, 94 

Bogs, %o6yZi% 

' ■ improved, zij 

Bole, 493, 294 
Bonneval, lord John, killed, m 

Bounds of the county, i% 

Boyle, Robert xi, 32, 3^4 

Roger, 35j 

Bret, a fi(h, 263 

Bricky river, 23^ 

Bride river, 23^ 

Broghill, lord, 0o 

Buccinum of Pliny, 274 

Burning of land, 414 

C 



Cahir redVory, 

Camphire, 

Cappa, 

Cappoquin, 

Carew, fir Peter, 

Caroub, a plant, 

Carrick-beg, 

~ — caftle, 

■ frieaes, 

rateens, 



25 

40 

S8 
34 
134 
194 
91 
U 
281 
280 
Carthagh, faint, aj 

Caftlehaven, earl of, 31 

Catherines, faint, a priory, ij 

Caves, 34jr 

Chalybeate waters, 240 

Cherries, ce 

Churchtown, 94 

Cider, 37, 282 

Clalhmore, 19, 20, 51 

Clonea, ao, 71, 91 

Clonegam, 22, 88 

Clonmel, 22, 94 

Clough caftle, 52 

CloughLowri(h,orfpeaking(lone, 7a 
Cockles, 272 

Cod, %6t 

Coinage in Waterford, 117 

CoUigan, lo 

Comraiffion forged by judge Walfli, 

Commons of Clonmel, 93 

Congreve, William, 374 

Cook, Robert, 371 

Coolnemucky, 9^ 

Copper, 303 

Corbally, a prebend, iS 

Cork, earl of, ^% 

Cofcradia, an ancient territory, 9 
Cofhmore and Coflibride, 14^ %6 
Counties when erc(5\:ed, 13 

Coyfl and livery, 44 

Credas- 



index: 



Page 

Credan-head, 2,50 

Crom-liagh, or altar-ftone, 359 

Crook, i-j 

Cryftallization, 331 

Curraghmore, 88 

— ^ barons of, 8 



Danes, their invaGons, 
— — — build Waterfox-d, 
Danifh inftrurrients, 
• mounts. 



95 

ibid. 



90 

Deanery of Lifmore, 18 

» ■ of Waterford, 1 5 

Decies within I -cm, 45 

'■ — without Drum, 53 

Declan, faiut, 5, (J, 45, 48 

Deregreth, 23 
Defeit, 18, aa, 91 

Defie in Meath, 3 

Defii, 3, 6 

■ ■ defcent of, ib. 

Defmond, ear! of, 4Z 

■ countefs of, ay- 

Divifion, civil, 14 

• ecclefiaftical, 15 

Doclc, for (hipping, 155 

Dog-fifh, sdp 

Donaghmore, 1 8 

Don-hi!i, 21 

Drumana, 53 

Drumcannon, ifT, 76" 

Drying wheat, ^^6 

Dublin Society, 279 
Dungarvan, 19, 5c, i $5 

aquedu£i, 68 

Dunmore bay, 250 

Dutch, their induftry, xvi 

E 

Earth, its kinds, i\G 

Echoes, an, 290 

Edgeconnb, fir Richfrd, 123 

Elephant's rib, 58 

Englifh, their firfr arrival, 99 

ExtrasSt from year book of the fecond 

Richard III. 1 19 

»" ■ the earl of Cheflerheld's 

fpeech, 6 1 

F 



Faithbeg, 




84 


Faithlock, 




H 


Falkland, lord, his 


letter 


to lord 


Cork, 




34s 


Feeding of cattle. 




281 


Fennoagh, 
Fews, 




ai, 91 
21 


Filh, ■ 




^58 



page 
263 

XIII 

255 



Fifh, flat, 

Fifliery, it's advantage, 

of Dungarvan, 

Fitz Anthony, Thomas, appointed 
no 

94 
a9Z 
295 



cuftodiam of Waterford, 
Four-mile-water, 
Foffils, 
Fuller's earth, its ufe, 

G 

GarranrDorris, 

Giilcaghe, 

Glanbeg, 

Glanehiry, 

Glebes, 

Glibs, defcription of, 

Gotofrid a writer. 

Granaries, 

Grange, St. John Baptift, 

, Mocleer, 

Grant to the ea;i of Shrewlbury, 115 
Grafa-feeds, 231 

Grratrai.es, Valentine, 365 

Greyhound, Irifh, account of, 344 



87 
88 
ZS 
93 

359 
231 

%z 

2? 



Grinding-Kones, 


295 


Gualciere, 


14, 83 


Guild-hall at Waterford, 


185 


Gurnards, 


%6% 


H 




Hackefc's-tcwn, 


50 


Hake, 


a6o 


Halibut, a fifli, 


2^3 


Haloes, 


285 


Hard- ware, 


39 


Hartry, John, 


352 


Headborough, 


41 



Henry II. (king of England) arrives 
at Waterford, loz 

Henry VII. his letter to the citi- 
zens, 1 24 

. ' ■ another, 125 

_ another, 125 

Kerry VIII, grants a cap of mainte- 
nance to the city, 128 
Herrings, 268 
Holland, its advantages, xvr 
Holy-Ghoft hofpital, 17, 109 
Hy-Liathain, an ancient territory, 9 

I 

Jackfon, Ann, 370 
James Ild, king, a ftory of him, 32&C. 
—— embarked at Waterford, 

153 
Inhabitants, ancient, i, &c. 

modern, their names, 

10, II 

24 
Infcas, 



laoiflounagh, 



INDEX. 



Page 

XI 

17, 108 



Infefls, 

Introduftion, 

John, faint, a priory, 

. . king of England, 30, 106, loS 

Jones, lieutenant general, his death, 

Ireland, its advantages, xiv 

K 

Keating, JefFery, • 375 

Kiidare, earl of, crowns Lambert 
III 

19, 21, 87 



Lifgenan, 
Lifmore, 



alms-houfe there, 

anchorite there, 

cathedral, 

chantorftiip, 

lazaret, 

prebends, 



8, 14, 18, 



Simnel, 
Killaloan, 
Killbarmedan, 

Killbarry, J 6, 8z 

KiUbree, 3^ 

Kiliburne, l5, 78 

Killcatagh, 16, 87 

Killcafh, a* 

Killcockan, 41 

Killcop, 17 

Killea, 85 

Killgobonet, ' 19, 70 

Killgrant, 2^3 

Killmaclege, 17, 85 

Killmacombe, 17, 85 

Killmacthomas, 74 

Killmeaden, i^, 75 

Killmolafh, 20, 52 

Killrofanty, 18, zi 

Killoteran, i5, 78 

Killrufti, 20 

KiU-Si.-NichoIas, 83 

Killunkart, 4^ 

Killcre, 1^, 85 

Killwatermoy, 20, 41 

Killworth, 21 
King's Books, taxation of livings 

in them, 1 5, &c. 

Kinfalebeg, 50 

Knock- mele-down, 209 

Knockmoan, 57 

L 

Lakes or loughs, 208 
Lands feized from the Irifh, io5 

Latitude of places, I2 

Lawlefs, William, fined, 398 

Lead, 304 
Legacies to the poor of Waterford, 

^87 

Leper-hofpital, 183 

Le Poer, Walter, -wafted Munfter, 

III 
Robert 5 



LifnekiU, 
Lifronagh, 
Lobfters, 

Longitude of places, 
Lumbard, Peter, 

M 



Page 

ao 
ay 

34 

29 



a? 

i8 
i5, 77 

az 
274 

la 
35 1 



I, a 



Lepper's-town, 

Lime.lone, 

Linen manufatlure, 

Lisiinny, 



Mackerel, 25a 

Mahon river, 438 

Malchus, firft bilhop of Waterford, 
98 
Map, XIX 

Marble, 58, 298 

Mare's-tails, a meteor, aSj 

Marie, 219, 297 

Mafon, Henry, 17, 79 

Mayfield, 91 

Mayors of Watcrford, 

Menapia, 

Menapii, 

Mernin, a furname, 

Michael's, faint, 

Middlethird, 

Militia,* 

Mineral waters, 

Mocollop, 

Modelligo, 

Molana, 

Monemoynter, 

Monumental infcriptions, 171, &c. 

Mora, aa 

Morton, John, earl of, lands at 
Waterford, 105 

Mothil, 21, 91 

Mountain caftle, 59 

Mountains, ao5 

height of, ibid. 

Mount Odell, 58 

Munfter, its plantation, 44 

Murrain-ftone, 90 

N 

Names of raagiftrates (papifts) ap- 
pointed by king James, 152, 
Nan L efii, a nation, g 
Neddans, aj 
Newc-'ftle, a I, 23, 74 
Nore river, 434 



55 
3 

cc. 

49 
»7 

»4, 74 

137, ao$ 

24® 

21 

19, ao, 59 

43 

»7 



219, 

XII, 



XV 

40 



•■' ' ■■ its confluence with 

and Barrow, 
Nymph-batk, 



the 



Suir 

H 

276' 
Nymph 



INDEX, 



Nymph-hall, 



Page 
85 



aaS 



Page 



Oats, 

Ochre, 493 
O Feolain, prince of the Decil, 8 

Olave's, faint, a parifti, 17, 178 

Ocn-a-glour, a cave, 330 

Oranges, 55 

Orchards, Kentifh, 38 

Oresj 304 

Ormond, ear] of, 137, 144 

Orrery, earl of, 30, 235 

Ofborne, fir Richard, 56 

Oughteragh, ^4 

Oyfters, ^']^ 



Paintings, 77 

Palace of the bifliops at Waterford, 
185 
Paper raanufa6turc, xv 

Paiifhes, their names, 15 

Paflage, _ 83 

Patent of Henry lid to Nicholas de 

Benchi, 13 
' of Henry VIII, to the H. G. 

hofpital, i8z 

^ of queen Elizabeth to ihe 

fame, "' 1 83 

Patrick's, faint, a parifli, _ s, 17 
Pelham, lord juilice, arrived at 

Waterford, 135 

Perfons renaarkable, 359 

Petition ofthe city of Waterford, 127 
Phyfico-Hiftorical Socisty, xi 

Pilchards, 270 

Pill' town, 50 

Pipe-clay, 493 

Plague at Waterford, 137 

Plants, 308 

Pollock, 26z 

Porpoifes, 270 

Potatoes, 229 

Power, lord Arnold, charged with 

herefy, &c. 112 

Power, Dominick, 129 

Profpedt-hall, 51 

Purple Shell-fiOi, 274 

Pyrites, 296 



Quakers banifhed from Waterford, 

Quarries, a remaik on theiT), 299 
Quemn:ierford, Nicholas, 360 



Ram in Ireland Icfs frequent than 

formerly, 
Raleigh, Cr Walter, 
Rathmoylan, r 

Rathronan, 
Ray, a fifli, 

Raymond le Grofs, 43, ^^ 
Red-deer, 
Red-ftreak apple, 
Refradlions unufual, 
Reifk, 

Religious houfes, 
Rhincrew, 

Richard II. king of England, 
Rineogonagh, 
Rivers, 
River, Avenmore, 

Barrow, 

■ ■ — Black-water, 

Bricky, 

Bride, 

Clodugh, 



284 

44 
86 

22 
264 
&C, 

343 

37 

285 

i5, ^6 

i8o 

44 
114 

19» 45 
232 

i35 
234 

*3S 
439 
237 

^39 



■ confluence of the Nore, Suir, 



and Bariow, 

' Mahon, 

■ Nier, 

-— — Nore, 

Phinlfk, 

■■ — - tiuir, 

Tay, 

Rock, a moving one, 
Rofs-dufF, 



85 
238 
238 
134 
238 

23S 

319 

17 



180 

35 
59 
217 
187 
247 
27® 
224 

20,- 69 
70 

^3 
272 
i5« 

35 

'34 

— anived at Waterford, 135 

Simnel, Lambert, 121 

Situation of Waterford, 153 

Eiade bay, 250 

Sledv caftle, 59 

Smut, how to cure, 225 

Soaking of grain, 224 

Soles, 264 

Sowing 



Salt, 

Saitibridge, 

Sa't water, its efficacy. 

Sand, 

Schools, 

Sea-coaft defcribed. 

Seals, 

Seed corn, 

Sefkinan, 

Shandon, 

Shaniihan, 

Shell-fifli, 

Sheriffs of Waterford, 

Shi an caftle, 

Sidney, lord deputy. 



INDEX. 



Page 

Sowing, when beft, 224 

Spars, 300 

Spas, 240 

Spenfer, 85 

Sprats, 3.6^ 

Spruce beer, 5^ 

Squid, afifti, ^ ayz 

Stalaftical exudations, 300 

Star-fi(h, a75 

State, ecclefiaftical, 15 

Stephen's, faint, 17 

Stradbally, a^ 73 

Strancally, 44 

Strange, Thomas, 362 

Strongbow, 7 

Suir, its boundary, aoa 

.— - its confluence with Nore and 

Barrow, ^ ^ 85 

Surnames, their origin, 9 

Synods at. Waterford, 104,143 

Syracufe, its ancient luftre, x 1 1 

T 

Tallow, *i> 39 

Tanning without bark, 3 1 4 

Templars houfes, 82, 85, 85 

Temple-michael, 43 

Templethiry, 41 

Tillage, xii, a8i, a8a 

Timber, fubterraneous, Z13 

Tolloghorton, 1 8 

Tooreen, 3^ 

Topography, a5 

Torpedo, 17 1 

Tower at Ardmore, 48 

— at Waterford, 167 

Trade of Waterford, I9<T, 278 
Trailing, a pernicious pra£lice, 265 

Tree, a remarkable one, 92 

Trinity parifh, 17 

Turbot, 2,53 

Turf, ai2 

Tyrone, earl of, 10 



Valuations of livings In the king's 

books, 15 Sec. 

Vegetables, 308 

Vermin, how to deftroy, 226' 

Vitriolic waters, 444 

Upperthird, 14 

Ufipites, a German nation, a 

W 



Page 

Walfli, David, 74 

— Martin, 3^5 

Warbe:k, Perkin, 123 

Waterford, adions of the citizens, 

114, ao5 

— its antiquities, 351 

— — — ancient inhabitants, i 

.......^^, arms of the city, aoj 

— — — bailiffs of it, igS 

befieged, 100, 124, 143 



141, 



„^ — burned down, 
—■• — cathedral, 
— — chantorfhip, 
— -^ chs-rter, 
— — chu.ches, 

county, when made, 

— — culloms of it, 139, 152. 
— — exchange, 

extent, 

— — fortifications, 
— foundation. 



— — — franchifes. 



gates, 

government, 

gaild-hail, 



109 
1^9 

'5 
199 
16^9 

13 

195 
185 
165 
168 
9^ 
aoa 
i6j 
198 
185 



—— incorporated by charter, 106 
— — inhabitants to be fined for 
entertaining prieits and their 



concubines, 
- ■ liberties feized, 
■ reftored, 

mayors, 

— — — officers, 

— prebends, 

■ privileges, 

— q-Jay, 

— — — falaries of officers, 

— fchools, 

treafure-fhip, 

'— vicars choral, 



19(4 
140 
14s 
19a 

155 

198 

16 

20a 

195 

199 

187 

15 

19 

4$ 

223 

281 

20, 55, 58 

3^0 



Wadding, Luke, 



3^a 
35a 



Wells reputed holy. 

Wheat, 

Whiflcy, 

White church, 

White, Peter, 

Widows apas-ment, 

Wili'am. ni. king, atWaterford, 

William of Waterford, 

Wife, fir Wiiliam, 

Woad, 280, 

Woollen manufafture, xiv, 

Y 

Youghal, 



184 
360 

311 

280 



FINIS. 



ERRATA. 



Page ig line 4 1 


for 


Killbarimeaden read Killbarmeden, 


37 7 




viftoes 


viftas. 






conception 


corruption. 


64 24 




Killmadthoma 


Killmaahomas. 


7S 10 




gives 


gave. 






imployment 


employment. 


88 15 




lord vjfc. 


carl of. 


94 ^9 


after 


county 


of Tipperary &c 


sia 39 


before gate 


prefi>f St. Catherine's. 


114 I 


for 


cu 


read cut. 


133 38 




ir 


Sir. 


145 %6 




the 


they. 


195— 3 




himney 


chimney. 






hour 


harbour. 


255 8 




continus 


continues. 


H^ 30 




blac-krock 


Black-roci* 


348 16 




n 


in. 



Directions to the Binder; 



The Author's Head, to front the Title, 

plate i ' Page i 

II ^1 

III _-i_ eo 

IV 9Z 

VI i58 

VII 177 



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